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By J. -M. Chautru

A geostatistical simulation of a typical mining site for polymetallic nodules in the North Pacific Ocean is presented. This is the first stage in the design of an industrial mining system. Two variables which have a major effect on the orebody's economic potential are considered, namely: the maximum slope of the ground inside a mining block of 50 x 100 m; and the average quantity of nodules on the same support. Two geostatistical problems have emerged in this study. The first is due to the lack of a change of support model for the maximum of a variable. A provisional solution, considering an experimentally accessible 'equivalent' support, is proposed. The second is due to a non-linear link between the two variables. To be able to take this into account in the simulation, we propose a new method based on the decomposition: X = E(X/Y) + Residue (X). Satisfactory results were obtained with this approach.

Jan 1, 1987

By M. J. U. T. Van Wijngaarden, R. J. Dippenaar

An electrochemical technique based on the solid oxide galvanic cel Mo / Mo + MoO2/ ZrO2-MgO / Fe + (FexO)slag + Ag / Fe was used in a determination of FexO activities in liquid slag systems. The emf measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and microprobe analysis of the cross-sections of the electrolyte tubes used in direct contact with the slag melts indicated that slag attack did not affect the open-circuit emf values during normal cell operation, The reliability of the cell was confirmed by the good agreement between the standard free energy of formation of liquid Fep obtained in the present study and those reported in the literature, The FexO activities were determined in FexO -CaO and FexO-SiO2 slags at 1673 K, and are in good agreement with those measured by the conventional gas-equilibrium technique. The experimental technique was successfully extended to the measurement of Fe2O activities in the complex slags that are used for the external desilliconization of the hot metal product of the blast furnace.

Jan 1, 1986

By W. Peters, W. A. H. Poppmeier

An overview is given of the present state of traditional and new steelmaking equipment and techniques, and one of the direct steelmaking methods that are currently being developed is described. In steelmaking processes, coal is used to supplement the energy input and to reduce iron oxides in the slag. Foamy slag practice is discussed, and the most widely used types of ladle recarburizers, their properties, and manufacture are described. It is concluded that the use of carbon sources, mainly for supplementing energy and as reductants, will increase in the future, but that demands on the purity of the materials will probably become more stringent. If hydrogen were manufactured at a competitive cost, it could become an alternative fuel and reductant in the field of iron and steelmaking.

Jan 1, 1993

A Colloquium and General Meeting were held on 17th March 1971, the theme being 'Future trends in steel production'. Mr V. C. Robinson (President) was in the Chair. The Colloquium was attended by 121 delegates and was opened by the President at 10 a.m. OBITUARIES THE PRESIDENT: 'It is my sad duty to announce the death of the following: F. O. Read, Fellow, who joined the Institute in 1957 and passed away on 13th January, 1971. P. G. M. May, Member, who joined the Institute in 1969 and passed away on 10th August, 1970. R. J. J. Rademeyer, Life Fellow, who joined the Institute in 1942 and passed away on 23rd September, 1970. As a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased and in sympathy with the bereaved I would ask you all to rise and observe a few moments silence. CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES THE PRESIDENT: 'May we confirm the minutes of the monthly general meeting held on 21st October and 18th November, 1970, as published in the Journal'. Agreed. MEMBERSHIP THE PRESIDENT: 'I have much pleasure in announcing that the names of the undermentioned candidates, having been published in accordance with ByLaw 5.2.2, Council has elected them to membership of the Institute in the following grades: FELLOWS: Romain August Lathioor, Paolo Piga, Renato Ribacchi, Willem Frederick Jacobus Smith, Matthew Churchill, Thomas Anthony James Braithwaite, Hugh Patrick Hart, Eleanor Innocentius Muller, David Alton Smith. MEMBERS: Douglas Adendorff, Petrus Jacob du Plooy, James Valentine Grant Middleton, Karl Anders Ullerstam, Josephus Theodorus Johannes van Wyk, Frank Douglas Abbott. GRADUATES: David Mervyn Gilbart-Smith, John Philip Wilcocks Bennie, Hendrik Theunis Burger, Johann Wilhelm Coetzee, Johannes Stephanus StOols, Leon van Tonder, Brian George Harvey, John Kennedy McLean. ASSOCIATES Richard Cyril Lee Stoyell, Terrence Brian Gouws, Alister Rodney Frederick MacDonald. STUDENTS: Andries Groenewald, Christiaan Johannes Hattingh, William Hendrik Hofmeyr, Stanley Thomas Vincent. I welcome the new members to the Institute and congratulate them on their election. COLLOQUIUM The President welcomed everyone present and mentioned that this was the first of the Colloquia which are to replace the Institute's monthly meetings. He stressed that discussion at Colloquia would be completely informal and would not be recorded unless the contributor requested publication. In conclusion, he thanked the organising committee, the authors and the contributors, and introduced the author of the first paper. The following papers were presented:- 'The future development of the Iron and Steel Industry' by J. P. Coetzee (Published in the Journal March 1971). Among those who contributed to the paper were Dr Bleloch, Dr K. Gebhard, Dr Way and Professor Müller. The main point made by Dr Bleloch related to the reserves of coking coal and of coal for power generation this in country and he deduced that in South Africa we are critically short of coking coal. On the basis that 4 million tons per year of coking coal are consumed for our present steel production, over 16 million tons would be required to meet the anticipated expansion in steel output by A.D. 2000. This must be set against the grim forecast made by the Coal Advisory Board in 1967 that our national reserves of coking coal will be exhausted before A.D. 2000. This gives tremendous significance to the development work presently being carried out by Iscor on alternative methods for coke production. On the other hand the blast furnace may have to be replaced by an alternative process for the reduction of iron ores, e.g., the use of rotary kilns followed by electric arc smelting. Dr Bleloch also expressed grave forebodings about the reserves of bituminous coal, pointing out that with present methods of mining the recoverable coal in any given reserve is in general only 50 per cent of that reserve. He stated that in the past seventy years great quantities of coal have been forever placed beyond the reach of mining by being undermined by extraction of lower seams or lost by being burned. A final point made by Dr Bleloch was the fast rise in the capital investment in a fully integrated steel plant, the figure having risen in the past decade from just over R200 to R350 per ton of finished steel per annum. Dr Gebhard spoke of the direct reduction processes for iron making pointing out the difficulties of securing a high percentage of reduction and the relatively high cost of smelting in electric arc furnaces. As an alternative he suggested briquetting the high carbon sponge iron

By G. R. Sawyer

Although backfilling has been in operation for many years, the methods for selecting appropriate slurry dewatering aids have, in some cases, been rather unsophisticated. This has led to many misconceptions regarding the role of the dewatering aid and its various means of application. Testing procedures employed in the correct selection of any practically applied dewatering aid must mirror the actual working processes in which they are to be used. This constraint necessitates the development of complex testing methods when applied to backfilling. The current testing procedures were scrutinized and their various merits noted. From this study a series of testing methods was evolved which incorporate the best aspects of these testing procedures with novel ideas which would eventually result in the correct selection of the dewatering aid. A major consideration in the application of any of these methods is the modus operandi of the backfilling process, and the relevance of the tests to the process. This work attempts to consolidate the testwork performed in the past and suggest new approaches in the correct selection of acceptable dewatering aids for backfilling.

Jan 1, 1988

By M. A. Belokrys, F. O. Milovich, D. D. Aksenova, V. A. Ignatkina, V. A. Bocharov, A. A. Kayumov

Copper remains one of the most sought-after metals in the industry. Tennantite (Cu12As4S13) and tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13) that occur in pyrite copper, copper-zinc and polymetallic ores are an additional reserve for increasing technological parameters of flotation. Pyrite mass (85% and more) has similar flotation properties to other sulfide minerals, and imperfection of reagent regime is a common problem that occurs during quality copper concentrate processing. Due to tennantite's and chalcopyrite's differences in flotation properties with butyl xanthate at pH > 10, tennantite often reports to the flotation tails. Hight alkalinity of the medium increases the oxidation level of sulfide minerals, thus increasing the concentration of S2O3 2-, SO3 2- SO4 2-. At processing facilities in the Russian Federation, the concentration of thiosulfate ions in pulp is in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 g/l and higher, which leads to a decrease in flotation activity of the tennantite. The effect of butyl xanthate (as standard), thionocarbamate, dithiophosphate and M-TF (a mixture of dithiophosphate and thionocarbamate) on monomineral (tennantite and pyrite) flotation in the presence of sodium thiosulfate was studied. The variable parameters of the "thiosulfate-collector" flotation complex were thiosulfate concentration (100-900); pH (8-12,5). The scientific methods included contact angle for hydration assessment; TEM for surface studies; UV spectroscopy and iodometric titration for solubility control. Comprehensive studies have established a connection between the concentration of thiosulfate ions and tennantite flotation selectivity. Flotation activity of tennantite is higher at pH 8 with a thiosulfate concentration under 300 mg/l. Pyrite remains active with butyl xanthate under the same conditions. TEM images of the surface films of the collectors on pyrite were acquired at pH 8. The MTF provides the biggest difference in adsorption, wettability and flotation activity between tennantite and pyrite at pH 8 and thiosulfate concentration under 300 mg/l, in comparison with butyl xanthate. The results of the research will be applied to improve selective reagent regimes of tennantite minerals flotation. Keywords: Tennantite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, flotation, sulfhydryl collectors, thiosulfate, adsorption, mechanism, reagent regime

Jan 1, 2020

By R. H. English, N. C. Joughin

The results of trials with three stope-face cleaning systems are described. Two of these systems were based on armoured chain conveyors, and the third on a reciprocating-flight conveyor. The operational elements of each system are discussed with reference to their effectiveness, and many problems are highlighted. It is concluded that the reciprocating-flight conveyor is superior, and has the potential for being developed into a system yielding a labour productivity of more than 30 m2 per worker per month and a face advance of 15 m per month working one shift a day.

Jan 1, 1979

By I. du Plessis

The metallurgical response of a difficult to treat coal and an easy to treat coal orebody were investigated in terms of the coal yield and the coal quality in a basic coal recovery flowsheet. The purpose of this paper is to show trends and derive principles for the treatment of different coal types. This investigation entailed using the LIMN simulator to simulate the metallurgical response by varying the plant operational parameters. The controllable plant variables investigated were: ?Cyclone size ?Screen and hydro-cyclone cut points ?Medium cut density ?Feed particle size distribution.

Jan 1, 2010

By A. W. S. Schumann

A. W. S. Schumann The first reason for todays success lies in the very high standard which was set by our speakers today and I think that we owe a very special vote of thanks to Messrs P. M. C. Wilson, A. A. Oakes, M. J. Deats, A. C. Coetzee, R. E. Burnton and J. G. Ferguson. This, however, cannot account for the fact that there was a tremendous response even before anyone knew who was going to speak or what they were going to speak about. I suggest that the response was enthusiastic because people expected a more informal gathering with a greater opportunity for feedback, for an exchange of views and for questions and answers. The very popularity of the idea has defeated its own ends to some extent. This gathering is too big and many people must have been left with questions unanswered. Possibly one should arrange for a number of meeting places-there are many in the Chamber and the surrounding mining houses-and then have separate meetings in the morning with joint reporting session in the afternoon. Alternatively, we could have a symposium after the colloquium, using Webster's definition of a symposium as as 'a drinking party of merry fellows'. We all know that it is easy to discuss mining into the small hours. Obviously one cannot summarise todays papers and discussions, but I would like to make a few comments on technical matters and after that I would like to speak for a moment about what I see as major trends or tendencies which arise from discussions of this nature. Regarding the question of placing a village on a mine or away from a mine, I would mention that there is quite a body of literature on the adverse sociological effects on the development of children in any community in which the great majority of parents share the same occupation. It is something to be avoided if possible. We discussed the concept of the moving stockpile. If this is proved to be successful, it could save a considerable amount of money for Escom who could then avoid the construction of very large and costly staithes which are now regarded as parts of power stations. One does not see why both a moving stockpile and a staith should be necessary. By the way, speaking of Escom, I see that Mr Bob Scott is here; he has stopped pulling my leg by saying that we sell stone to Escom; perhaps someone has told him that if this is true, it must be the cheapest stone you can buy in this country. My next point relates to the use of epidiascope. It struck me again that this instrument which provides a visual image to accompany your message, can be very effective if it is properly used. These papers speak of a great deal of hard work which went into their preparation, and one really feels that the authors should have taken a few minutes more to prepare their drawings specifically for the epidiascope. There should be nothing on the drawing which is not necessary to illustrate a particular point and there should be nothing on the drawing which is not visible from the back of the hall. In particular, if one cannot read the figures along the sides, then one

By S. Vorberg, B. Fischer, U. Glatzel, R. Völkl, D. Lupton, M. Wenderoth

Owing to their excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance, Pt and its alloys are being used preferentially at elevated temperatures and in aggressive environments. For example, an important application field is the glass industry. Alongside the discovery of new potential application fields, the knowledge of material properties is essential for computer simulations, design configuration, process optimization, research and development or quality assurance purposes. Due to the importance for technical applications high-temperature properties have been investigated for currently available Pt-base alloys with ongoing improvements. For the determination of tensile creep test data up to 3000°C, including precise strain measurement, special experimental equipment has been developed at the University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany. An overview of the existing and newly obtained mechanical property data on pure Pt, solid-solution strengthened Pt-Rh alloy, oxide dispersion-hardened materials Pt DPH and Pt 10%RhDPH as well as cutting-edge results on Pt-base superalloys hardened by intermetallic precipitates will be presented and discussed. Furthermore, some important application examples for the abovementioned Pt-materials will be given.

Jan 1, 2006

Notices COMPETITION FOR STUDENT MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY Each year the Institute offers a prize (or prizes should the entries warrant it) of up to RlOO for the best paper or dissertation on a topic appropriate to the interests of the Institute. The competition is open to all Student Members of the Institute. APPLICATION AND PRACTICAL OPERATION OF HYDROCYCLONES Dr H. F. Trawinski of Amberger Kaolinwerke, Hirschau, West Germany, gave a very interesting lecture on this subject to an audience of over one hundred, composed largely of members of the Institute, on 15th August, 1973, at the University of the Witwatersrand. ROTARY INTERNATIONAL Applications are invited before 15th March, 1974, for the following awards of The Rotary Foundation: Post-graduate Fellowships Under-graduate Scholarships Awards for Technical Training Awards for Teachers of the Handicapped. NIM REPORTS Report No. 1509 The instrumentation developed for electrochemical studies of the le(Whing of uranium dioxide. Report No. 1550 A fundamental study of the dissolution in (Wid solutions of uranium minerals from South African ores. Report No. 1552 The preparation and analysis of minerals for use as reference material.Progress report No. 2. Report No. 1556 The spectral analysis of solutions.2. The analysis of leach liquors, concentrates, slags, and residues. Report No. 1559 A cost assessment of the production of elemental sulphur by chlorination roasting. Report No. 1562 Application of a flotation model to an industrial plant

Jan 11, 1973

The winners of the Delfos and Atlas Copco Travel Grant for Mining Engineers were announced at a cocktail party hosted by Mr Mario Pellegrino, Managing Director of Delfos and Atlas Copco, at the Sandton Sun Hotel on Friday evening, 18th May, 1984.

Jan 1, 1984

By R. Guest

Reichert cone concentrators are used successfully in many applications, but have as yet not found favour in the gold mining industry on the Witwatersrand, because, for optimum operation, the cones need to have specially designed feed-preparation and circuit details. In addition, good liberation of the valuable minerals is essential. Gravity tests, in which a pilot plant was used on refractory gold ore, showed that 94 per cent of the gold could be extracted after gravity concentration and preferential grinding, roasting, and cyanidation of the concentrate, whereas 96 per cent could be extracted by flotation followed by the same preferential treatment. However, the capital and operating costs for gravity separation are expected to be considerably lower than those for flotation.

Jan 1, 1982

By G. S. Bartlett

The theme of this Colloquium, survival strategies, not only conveys a sense of urgency but also takes cognizance of the fact that, as in the political arena, tough decisions have to be made and acted upon in the years to come. It is therefore appropriate that the SAIMM, as spokesman for the metallurgical industry, should be dealing with these issues at this time, and I wish to commend the organizers of this Colloquium for focusing on a mater as important as the future of this great industry. In view of this, I regard it as an honour and privilege to officiate on this occasion, where the best of South Africa's brain power in the metallurgical field will be harnessed with a view to moulding strategies for survival.

Jan 1, 1993

INTRODUCTION The SAIMM publishes technical information on various aspects of the minerals industry through several different media. (a) Monograph Series Books in the Monograph Series are high quality, detailed discussions on specialized topics. (b) Symposium Series This series consists of the proceedings of international conferences which are held in South Africa. (c) Special Publications Series This series covers titles which do not form part of the Monograph and Symposium Series. (d) The SAIMM Journal Papers published in the Journal cover al relevant areas of technical interest by striving for a balanced content and maintaining a consistently high technical standard. (e) School and Colloquia Notes The papers from al local schools and colloquia are published and handed out at registration. Should authors wish to have their papers considered for publication in the Journal, they should adhere to the guidelines outlined below.

Jan 1, 1991

By W. A. Hodgson

"In order to be able to map the variation in the concentration of elements in soils, it is necessary to sample at intervals that will give adequate coverage of the area and will allow determination of the rate of fluctuation of concentration with distance in any environment. This rate of fluctuation with distance can be referred to as the continuity of concentration.The continuity of concentration in soils varies according to the chemical characteristics of the element being considered, the underlying rock type or orebody and in response to the dispersion processes that operated during soil formation. Within any environment there is a maximum distance between sampling points within which adjacent sample values are related. This distance, the critical sampling interval, can be determined by means of a correlograrm.Where the sampling grid has been chosen to provide an adequate coverage over unmineralized rock, adjacent samples being related, anomalies may be missed if the element continuity in the anomaly is less than in the background. Results show that a knowledge of the critical sampling interval of the environment being examined may used to select a more efficient sampling pattern for a geochemical survey."

Jan 1, 2014

By P. W. Ocerbeek

The occurrence, properties, and uses of andalusite, and its advantages over other refractory minerals and materials, are discussed. Ore reserves are given for the five producing areas, and statistics on production, export sales, and prices are included to illustrate the growth of the industry since the early 1960s. The mining and beneficiation procedures are described, with special reference to new techniques in concentration and magnetic separation. As fines dumps represent a considerable source of andalusite, possible methods of recovery are discussed. . The outlook for the future appears favourable, and possible competition from other sources and substitute refractory minerals are mentioned. It is concluded that the industry is in a sound position to maintain South Africa's status as the world's foremost producer and supplier of andalusite.

Jan 1, 1989

By J. Nell

Heavy mineral deposits often contain relatively high levels of radioactive elements (thorium and uranium in particular).It is difficult to obtain clean separation of ilmenite and monazite (the main impurity mineral containing radioactive elements), and physical intergrowths of the two minerals are, in fact, not uncommon. As a result, ilmenite concentrates obtained from such deposits often contain high levels of thorium and uranium. Because of the large negative free energies of formation of ThO2and U3O8boththorium and uranium report to the slag during smelting and if an ilmenite concentrate contaminated with monazite is used to make high titania slag, the concentrations of these elements in the slag end up about 40% higher than in the ilmenite feed. Previous work, patented by RGC Mineral Sands Limited, and subsequently confirmed by Mintek, showed that radioactivity may be reduced by roasting an ilmenite concentrate with borax at 1000°C to 1100°C and leaching it with hydrochloric acid1. It is evident that the cost of an ilmenite roast/leach process will be high and there may be economic benefits in removing the radioactive elements from the slag instead (the volume of slag to be treated is smaller than the volume of ilmenite feed). To remove radioactive elements from the slag it is necessary to know how these elements occur in the slag. Inother words, the distribution of uranium and thorium between the various oxide, silicate and metallic phases in high titania slag must be determined. Once the deportment of thorium and uranium between the various phases ha sbeen determined, an appropriate process for slag purification can be developed. Test samples High-titania slag was prepared in a pilot-scale DC furnace from ilmenite concentrates with different levels of uranium and thorium. Subsequently, ten slag samples representing a range of compositions were selected for bulk chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and micro-analysis. The samples were crushed to a maximum particle size of 1 mm and from each sample a 20-kg batch was riffled out for analysis. Bulk chemical composition Chemical compositions of the samples selected for test work are given in Table I. TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, MnO, FeO and V2O5were analysed by ICP-OES, Na2O, CaO andCr2O3by atomic absorption spectroscopy and U and Th by XRF (the XRF detection limit for U and Th was around 4 ppm). The ?B? series has a higher silica content than the others as a result of small silica additions that were made during smelting. All samples have elevated alumina levels as a result of furnace refractory contamination during smelting. As expected, there is an inverse relationship between the concentrations of TiO2and FeO in the samples (Figure 1).The TiO2and FeO levels are similar to the levels found in industrial slags2. Extreme conditions of reduction under which reduction of more ?refractory? oxides (e.g., chromia, magnesia, silica, alumina and even urania and thoria) might take place were not explored in the study. Note that BB1and BBB1 contain more than 7% combined silica and alumina (SiO2as a flux addition during smelting, and Al2O3from refractory contamination) and they do not fall on the general trend defined by the other samples. The U and Th concentrations of sample E2 is noteworthy. In the preparation of slag E2, monazite concentrate was added to the ilmenite to increase the concentrations of radioactive elements in the slag. This was done primarily to facilitate the detection of Th and U during the phase chemical characterization of the slag. Radioactivity measurements Gamma ray emissions from the samples were measured [ ]

Jan 1, 2007

By D. J. van Niekerk

Caring for the Earth: South Africa-A strategy sustainable living, by John Yeld. Southern Foundation in partnership with the World Union. Soft cover. Tel.: (02231) 72801.

Jan 1, 1993

By G. Poropat, A. R. Guest, H. P. Grobler

At the De Beers Consolidates Mines operations it is common practices to perform Geotechnical mapping of the newly exposed faces in the waste and ore rock. The purpose of Geotechnical mapping is to quantify the in-situ fracturing of a rockmass that in turn is required during the planning and application of a mining method. Whether it is to determine slope angles, caveability, impact of blasting or support requirements. This mapping involved a cumbersome and time consuming procedure that requires individual examination and description of the natural inherent fractures exposed by mining. During highwall mapping in an open pit this can be a safety concern due to the duration of time spent below a highwall. The advantages gained through the recent introduction and application of SiroVision® allows safer mapping, an increase in statistical fracture population, archiving of rock faces and the more accurate reflection of the true mapping. This paper aims to describe in detail the application of the recently developed SiroVision®, photogrammetry software, to replace conventional face mapping. A De Beers Consolidated Mines, il est pratique courante de faire une cartographie géotechnique des tailles récemment exposées dans le rocher stérile ou minerai. Le but de la cartographie géotechnique est de quantifier la fracturation in-situ d’une masse rocheuse, qui sera nécessaire lors de la planification et application d’une méthode minière, que ce soit pour déterminer les angles des galeries inclinées, les possibilités de foudroyage, l’impact du dynamitage, ou les besoins en supports. Cette cartographie nécessitait une procédure longue et compliquée qui demande l’examen individuel et la description des fractures naturelles propres exposées par l’opération de mine. Pendant la cartographie de parois dans une exploitation à ciel ouvert, cette opération peut être dangereuse à cause du temps passé sous la paroi. Récemment, le lancement et application de Siro Vision apportent l’avantage d’une cartographie plus sûre, une augmentation des statistiques de population de fracture, l’archivage des tailles de roches, et le reflet plus précis de la cartographie. Le but de l’étude présente est de décrire en détail l’application du développement récent de Siro Vision, logiciel de photogrammétrie, pour remplacer la cartographie de taille conventionnelle. Bei den De Beers Consolidates Mines Operationen ist es gängige Praxis geotechnische Aufzeichungen des Taub- und Erzgesteins neu geöffneter Abbaustellen zu erstellen. Zweck dieser geotechnischen Aufzeichnungen ist die vor-Ort-Quantifizierung des Bruches der Gesteinsmasse, welche im Gegenzug während der Planung und der Anwendung einer Abbaumethode erforderlich ist, sei es um einen Neigungswinkel festzustellen, Abbaubarkeit, Auswirkung von Sprengungen oder Anforderungen an Unterstützungen. Die Aufzeichnungen waren mit umständlichen und zeitaufwendigen Prozeduren verbunden, die eine individuelle Prüfung und Beschreibung der durch den Abbau freigelegten natürlichen inhärenten Brüche, verlangten. Dies kann auf Grund des Zeitraumes der unterhalb einer Flözoberschicht verbringt wird zu einer Frage der Sicherheit werden wenn die Aufzeichnung einer Flözoberschicht im Tagbau erfolgt. Die Vorteile auf Grund der jüngst erfolgten Einführung und Anwendung der SiroVision® gestatten sichereres Aufzeichen, eine Zunahme in der statistischen Menge an Gesteinsbrüchen und eine akkuratere Reflektion der tatsächlichen Aufzeichnungen. Diese Arbeit hat zum Ziel im Detail die Anwendung der kürzlich entwickelten SiroVision®, eine photogrammetrische Software, die die konventionelle Abbauortaufzeichnung ersetzen soll zu beschreiben.

Jan 1, 2003