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By R. Le

"The principles of noise control aredescribed with particular emphasis on personalactive units as opposed to passive ear muffspresently in general use. A discussion followsfor their potential use in a mining environment.RÉSUMÉNous décrivons brièvement quelquesprincipes de contrôle de bruit à l’usage person-nel, puis nous passons en revue quelquescasques commerciaux dotés de ces circuits àprincipe actif. Enfn nous discutons de leurusage potentiel dans le contexte minier.IntroductionLe casque à principe actif est un produitqui existe commercialement, mais encore peurépandu en usage, sûrement à cause du prix,mais aussi de sa méconnaissance par le grand public. Il arrive parfois qu’un journaliste trouvele produit fantastique et le médiatise commeune réalisation de son pays (ou de sa province),mais peu savent qu’il s’agit là d’un principe quia commencé dans les années 30. Par delà lesensationnel, il reste que si l’on veut mettre lamain sur un de ces casques pour l’essayer, on nesait où l’obtenir. De plus, les casques n’utilisentpas tous le même principe actif. C’est la raisonpour laquelle nous faisons cette brève compara-ison. Nous le faisons en mettant l’accent pourune possible utilisation dans le domaine minier,car c’est dans ce milieu que les usagers sontconfrontés aux bruits les plus intenses qui peu-vent endommager leur système auditif, ce quin’exclut pas les autres situations (travaux publics, foresterie, écoute hi-f, etc.)."

Jan 1, 1997

By S. M. Chentouf, M. Jahazi, N. Bombardier, T. Belhadj

The main limiting factor in the commercial expansion of superplastic forming (SPF) of thin sheet aluminum alloys is the extent of cavitation phenomenon that takes place during the processing. The severity of the cavitation process is mainly dependent on the uniformity of deformation (i.e. level of local thinning) during processing. In the present paper, correlations are made between thickness variations in several formed sheets and the characteristics of the cavities observed in the material. The 1.4 mm thick 5083 aluminum alloy sheets were hot pre-formed at around 450°C for 4 min and then air-cooled. Opto-digital and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to examine the microstructure and analyse the cavities. Also, grain size measurements were carried out for different location in the SPF formed piece. The surface and volume fractions of the cavities were measured with the aid of metallography image processing (MIPTM) on as-polished samples prior to etching. The results are analyzed in terms of the influence of applied strain and microstructure conditions on the propensity to cavitation of the alloy.

Jan 1, 2015

By J. G. Trowell, D. T. Magee

"IntroductionMANITOBA'S first recoverable oil was from the California Standard Daly 15-18 well in Lsd. 15, Sec. 18, Twp. 10, Range 27, W.P.M., completed early in 1951. This well also gave the first indications of commercial production in the Williston basin, which is centred in North Dakota and extends into southeastern Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba. Subsequent drilling in the Manitoba portion of the basin has revealed the presence of oil in more or less commercial quantities at various points in an area approximately four townships in width and eleven townships in length.Although completions are becoming fairlly widespread in the area,, the greatest activity is in the Virden district, with the focal point in the Daly field, approximately eight miles west •of Virden. This paper will deal with the various techniques used in the Daly field, where •completion problems have •been unusually troublesome. Techniques evolved there have already been used with success at other points in southwestern Manitoba.Daly FieldGeneralTo date, all production has been from the Mississippian limestone, which is encountered •at depths ranging from 2,300 to 2,500 feet. Pay thickness is •of the order of 100 feet. Core analyses indicate average porosity .of about 9 per cent but permeabilities, for the most part, are extremely low."

Jan 1, 1953

By L W. Morley

The Division is concerned with physical methods as applied to geo-logical research and mapping. An at-tempt is made to describe long-term goals, illustrated by examples of projects in the fields of aeromagnetic interpretation, palaeomagnetic re-search, Pleistocene and groundwater geophysics, seismic surveying, electromagnetic research and instrument development. Cooperative projects in surveys and research, with universities, private companies and provincial organizations, are frequently undertaken. An outstanding example of this is the recently approved Federal-Provincial Aeromagnetic Survey Plan, the purpose of which is discussed both from an economic and a scientific point of view. HISTORY OF THE DIVISION M AGNETIC, electrical, seismic and gravity methods, as a means of extending the geologist's sphere of observation beyond the head of his hammer, came into wide-spread use for the first time after World ?war I. Interest in these methods was aroused amongst geologists of the Geological Survey and, in 1928, a group of these geologists and university

Jan 1, 1963

By A. McLean, A. Hue, K. Le, Y. D. Yang, P. Wu

While the treatment of relatively inexpensive ferrosilicon alloys is a potential refining route in order to generate solar grade silicon, phosphorus is one of the more difficult impurities to remove by conventional processing. In this project, the use of an electromagnetic levitation technique was used to investigate the dephosphorization of ferrosilicon alloy droplets exposed for various times and temperatures to a hydrogen-argon gas mixture. It was found that approximately 40% of the phosphorus was removed from an 85%Si-15%Fe alloy after 20 minutes exposure at approximately 1673K, to a gas mixture containing 48.5% hydrogen. Further dephosphorization is expected with longer reaction times. The effect of increasing temperature was found to be insignificant, although processing at lower temperatures is not only economically advantageous, it also decreases evaporative silicon losses, thus resulting in a more efficient process.

Jan 1, 2015

By J. G. Debanne

MOST company-employed petroleum engineers have in their accounting departments punch-card computers that can perform engineering calculations thirty to three hundred times faster than desk calculators, or they can rent such machines from Computing Service centres. These machines not only eliminate the drudgery of desk calculation but also the risks of human errors. The I.B.M. t 604 punch-card computer of Texaco's accounting department in Calgary has been used for oil and gas property evaluations, curve fitting by least squares, statistical core analysis studies, unsteady-state water in-flux studies, phase equilibrium performance prediction of oil reservoirs, gravity segregation calculations, etc.

Jan 1, 1958

By Carol Odell

This paper was prepared as a brief for Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) to guide input at a series of round tables carried out by the Federal Government in response to the 38th Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (SCFAIT) report, on ?Mining in Developing Countries and Corporate Social Responsibility?. This document mandate is to provide background information, analysis and recommendations on the practice of Canadian exploration and mining companies abroad. This research was based on 11 case studies of Canadian companies which have experienced conflicts or controversies overseas. All case studies were assembled through an extensive literature review of publicly available documentation and communications with representatives of the mining companies to assist in deepening the insights into the drivers of the conflicts and the needs of Canadian companies in similar situations. The case studies include both exploration and mining operations. Our analysis begins with the identification of general and case specific drivers of conflict/controversy in each case study. Company names are kept confidential and only anonymous results are presented. We make ample use of simple flow charts and schematic diagrams to explain how contextual drivers and aggravators and company drivers and mitigators play varied and interrelated roles in conflicts. The diagrams also illustrate the cumulative analysis of drivers including the linkages among drivers/aggravators/mitigators across different domains (social, governance, NGO/media and company). Finally, we discuss needs of companies and propose recommendations for addressing social responsibility and human rights concerns.

May 1, 2007

By O. A. Ojo, N. Esmaeili

"The effects of brazing and use of composite powder mixture as interlayer material on hot corrosion resistance of brazed IN738 superalloy were studied. Brazing was observed to result in significant reduction in the hot corrosion resistance of the superalloy. However, application of composite powder mixture, which consists of additive superalloy powder, enhanced the hot corrosion resistance of brazed samples. It is also found that although the use of composite powder mixture increased hot corrosion resistance of brazed alloy, if the additive powder completely melts, which is possible during brazing, it can significantly reduce the hot corrosion resistance of the brazed joint. Elemental micro-segregation during solidification of the joint with completely melted powder mixture produces chromium depleted zones and consequently reduces hot corrosion resistance, since a uniform distribution and adequate chromium concentration is necessary to combat hot corrosion. This has not been previously reported in the literature and it is crucial to the use of composite powder mixture for enhancing the properties of brazed superalloys.INTRODUCTION Superalloys have been developed in response to the increasing demand for materials with higher resistance to corrosion and creep and also with higher mechanical strength at higher temperatures (Smith, 1981). Ni-base superalloys are predominantly used in manufacturing hot sections of gas turbine engine components. This is due to their high strength and corrosion resistance in extremely high temperature service environments which is typical for hot sections of gas turbine engines (Miglietti, 2009). The continuous demand for higher efficiency and output has resulted in the use of higher operating temperatures and gas pressure in modern gas turbine engines (Jahnke & Demny, 1983). Consequently, this has caused thermal and mechanical stresses which result in severe degradation and damage of gas turbine engine components due to creep, fatigue and hot corrosion (Zhang, Feng, & He, 2006). The decision to replace or repair damaged parts depends on the overall repair cost and expected life of the repaired components (Jahnke & Demny, 1983). However, in most cases, it is more cost effective to repair damaged parts rather than use a full replacement."

Jan 1, 2017

By C. S. Ha, H. S. Choi, D. Y. Shin

POSCO installed a new 100 ton oxygen bottom-blown converter in 2013 for the development of new steelmaking process named as PS-BOP which is reading POSCO-Saarstahl Basic Oxygen Process. This process was developed by the collaboration research between POSCO and Saarstahl AG in Germany that is based on substantial increase of CO post combustion in a converter by blowing hot air from the top of converter. The collaboration research has been finished successfully in November 2013 with 17% decrease in hot metal ratio (HMR) when hot air was blown from the top of the oxygen bottom-blown converter. After the collaboration research the converter has been tried to be operated as oxygen top and bottom-blown converter to reduce bottom wear and to decrease production cost with increased use of low cost Fe source by the help of increased CO post combustion. The presentation includes experience on the start up of oxygen bottom-blown converter, HMR reduction trials with hot air top blowing and transition from oxygen bottom-blown to top and bottom-blown converter operation.

Jan 1, 2015

By Shuo Zhang, Wenying Liu

"In dump leaching, the efficiency of metal extraction from ores is strongly influenced by the mechanisms of fluid flow. Particle size distribution acts as a fundamental parameter in the determination of fluid flow properties in packed ore beds. In this study, we investigated the particle size distribution in dump leaching by using image analysis technique. The results showed that the particles in the dump varied from smaller than 2 cm to larger than 200 cm in diameter. P80 was calculated to be 200 cm, which was significantly higher than the historical data used by the operation. P25, P50 and P80 were found to increase non-linearly with increasing depth towards the toe of the dump, suggesting the segregation of fine and coarse particles. The image analysis results were verified by applying the rock fragmentation models. The model with the Swebrec function was found to be in better agreement with the image analysis results. Future research will investigate the effect of particle size distribution on the behaviour of fluid flow.INTRODUCTION Fluid flow plays an essential role in the extraction of valuable metals using heap/dump leaching (Amos et al., 2009). The rates of the chemical leaching reactions and microbial activities determine metal concentrations in the leachates and therefore the efficiency of the metal extraction. The reaction rates are influenced by two fundamental processes: transport phenomenon and reaction kinetics (Bouffard & Dixon, 2001). The transport phenomenon refers to the percolation of fluids through channels and pores in a packed ore bed, which carries lixiviants and reaction products to/from ore surfaces by convection and diffusion. The percolation rate of the leaching solution is determined by the hydraulic conductivity of the packed ore bed, which is a function of the permeability and the degree of saturation (Guzman et al., 2008). Permeability, an intrinsic property of a packed ore bed, is strongly influenced by the particle size distribution of the ore grains (Bouffard & Dixon, 2001). Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the particle size distribution in dump leaching."

Jan 1, 2017

By L. C. So, S. Faucher, S. Mostaghel, A. Triwahyuono, D. Sauter, S. -Y. Oh, S. K. Lee, K. Aswin

"Molten hauling and water granulation are the commonly used slag treatment methods in the production of nickel. Water is present in these processes either to accelerate cooling of the dumped slag or in the granulation itself which creates an inherent safety risk of explosions. Even good design and operation are not sufficient to prevent explosions or injuries from occurring. Several dry methods to treat slags have been intensely studied. However, most of these technologies have never been commercialized due to numerous challenges including scalability, cost, low heat recovery efficiencies, and difficulties in heat utilization. Ecomaister-Hatch has recently developed and commercialized a reliable and simple Dry Atomization process, which eliminates water and allows for heat recovery. As part of the development towards other sectors, laboratory-scale and pilot-scale trials have been completed in a number of base metals and PGM facilities. Recently, Dry Atomization of a nickel laterite slag was successfully demonstrated at the laboratory-scale. The current paper introduces the technology and reports the test results obtained from atomization of the nickel slag.INTRODUCTION The processing of nickel laterites produces vast amounts of slag with over 90% of the feed to the furnace reporting as slag. Slag handing is therefore of critical importance to a laterite smelter. Traditionally there are two ways in which the slag is handled (1) Molten hauling, dumping, cooling and quarrying (2) Water granulation, dewatering, stockpiling. There are inherent disadvantages of both methods that will be outlined in this paper. An alternate route of Dry Atomization provides distinct advantages over the two conventional routes that are of particular interest to the nickel producer such as elimination of molten hauling, dumping and quarrying, elimination of water and improved safety. There is also the potential to convert the slag, which is typically regarded as a waste product, into a value added product and the continuous nature of slag tapping makes it amenable to heat recovery. Hatch has recently conducted laboratory-scale test work on laterite slag to demonstrate its viability for Dry Atomization. Results of this work are presented."

Jan 1, 2017

By Haruka Takeura, Tomoaki Murata, Kazunari Yoshida, Masato Adachi

"Pure magnesium is a material with high functionality, however, the cold drawing of this material is very difficult, that is why, until this day there are no optimal cold drawing conditions. Furthermore, cold drawing of pure magnesium wire shows a problem with internal defects that occurs under certain conditions. In this research, the aim is the suppression of internal defects, and final target is to create the optimal cold drawing conditions for pure magnesium wires. The first step is the investigation of the drawing limit by using 250°Cannealed wire. As a result, reduction of 10% per pass was chosen for stable wire drawing. However, in this case, it was found that internal defects occurred at total reduction of over 45% during drawing. Investigation of intermediate annealing conditions that can suppress internal defects, and influence on internal defect that the die half angle and reduction per pass. As a result, it was found that the drawing condition capable of suppressing internal defects most efficiently was 13% reduction drawing by using under 6°half angle die. Consequently, it’s possible to manufacture a cold fine drawn pure magnesium wire of 100µm, without defects in the center of the wire and hindering its mechanical properties.INTRODUCTIONMagnesium is a light and high functionality material that has high vibration absorbency, heat dissipation, electromagnetic wave-shielding and recycling efficiency (Conruy, 1989). However, proper cold wire drawing conditions haven’t been established, that is why warm or hot processing is commonly used (Oishi, Mori, &Kawabe, 2005). As a result, strength improvement of the wires is not possible, that is why the production of medical tools is disregarded. If it was possible to cold draw magnesium wires, the applications for material products would expand. Further, in wire drawing such difficult processing material, if appropriate processing conditions are not selected, defects will be generated inside the drawn wire."

Jan 1, 2017

By Seong-Ho Ha, Shae K. Kim, Young-Ok Yoon

In the this study, surface segregation of Mg and Ca with Mg addition range from 5 to 10wt% in Al-Mg alloys with Mg+Al2Ca master alloy and its effect on the oxidation resistance were investigated. The addition of Mg+Al2Ca master alloy as the Mg alloying element led to the surface enrichment of Mg and Ca during high temperature oxidation. As a result of the oxidation test by TGA, the oxidation resistance of all the examined alloys was significantly improved with increasing Al2Ca content. The weight change of Al2Ca added Al-5Mg and Al-7.5Mg alloys indicated the complete oxidation resistance during the whole oxidation test time, while a slight weight increase was shown in the case of Al-Mg alloys even with Al2Ca addition. The improvement of the oxidation resistance in Al2Ca added alloys may be attributed to the formation of the protective oxide layer mixed with CaO and MgO on the surface.

Jan 1, 2015

By A. Miura, G. Granata, C. Tokoro, A. Fuwa

"The high copper demand as well as the lack of new high-grade deposits, are pushing the copper industry to process low-grade and refractory ores containing chalcopyrite. However, for a quantitative dissolution of copper from the chalcopyrite, the leaching performances still need to be improved. In the present research, we studied and optimized the iodide-assisted leaching of chalcopyrite in H2SO4-Fe2(SO4)3 media. The evolution of surface species during leaching was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and mineral liberation analysis (MLA). Inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the dissolved copper. Significance of experimental results was assessed by statistical analysis while a kinetic analysis of the leaching process was performed by fitting the experimental data with the Shrinking-core model. Results showed the significant positive effect of iodide on copper extraction rate. In the presence of KI, the dissolution rate of copper was almost double than in the parallel experiments without KI. Whether using KI or not, elemental sulfur was generated on the surface of the leached chalcopyrite. Nevertheless, in the presence of KI, the passivation layer did not arrest the leaching. Analysis revealed that the leaching rate was limited by the chemical reaction control step.INTRODUCTION Due to the large demand of copper, processing low-grade ores containing copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) has become unavoidable (Watling, 2013). Since ores with CuFeS2 may also contain appreciable amounts of arsenic that cannot be smelted, and because low-grade ores are uneconomic to smelt, the hydrometallurgical technologies are crucial for recovering the copper (Dutrizac, 1978). Sulfate-based processes are attractive because of the lower operating costs and because the sulfate ion is more suitable in case copper would be recovered via electrowinning. In ferric sulfate solution, chalcopyrite undergoes oxidation due to the large amount of Fe(III) and dissolution due to the presence of the sulfate ion (Majima, et al., 1985). The leaching reaction in ferric sulfate medium can be represented as in (1):"

Jan 1, 2017

By Nessetech Consulting, L. A. Cisternas, E. D. Galvez, S. H. Kuan, L. H. Saw

"In Malaysia, there were two rare earths processing plants namely Asian Rare Earth (ARE) and the Malaysian Rare Earth Corporation Plant (MAREC) in Perak, which were operated until 1992 and were subsequently closed due to problems pertaining to disposal of large amount of radioactive waste. Recently, Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP) has become one of the largest rare earths processing plant in the world producing rare earth elements (REE) in Gebeng, Pahang. The primary raw material is lanthanide concentrate (LC) which is imported from Mount Weld mine in Australia and shipped to Malaysia. LC is produced from lanthanide ore after mining and mineral processing. The ore has a lower impact than Bayan Obo, Mountain Pass and adsorbed clay deposits, given the small footprint of the mine itself and the remoteness of the location. The type of ore being mined (rare earth phosphates: carbonatite, monazite) may have higher thorium content than bastnasite ore from the Chinese or American mines but still far below radiation concerns. This paper was written to review the processing flowsheet at the Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP), the environmental impact associated with the processing of the said ores and the sustainability of the operation.INTRODUCTIONRare earth minerals are one of a set of 17 minerals or chemical elements which consists of yttrium and scandium, as well as the 15 lanthanide elements (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Despite their importance, rare earth minerals rarely exist in economically viable concentrations and they are usually difficult to extract. Rare-earth minerals create strong magnets when added to magnetic elements such as iron, and are useful for the production of electronics systems as well as electric cars. They are also used extensively in automotive catalytic converters, fluid cracking catalysts in petroleum refining, wind turbines, phosphors in colour televisions and flat panel screens, displays for mobile phones and laptops, rechargeable batteries, and various medical devices. The elements are typically split into two subgroups: the cerium sub-group of ‘‘Light’’ rare earth elements (LREEs) which includes La to Eu and the yttrium sub-group of ‘‘Heavy’’ rare earth elements (HREEs) which include the remaining lanthanide elements, Gd to Lu, including yttrium (Gupta and Krishnamurthy, 1992; Jordens et al., 2013; Trifonov, 1963). Scandium, however, when it is classified as a rare earth element, is not included in either the LREE or HREE classifications (Gupta and Krishnamurthy, 1992; Jordens et al, 2013). Half of the world’s 110 million tons of reserves exist in China while other sizable deposits are found in Russia, United States, Brazil, India, Australia, Canada, and Greenland. The countries known to be actively mining REE are China, Russia, India, Brazil and Malaysia (Hao et al., 2015). Among these countries, China has the largest REE production, accounting for more than 93% of global supply (Yap, 2015). The critical metal report (Moss et al. 2011) listed 14 economically vital raw materials that are prone to supply disruption and concluded that supply disruption would threaten the goal for cleaner transport and sustainable energy since rare earth metals are used in products using green technology, such as hybrid/electric vehicles, carbon capture systems, wind power generation, low-energy lighting, and energy efficient flat-screen displays."

Jan 1, 2016

By H. Scott Swinden

"ForewordA symposium on base metal deposits was held in Bathurst, New Brunswick, from June 10-13, 1990, sponsored jointly by the Geological Surveys Branch of the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, the New Brunswick Prospectors and Developers Association, and the Geology Division of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum . Papers prepared for the symposuim are being published as a series of articles in the CIM Bulletin. This second paper (the first was by Fyffe, et al., in Vol. 83, No. 938) in the series presents an overview of the paleotectonic settings of massive sulphide deposits in the Dunnage Zone of Newfoundland with emphasis on volcanic geochemistry.ABSTRACTCambrian and Ordovician volcanic sequences of central Newfoundland, which record the history of the Iapetus Ocean, are prolific hosts to volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits. Geochemical, isotopic and geochronological studies show that the vestiges of Iapetus in Newfoundland probably record a complex series of island arcs and back-arc basins that were marginal to, rather than part of, the main ocean basin of Iapetus. The geochemical and isotopic data provide a means of characterizing the tectonic environment of individual volcanic sequences, and allow us to identify a number of distinct tectonic environments in which VMS depositiontook place.Four tectonic environments have been identified as being associated with VMS deposition: (I) back-arc environments hosting VMS deposits include both N-MORB-type ophiolites (e.g. Skidder?) and volcanic sequences with oceanic island (or within plate) tholeiite characteristics (e.g. Great Burnt Lake); (2) primitive arc environments include both supra-subduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites (e.g. Betts Cove, Rambler) and volcanic/epiclastic sequences (e.g. Point Leamington, Duck Pond) and are characterized by abundant arc tholeiites, with lesser refractory lavas and rhyolites; (3) mature arc environments comprise dominantly thick felsic and mafic volcanic piles in the Buchans - Robert's Arm Belt (including the Buchans camp) and are characterized by dominantly calc alkalic basalt and andesite; and (4) continental rift environments occur in the Hermitage Flexure area (e.g. Strickland deposit) and are characterized by dominantly felsic volcanic sequences.Island arc environments are by far the most prolific hosts to VMS deposits. Patterns of VMS distribution in central Newfoundland show that similar tectonic settings may be recorded by very different stratigraphic sequences (e.g. both ophiolites and thick volcanic/ epiclastic sequences may record primitive arc rifting) and emphasize the importance of the rifting in VMS generation, irrespective of the details of the tectonic or stratigraphic setting. The ability to judge the prospectiveness of a volcanic sequence by using whole rock geochemistry to evaluate its tectonic environment may prove useful in area selection at the grassroots exploration level."

Jan 1, 1991

By J. B. Edwards

"The case is presented for the use of simulators for the computer-based training (CBT) of mining plant operators and for introducing them to automatically controlled systems. As well as their use in the classroom, the role of simulators is examined for ""on-plant"" use in trouble-shooting, fault-finding and maintenance of automatic systems. Case studies are presented showing how specific simulators are becoming established or have potential in the areas of automated materials handling, machine testing, setup and guidance. The evolution of scientific simulations into simulators of widespread practical use is discussed and present-day limitations of computer speed and graphics are considered. Related areas of research for the Canadian Centre for Automation and Robotics in Mining (CCARM) are identified.IntroductionCCARM's Commitment to Simulator DevelopmentAs automation is progressively developed and exploited in mining operations, there arises an urgent need to educate and train staff responsible for its introduction and operation in our mines and for its maintenance. For this purpose , an essential ingredient of an automation program is the development of appropriate mining system simulators for use by a wide variety of personnel. The author has been fortunate to have been closely involved with the development of automatic control systems for a variety of mining machines and mining systems in the United Kingdom. A key ingredient of the research phase in each case has been the use of simulation techniques. As projects have moved toward their commissioning and exploitation phase, the simulations have evolved into simulators tailored for use by machine operators and maintenance personnel. Illustrative case studies are presented later. The researach of the newly constituted Canadian Centre for Automation and Robotics in Mining (CCARM) will likewise involve extensive simulation, and the development of simulators (from the scientific programs) for use at the mine by operators and technicians will be given high priority in the Centre's over-all work program."

Jan 1, 1990

By R. A. King, B. G. Hunt, C. E. T. White

"This paper reviews the history, occurrence, properties, and uses of indium, and describes the commercial production and fabrication of that metal by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited (Cominco), at Trail, B.C'. Indium is produced commercially at Trail from dross retreatment furnace D.R.F.) slag, a complex by-product of the lead smelting operations. Furnace feed prepared from this slag is smelted with coke and limerock in an electric furnace. The e1ectric furnace bullion is parted electrolytically, producing a market-able lead-tin alloy containing about 8 per cent tin, and leaving the indium in the anode slime. Recovery of indium from the anode slime involves roasting the slime with sulphuric acid, followed by leaching with water, purifying the leach solution, recovering the indium by sponging with zinc or aluminum, and re-fining electrolytically. This process yields standard grade (99.97+ per cent) indium which is either sold or refined •to high purity ( 99.999 per cent) indium for special uses requiring higher purity metal."

Jan 1, 1959

By L. A. Jameson, J. Awmack, P. J. Lind

"Peñasquito is a polymetallic deposit containing gold, silver, lead, and zinc. The operation is currently the largest producer of gold in Mexico. Over the next few years, the process flowsheet will be expanded beyond the flotation of lead and zinc to include flotation of pyrite from zinc tails and subsequent leaching of the pyrite concentrate. This paper outlines mineralogical leach characterization that has been carried out to improve the understanding of the complex hosting of gold and silver minerals in the ore. Organic carbon that is present in the ore can have an impact on flotation and leaching. Mineralogical techniques used to characterize this deleterious component of the ore are introduced.INTRODUCTION Goldcorp’s Peñasquito operation is located in the Mexican state of Zacatecas, approximately 200 km from the city of Zacatecas as shown in Figure 1. Peñasquito has been in operation since 2009 and is currently Mexico’s largest gold mine. Mining is carried out by open-pit methods, with oxide ore proceeding to a heap leach facility and sulfide ore treated in the sulfide processing plant.The processing capacity of the sulfide plant is 130,000 tonnes of ore per day and in 2016 production amounted to 450,000 ounces of gold, 17.6 million ounces of silver, 109 million lb of contained lead, and 263 million lb of contained zinc in lead and zinc concentrates. GEOLOGY The Peñasquito deposit is hosted in and adjacent to two breccia pipes; Peñasco and Breccia Azul. The two breccia pipes are branches of a larger intrusive-related complex, which is hosted in the sedimentary Caracol formation as illustrated in Figure 2. The regional geology is dominated by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks which comprise a thick series of marine sediments deposited during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. A 2 km thick sequence of carbonaceous and calcareous siltstones and interbedded sandstones is underlain by a 1.5 to 2 km thick limestone sequence (Goldcorp Inc., 2015)."

Jan 1, 2017

By S P. Giambra

The 50,000-ton-per-day Concentrator and Crushing Plant, complete with its related water supply, tailings disposal and concentrate handling systems, was started up in a five-month period, with the entire plant obtaining its design capacity six months after the first mill became operational. Individual mill lines, with their spiral circuits, achieved design capacities within a week after the first treatment of ore through each mill. Construction and start-up proceeded together in many areas of the plant, and considerable organization and cooperation between the Owner, the Engineer and the Contractors permitted a smooth transition from construction to operation. PLANT DESCRIPTION THE Carol Lake Plant of the Iron Ore Company of Canada l1as been well described in various technical magazines. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief outline of the start-up of the con-centration complex. This start-up was accomplished in a period of five months, with the plant producing one million tons of concentrate and achieving its design-rated tonnage less than six months after the first ore was treated.

Jan 1, 1963