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By Okechukwu Anopuo, Gerhard Tober, Petra Maier

"In this study, an investigation on the microstructure of hot rolled steel S355J2+N was conducted to optimize process parameters of complex forming, which combines rolling and bending. The best sets of parameters are worked out based on homogeneous mechanical properties and microstructure within the varied deformation degree with maximum at <p = 1.14 on a 25 mm thick plates. Mechanical properties, especially of heavy plates, are strongly influenced by the local deformation degree, strain rate and temperature. Detailed microstructural analyses showed that the ferrite-pearlite band structure changes near the surface, while maintaining homogeneous microstructure within the deformed work piece. Surface decarburization was also observed and this leads to decrease in hardness. To minimize iron oxide formation which could lead to side cracking, reduction in exposure time to temperature was suggested. On the other hand, temperature reduction below a critical value would risk the accurate forming process.IntroductionThis work presents the preliminary results of research to develop a new complex deformation process of thick steel plates. Complexity is given because the forming process combines rolling to reduce thickness and profiling by bending. The work piece will experience a thickness reduction from 25mm to 8 mm and is double curved. To explain and understand forming of thick plates basics of sheet forming as well as massive forming need to be used. At the moment there is no forming process established to produce double curved plates including reducing thickness in one process step. Technologies nowadays consist of two process steps: flat rolling and pressing in shape. Due to good weldability and formability the final product will be made of steel S355J2+N. This low-carbon steel is well understood and has a low strengthening exponent, which is expected to keep the forming forces down. Reduction of thickness from 25 mm to 8 mm gives furthermore a high deformation degree. Thus, hot forming has to be applied. The determination of process parameters is the main aim of overall research project; temperatures above lOOO°C are expected. Flow curves in literature are given at various temperatures and strain rates [1]. However, experiments with data close to the industrial application are rarely found, especially at low strain rates and high deformation degrees. Pre-test were done by flat rolling, being aware that the influence of bending is eliminated. The microstructure evolution were characterised in relationship to material formability with special attention to grain size change and recrystallization. Representative samples should be selected from specific locations in the deformation zone according to the knowledge about the metal forming process [2]. Due to no further alloying elements in S355, no precipitation hardening is expected to take place during hot forming, which keeps the mechanisms simple and the concentration on the feasibility of the complex forming process is given."

Jan 1, 2012

By Mostafa O. El-Bealy

"To estimate the interdendritic cracking tendency in casting processes, a new model for interdendritic cracking criteria has been proposed. The model combines a concept of the alloying element effect on the interdendritic strain generation and therefore on the susceptibility of interdendritic cracking phenomena. A susceptibility of interdendritic cracking is modeled by using El-Bealy's interdendritic cracking susceptibility function ""BJCSF' and the opening displacement between the dendrites ""EIA "". These concepts are modeled based on the previous experimental observations and ElBealy' approach. The model is implemented numerically for a one-dimensional model problem with some similarities to the casting of steel. The variation of some key parameters that are known to influence the frequency and severity of the interdendritic cracking is then studied.I. INTRODUCTIONInterdendritic cracking ""hot tearing"" commonly encountered in both ferrous and nonferrous castings (1,2]. It is generally believed that interdendritic cracks start to nucleate and develop in the interdendritic strain region within the mushy zone [l-5]. The interdendritic strain region is then definitely coherent, but continuous films of liquid still exit (4,5]. This distinguishes interdendritic cracks from cold cracks forming during the casting process after complete solidification (6,7].Much effort has been put into the understanding of the interdendritic cracking phenomena, and several theories have been proposed. Fellini [8] stated that interdendritic crack ""hot tear"" will result if the material is subjected to too high of accumulated strain within so called vulnerable part of the solidification interval. Kinosita et. al. [9] and Campbell (10] also emphasized the role of tensile stresses in the forming of interdendritic cracks. Most interdendritic cracks criteria simply consider the size of solidification interval, stating that solidification range is associated with a lager interdendritic cracking susceptibility than a short range. Clyne and Davies (11] formulated a more refined such criteria based upon the time spent in different regimes of the solidification interval. They defined a vulnerable region in which thin continuous films of interdendritic liquid exist, and the permeability is low. When thermal strains are induced in this region, the film is not able to sustain the stresses, and an interdendritic crack will form."

Jan 1, 2001

By Lin Li, Xiang Li, Yifang Zheng, Jilai Xue, Jun Zhu

"Al drops and gas bubbles in the anode-cathode space of aluminum electrolysis cell are of great importance for cell operation improvement in metal loss, current efficiency and energy consumption. A direct observation on the Al drop, gas bubble and ultrasound was carried out through a see-through cell. The Al drop immersed into the cryolitic melt was found moving up and down irregularly in the anode-cathode space without electrolysis, which was then completely dissolved into the melt. During electrolysis, the Al drop came to the anode area and reacted with the gas bubbles generated on the anode. Under ultrasound, the gas bubbles were removed from the anode surface while the Al drop was kept on the side of anode. The observed phenomena were useful for technology improvement in reducing the anode-cathode distance or lowering the energy consumption in aluminum electrolysis.IntroductionDuring aluminum electrolysis, aluminum metal drop and anodic gas bubble are in close contact each other within the anode-cathode space, and the interaction between them can produce significant impact on metal loss, current efficiency and energy consumption. The motions of the Al drop and the gas bubble are also related to the dissolution of aluminum metal into cryolitic melt and the cell voltage drop due to the bubble layer covering the anode surface.A number of studies have been carried out using different types of see-through cells, where the dissolving process of metal Al into cryolitic melts (metal fog) in the anode-cathode space was directly observed and photographed [1, 2]. With the similar method, some direct observations on the anodic bubble behaviors with and without ultrasound were performed during aluminum electrolysis [3-6]. However, to our best knowledge, there is no published work on direct observation on the behavior of Al drops and anodic gas bubbles staying together within the same anode-cathode space, as well as the motion and interaction of them in cryolite-alumina melts."

Jan 1, 2011

By Rolando Campos

The CODELCO-CHILE Teniente Converter Technology, is presently being applied in four Chilean smelters (Caletones, Chuquicamata, Potrerillos and ENAMI-Ventanas). A Teniente Converter is due to be used at ENAMI-Hernan Videla Lira (Paipote) smelter in the near future. Also, a Teniente Converter is to be installed as part of a retrofit project for Nkana smelter of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd. (ZCCM). The charge to be treated through this smelter will consist of a blend of concentrate arisings from the various concentrators within the ZCCM group. The present status on the application of the Teniente Converter Technology at Caletones smelter as well as its projected performance when used at Nkana smelter, are presented in this paper. The design operational basis, autogenous smelting throughputs, concentrate to matte ratios and benefits due to the use of technical oxygen, are presented and analysed.

Jan 1, 1992

By San-chuan Tang, Wen Chen, Shun-ming Ning, Kan-ping Yu, Qiang Zhao, Xue-yong Xing

"A new type of desilication agent (PA-2) was selected by experiment based on the analysis of the characters of silica gel, and the influence of desilication type, desilication dosage, pH value, temperature and aging time on the desilicating effect was studied. The test results showed that on the conditions that pH was 2.0, temperature was 20""C, aging time was12 hours and the dosage of desilication agent was 0.23%, the desilication rate was higher than 93% in solution.IntroductionVanadium is an important strategic resources, which applies to steel industry and petrochemical industry. The main materials for vanadium product are steelmaking vanadium slag, stone coal and containing vanadium waste catalyst, etc. And stone coal is a low-grade carbonaceous silicified vanadium resource, which is unique material for vanadium extraction in China. Meanwhile, our stone coal reserves is No.l throughout the world.The silica acid solution containing vanadium is produced by acid leaching of raw stone coal or its roasted ore. The silica content of this solution is mostly high, besides, when pH is higher than 2 , the solution is unstable. Furthermore, it is very easy to generate gel substance with the increasing of pH value and standing time. 'Ibis silica gel is composed of colloidal particles with the size in 0.001 - 0.1 um. As a result, it is very hard even impossible for the following operation of solution."

Jan 1, 2013

By Chu Yong Cheng

Synergists can be used in solvent extraction to improve the selectivity of extractants for metals. Research work carried out by the SX group at the AJ Parker Cooperative Research Centre for Hydrometallurgy / CSIRO Minerals has shown that the pH isotherm of nickel with Versatic 10 was significantly lowered by the addition of the synergist Acorga CLX50. The paper discusses how this synergistic shift can be used to alleviate a gypsum formation problem at Bulong nickel laterite operation in Western Australia. Metal pH isotherms were obtained with Versatic 10 and synergist CLX50 using synthetic leach solutions. In terms of pH50, the extraction order of the metals with 0.5 M Versatic 10 alone was Cu > Zn > Ni > Co > Mn > Ca > Mg, whilst the extraction order with Versatic 10 and 20% by volume CLX50 was Cu > Ni Zn > Co > Mn > Ca > Mg with the pH50 (Mn-Co) significantlyincreased. This is significant because the isotherms of valuable metals Ni, Cu, Co and Zn shift more towards low pH than those of the waste metals Mn, Mg and Ca, resulting in a possible good separation of Ni, Cu, Co and Zn from Mn, Mg and Ca. The use of intermediate precipitation, solids/liquid separation and re-leach in the three Western Australian nickel plants make these processes complicated and costly in capital and operation. The research work carried by the SX groupat the AJ Parker Centre has led to the development of direct SX (DSX) processes to recover nickel and cobalt from leach solutions using synergistic organic systems. Semi-continuous tests with a BHP Billiton pilot plant leach solution showed that Ni and Co together with Zn and Cu were separated from the major impurities, Mn, Mg, Ca, and Cl, in the first SX circuit. The co-extracted impurities were easily scrubbed. After stripping, Ni and Co together with Zn and Cu were concentrated, resulting in a much smaller second SX circuit in the down stream processes.

Jan 1, 2003

By Fabio J. Esper, Guillermo R. Martín-Cortés, Francisco R. Valenzuela-Díaz, Cassio P. Carvalho, Giorgio Grotti, Reginaldo B. Santos

"Rejected sands from smelting metallurgical process because contain lead and others heavy metals are a problem to dispose as waste in all the countries. A procedure that is being proposed for it is to incorporate it on common clay bodies in the fabrication of structural ceramic products as bricks, blocks and roof tiles. The main goal of this paper is to present the results obtained with mixtures of sands from smelting metallurgical process with common clay from Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil. Preliminary incorporation tests (1,0% in weight) were made with hand formed spherical samples. With the higher compression strength of the spheres after drying and firing (950ºC) experiments on bricks production were made for quality technological test. Seven hundred hallow blocks containing 1,0% waste were produced and presented ceramic properties similar to those without sand incorporation. Introduction In last the fifteen years the LMPSol - Raw Materials & Non-metallic Solids Laboratory – Metallurgic Eng. & Materials Depto. – Polytechnic School - University of São Paulo comes studying the possibilities of incorporate industrials waste materials to the production of bricks and other products of construction aiming at to remove pollution products of the environments and to user the properties of the same ones in the structural ceramics products. Examples are the study of the influence of rejected steel furnace dusts in structural ceramic [1], another example is the main subject of the present paper: use of rejected sand from smelting metallurgical process in the production of bricks an other products of structural ceramics. Antecedents More or less one year ago, specialist and members from the direction board of METALÚRGICA GROFE LTD. Company contacted researchers and professors of the LMPSol – PMT – EPUSP seeking for a solution to their concern with the disposal of rejected sand from smelting metallurgical process."

Jan 1, 2008

By David T. Bunney

In .December of 1987, International Mill Service, Inc. signed an exclusive licensing agreement with Tetronics Research & Development Co. Limited of Faringdon, Oxfordshire., England to commercialize plasma technology which had been demonstrated in an EAF dust processing application. The intent of the process is to reduce and volatize the zinc, lead and cadmium oxides inherent in EAF dust and collect these elements as metals in an ISP (Imperial Smelting Process) zinc splash condenser, and to render the resultant slag an inert, non-hazardous material. With these objectives in mind, IMS started commissioning facilities in 1989 at Florida Steel in Jackson, Tennessee and Nucor-Yamato Steel in Armorel, Arkansas. This paper will address the commercial development and progress of the technology at these two installations. Process Description In the EAF steelmaking process typically the off gas stream is cleaned by some form of baghouse. The particulate collected is known as Electric Arc Furnace dust and has been designated by the U.S. EPA as hazardous waste number K061, once it leaves the collection system. This designation was given to the material due to the high toxic concentrations of lead and cadmium (nickel and chromium for stainless EAF dusts) inherent in the dust. IMS&apos; method of operation is to locate the facilities on the client mill&apos;s property adjacent to the baghouse. The dust is transported directly to IMS via a closed conveyance system. This method enables the technology to be an additional processing step in the steelmaking process. Once the dust has been transported to the IMS facility, it is fed, metered and mixed mechanically in the feed conveyance system with a carbon reductant (typically coke breeze). The carbon reductant is approximately 10% of the dust feed rate. This mixture passes through the feed system and enters the furnace

Jan 1, 1992

By Chang-Young Choi

Korea Zinc commenced zinc production in 1978 with a capacity of 50,000 tpa. Since then, continuous investments have been made and resulted in Korea Zinc now being the biggest zinc and lead producer in the world. In the course of increasing zinc production capacity, the company management realized that the company needed a lead smelter to prevent the solid waste disposal problems by treating the lead containing solid waste. This paper begins by briefly stating the objectives and the roles of the lead smelter at Onsan. It describes the QSL process and the TSL process, and further extends the description of the TSL process, through which harmless inert solid waste could be produced for secure final disposal. It is also mentioned that the TSL process plays an important role in the integration of zinc and lead production. Throughout the paper, a positive attitude in handling the environmental issues in the non-ferrous smelting industry is emphasized. Finally, a solution for the solid waste disposal problem in the zinc and lead industry is proposed, with which the environmental issues can be an opportunity rather than a crisis. The current operation at Ousan suggests the future direction of the non-ferrous smelting technology that all of the zinc and lead producers should pursue.

Jan 1, 2003

By D. de la Villa

From 1989 to 1992 Rio Tinto Minera has developed and implemented a productivity program in its Huelva Plant, including Smelter, Acid Plant and Electrorefinery. This Plan was designed in order to increase productivity, reduce emissions and produce a better quality of cathodes. This paper describes investments and operating improvements involved in this project, focusing on Smelter and Acid Plants, and comments the results obtained so far.

Jan 1, 1993

By René Winand

Due to chemical and electrochemical behavior of the most common additives in copper electrorefining i.e. gelatine, thiourea and chloride ions, it is essential to simulate as far as possible true industrial practice while performing laboratory experiments. The three additives must be studied simultaneously, and added continuously to the electrorefining cell. Ratio electrolyte volume to cathode area; ratio bleed flow to cathode area; hydrodynamic conditions; residence time of electrolyte in the cell; current density; electrolyte and soluble anode must be as near as possible to industrial ones. Experiments performed in the author&apos;s laboratory show that under these conditions, reproducible results can be obtained at normal industrial current density and at high current density as well. Problems are however still encountered when developing a sensor for additives monitoring, due to electrolyte redox potential and to substrate influenced thin layer deposition.

Jan 1, 1995

By Jeffrey L. Zelms

Environmental issues and how they are addressed -- or not addressed -- by the lead industry in the 1990s will determine the eventual fate of lead mining in both the U.S. and worldwide. Clearly, governmental regulation throughout the West will become harsher. Equally clearly, the industry has? failed to educate the public regarding lead. Instead of public support for a critical mineral, we face widespread public ignorance and paranoia. If we can demonstrate the public interest benefits of the industry, the 1990s will be a decade of continuing growth -- not dynamic growth, certainly, but growth at least comparable to the world economy. If, however, we fail to demonstrate the industry&apos;s public interest benefits, the 1990s could mark the beginning of the end of our business.

Jan 1, 1990

By P. Chris Pistorius

"Use of coke in blast furnace ironmaking is the main origin of carbon dioxide emissions from integrated steelmaking. Use of pre-reduced iron feedstocks would reduce the coke rate and, if pre-reduction were carried out with natural gas, would decrease the overall carbon intensity of ironmaking. Blast furnace productivity would also increase, because the blast volume per unit of hot metal would decrease. This paper shows that these trends can be predicted quantitatively, by using a conceptually simple Rist-style blast furnace mass and energy balance, assuming furnace productivity to be limited by the tuyere gas flow rate. Such predictions would assist in optimizing the choice of the degree of reduction and relative amount of pre-reduced blast furnace feed.IntroductionSteelmaking is responsible for some 5% of world CO2 emissions, at a rate of approximately 1.9 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of cast steel [1]. In integrated steelmaking, the ultimate source of most of the CO2 emissions is coke, the indispensible (and expensive) fuel and reductant for blast furnaces. There are several research programs underway worldwide which seek to lower the carbon intensity of ironmaking; one of the largest is the European ULCOS program [2], in which the main proposed change to blast furnace ironmaking is to scrub CO2 from the furnace off-gas (for possible sequestration), recycling the remaining gas to the furnace. To limit the recycling nitrogen load, oxygen rather than air is used to combust coke.A conceptually simpler approach is to charge prereduced feed (direct-reduced iron) to the blast furnace. This approach has been used for some two decades at the AK Steel Middletown plant, where some 200 kg of direct-reduced iron (DRI) is charged per tonne of hot metal [3]. The Middletown blast furnace has exceptionally high productivity (rate of iron production relative to the furnace hearth area), simply because less coke is required per ton of hot metal if part of the feed is already metallic. Midrex [4] has provided some quantitative predictions of the implications of DRI use in the blast furnace, stating that for every 10% of Fe in the feedstock that is in metallic form, the fuel requirement decreases by 7% and the productivity increases by 8%."

Jan 1, 2012

By Afrodite Ntziouni, Vassilia Kasselouri – Rigopoulou, Athanasia Kyritsi, Konstantinos N. Pistiolas, Stamatia Gavela, Konstantinos Kordatos, Lazaros Iliadis

"The present study deals with the production and characterization of rice husk ash (RHA) and its use in the synthesis of zeolite of type ZSM-5. Rice husk was combusted in various temperatures with aim to find the suitable conditions for the production of amorphous silica. The resulted amorphous silica ash was then utilized as a starting material for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite using the low temperature and atmospheric pressure process. The method led successfully to the synthesis of highly siliceous zeolite of type ZSM-5. The produced material was characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).IntroductionRice husk is a major by-product of the rice-milling industries and it is usually used as a fuel for steam generation due to its high calorific power. During its combustion, rice husk ash (RHA) is produced. Knowing that the annual rice world production is over 615 million tons (2005), thus resulting in a potential production of more than 22 million tons of RHA [1], it can be understood that the RHA disposal is a crucial issue towards the environmental protection. However, due to the high silica content, RHA can be used as an alternative cheap source of silica for many uses, including as filler in polymers [2], concrete [3] and synthesis of zeolites [4-7].The burning of rice husk in air results in the formation of RHA with content in SiO2 that varies from 87 to 97% depending on the burning conditions, the rice variety, the climate and the geographic area [8]. Some small amounts of inorganic impurities are always present in the ash along with unburned carbon. The unburned carbon can be removed from the ash by further heating treatments in high temperatures, but this usually leads to the crystallization of the amorphous silica to cristobalite and/or tridymite [9]. The crystallization of the contained silica of the ash is also occurred when the burning conditions of husk are uncontrolled [10]. This crystallization is a disadvantage towards the preparation of silicon based materials, because the silica ash is rendered inactive in its crystalline form [11]."

Jan 1, 2008

By Toshiaki Nakai, Kunihiko Takeda, Kimio Imaizumi, Hiroaki Shirasaka

"The new type of nano-porous silica particle was considered to be constructed by the spinodal decomposition-type process which was found to have narrower pores than those of conventional porous silica prepared from boron silicate or ""Shirasu"" balloon. Nano-porous silica particles were fabricated by the calcination of silica gel mixed with well-dispersed complex salts composed of phosphorous and molybdenum compounds. Both silica and inorganic salts were not perfectly dissolved in the suspension solution. After removing of the water, the silica-inorganic salts complex was volatized and successively calcinated at a temperature ranging from 650 °C to 800 °C. Then, the inorganic salts were removed by dissolving in hot water. Other inorganic salts such as potassium halides were also found to be effective as a pore-size controller.IntroductionControl of structure has an important role in the field of industry as well as in the separation and purification technology for metals and organic syntheses. Many studies on the control of material structures have been reported regarding porous materials with pores ranging from nanometer to micrometer scale. 1 ) One example is zeolite as a naturally yielded porous inorganic material. Various types of synthetic zeolites have been studied as ""molecular sieve"" materials with ordinary pore-size of less than one nanometer. In 1992, crystalline meso-porous material with a large surface area named MCM-41 was synthesized through the use of template synthesis. 2) In direct relation to our study, amorphous borate glass having 4 to 100 nm of fine pores known as Corning glass 3l or SiO2-Al2OrB2O 3-CaO porous glass having large pore dispersity ranging from 4 to 10,000 nm have been reported. 4 ) S) 6 ) Some examples of several reported studies are as follows: phase-separated porous glass consisting of B2OrAl2O3-ZrO2-RO-R2O complex oxide 7 ) glass with finer pore induced from hydrolysis of silane alkoxide, porous material attained by condensation polymerization through the use of sol-gel process 8), alumina meso-porous material 9 ) 10), silica-zirconia material 11), carbon porous material 12), etc.."

Jan 1, 2000

By Djalma Souza, Rubén Sánchez, Regina Maria Pinheiro, Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira, Sergio Neves Monteiro

"This work has for objectives to characterize a waste generated in the form of sludge during the treatment of the effluent of a paper making industry and to evaluate the effect of its incorporation up to 10 wt.% on the properties of a clayey body used for brick production. For the characterization of the waste the following techniques were used: X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, differential thermal analysis and termogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry. Specimens were prepared by uniaxial pressing at 20 MPa before firing at 750 °C. The physical and mechanical properties evaluated were: linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural rupture strength. The results showed that, in agreement with the characteristics of the waste, its recycling into red ceramic can contribute to decrease the consumption of fuel during the firing stage. However, the waste changes the physical and mechanical properties, generating a deleterious effect on the water absorption and flexural rupture strength of the ceramic.IntroductionAccording to the Brazilian Association of Pulp and Paper, in the last 10 years, the global production of paper grew 35%. Brazil produced 8,2 million tons of paper in 2004 and held the position of the seventh largest world manufacturer of pulp, with about 9,4 million tons per year [1]. The pulp and paper industry generates effluents that present problems related to their disposal, even after the treatment. Among the solid wastes generated by this industry, the main waste is the primary sludge from the effluent treatment plant (ETP).After the initial treatment the decanted solids go through a dewatering stage, generating the solid form denominated primary sludge. This sludge resembles a paper paste of dark gray color when humid, and clear gray color when dry. This primary waste is composed basically of kaolin, pulp, traces of chemical substances and water. This waste generated in the pulp and paper industry depends on the characteristics of the process and of the employed techniques. It can vary significantly from one industrial unit to another, even in the case that the final products are similar. Its composition is approximately 60% of kaolin and 40% of pulp, and these percentages can vary in some moments as a function of the process [2,3]."

Jan 1, 2008

By Dirce H. Jacomo, Jaciele G. Teixeira, Anibal Y. Abreu Castillo, EsperidianaA. B. Moura, Yalquiria A. Silva, Rene R. Oliveira, Michelle G. Gomes

"Composites consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol), starch and sugarcane bagasse ashes, using glycerol as plasticizer agent, were prepared by solution casting method. Composites prepared were subjected to electron-beam radiation treatments, at radiation dose of 50 and 80 kGy using a Dynamitron electron beam accelerator, at room temperature in the presence of air. The composite samples obtained were evaluated for their water absorption, mechanical and morphological properties.1. IntroductionThe potential of biodegradable polymers and more specifically of biocomposites obtained from agro-resources have long been well established [1-3]. Starch, derivate from variety of botanical sources (cereals, legumes, and tubers) is widely available raw material and one of the most studied and promising agro-resources for the production of biodegradable polymers as matrices for biocomposite applications. However, starch itself is very brittle, hydrophilic and its mechanical properties are very poor for many applications [3 - 5]. The blending of starch with conventional polymers is a promising approach to improve its drawbacks. Recently, many efforts have been made to blend starch with biodegradable synthetic polymers [5, 6]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PYA) is a particularly well-suited synthetic polymer for the formulation of blends with natural polymers, as it is highly polar and can also be manipulated in water solutions, and depending upon its grade, in functional organic solvents as well [3, 7]. PY A has been reported to be an option to blend with starch. Most of the starch/PY A composites have been prepared by casting. However, it is well known that starch/PY A composites has poor in water resistance and mechanical properties after absorbing water [3,8]. Attempts to improve the mechanical properties and to decrease the water absorption property of the starch/PY A composites are made by adding the cross-linkers and plasticizers. Park et al. prepared starch/PY A/citric acid films by the casting method. They also studied the effect of (spell out) citric acid on the mechanical properties and water resistance of composites [9]. Zhai et al. prepared the starch/PY A hydrogels using electron-beam radiation [10]. Different kinds of lignocellulosic fibers have been investigated in blends for formulation of biocomposites."

Jan 1, 2013

By Chang Wei, Zhigan Deng, Yizhao WANG, Cunxiong Li, Gang Fan, Xingbin Li

During the process of hematite precipitation, the transformation of Na jarosite convert into hematite has been studied in a batch reactor at different temperatures, ranging from 170°C to 200°C with 3h of the retention time in the presence of 30g/L Fe ( ) and 4g/L Na+. The composition of precipitation was seriously depended on the temperature, at 170°C hematite and sodium jarosite are the reaction products of iron precipitate, with an increasing in reaction temperature the sodium, sulfur content in precipitated decreased and sulfur mainly exist in forms of SO4 2-, and when temperature over 200°C hematite was the only phase in product. An increasing temperature was not only beneficial to iron precipitation, also conducive to jarosite conversion to form high quality hematite precipitate.

Jan 1, 2016

By C. Lupi

The electrorefining of primary copper is a well known technology: in this work copper scrap was directly processed in the same way. he copper and copper alloy scrap was previously pressed by means of a 20 tons apparatus in order to avoid pyrometallurgical operations. The samples obtained in this manner showed a good compactness so that they were used as anodes in the electrorefining tests. The tests were carried out on anodes made by copper scrap, copper alloy scrap and a mixture of the two. The electrorefining tests were performed at both 303 and 333 K, in a perspex cell having a volume of 500 ml using a current density of 250 A/m2. The cathode used was always a sheet of pure copper and the electrolyte composition was 40-50 g/l Cu as CuS04 and 150-200 g/l H2SO4. Current efficiency in the range of 92-97% and specific energy consumption ranging from 0.14- 0.20 kWg of copper were reached in all the tests. The refined copper deposits were analyzed by AAS to verify their purity and observed by SEM to highlight their morphology.

Jan 1, 1998

Electrocrystallization studies were conducted in a concentrated acid-copper electrolyte to determine the influence of chloride ions and glue on copper nucleation and on the structure of thin copper layers. Electrochemical experiments allied to SEM and XRD examination were performed to characterize the mechanism of nucleation in the presence of additives at 65°C. Results indicated that most of the copper nucleation from a 83 g dm-3 Cu2+ solution, with 140 g dm-3 of H2SO4 is achieved in a matter of milliseconds, Although the presence of chloride and glue, at the concentration levels tested, does not seem to substantially modify the nucleation mechanism, the morphology, nuclei density and the copper film structure and orientation are changed by the presence of additives and by electrolyte stirring.

Jan 1, 1999