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"Editor’s note: Each year, Mining Engineering features an industrial minerals review. Several people put in a fair amount of time in developing the material for this issue, all the while doing their own jobs. Thank you to the industrial minerals annual review editor, to the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division technical committee chair and vice chairs, and to the authors of the individual commodity profiles.Jim Norman, member SME, of Tetra Tech, is the industrial minerals annual review editor.Vishal Gupta, member SME, of EP Minerals LLC, is chair of the Industrial Minerals &Aggregates Division’s Technical Committee.The technical committee vice chairs include:• Vishal Gupta, member SME, of EP Minerals LLC, Agricultural Materials.• Joe Garska, member SME, of Imerys, ceramics and refractory materials.• Stanley Krukowski, member SME, of the Oklahoma Geological Survey, chemical raw materials.• Russell Winn, member SME, of R.E. Janes Gravel Co., chemical raw materials.• Justin Zdunczyk, member SME, of Pike Industries, construction aggregates.• Jerry Gauntt, member SME, of Golder Associates, fillers and pigments.• Ebrhaim K. Tarshizi, member SME, of the Michigan Tech, sorbents, filters and process aids.• Daniel T. Eyde, member SME, of St. Cloud Mining, specialty minerals.Their help makes possible this July industrial minerals issue. On behalf of ME readers, the editors thank them.Virta, R.L. U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information CenterFour companies - H.C. Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys, Old Hickory Clay Co., and Unimin Corp. - mined ball clay in four states in 2013. On the basis of preliminary data, production was 1 Mt (1.1 million st) with an estimated value of $47 million. Production increased by 3 percent in tonnage from 973 kt (1.1 million st) with a value of $45.1 million in 2012. Tennessee was the leading producer state accounting for 64 percent of domestic production, followed by Texas, Mississippi and Kentucky. About 67 percent of total ball clay production was airfloat, 22 percent was crude or shredded and 11 percent was water-slurried.ConsumptionIn 2013, domestic ball clay producers sold clays to the following markets: ceramic floor and wall tile (44 percent); exports (21 percent); sanitaryware (18 percent); miscellaneous ceramics (9 percent); fillers, extenders, and binders, and unspecified uses (4 percent each), based on 2012 end use patterns and current markets. Other markets accounted for less than 1 percent of the remaining ball clay sales or use. Sales reported for the manufacture of fiberglass or most filler, extender, and binder applications were likely to have been mainly kaolin mined or purchased by the ball clay producers.PricesThe average value of domestically produced ball clay was approximately $47/t ($43/st) in 2013 compared with $46/t ($42/st) in 2012, on the basis of a preliminary survey of domestic ball clay producers. The unit values of exported and imported ball clay were $126/t ($114/ st) and $373/t ($338/st), respectively, in 2013, compared with $62/t ($56/st) and $314/t ($285/st), respectively, in 2012. Unit values for most large export shipments increased in 2013, and a larger number of low-tonnage, high-value export shipments were shipped in 2013 than in 2012, resulting in a doubling of the average export value. Two low-tonnage, high-value shipments in 2013 accounted for the increased value of imports."

Jan 1, 2014

By Luis Garay, Felipe Montalvo, Jorge Poma, Jorge Gutierrez

Los sistemas de ventilación auxiliar en minería subterránea proveen de aire fresco a las zonas de producción, preparación y desarrollo. Estos sistemas de ventilación, quizás por su versatilidad, temporalidad y bajo coste de inversión no siempre son objeto de un análisis profundo para su dimensionamiento óptimo. Una muy común mala práctica en minería subterránea es no monitorear y reducir los consumos energéticos relacionados a los sistemas de ventilación auxiliar por considerarse de baja cuantía, sin embargo, existen estudios que demuestran que el coste económico que afrontan las corporaciones mineras en materia de ventilación auxiliar puede variar entre el 60 y 70 % de su consumo energético total de ventilación.

Sep 30, 2022

By Oliver C. Ralston, and others

"INTRODUCTION Investigations of the Nonmetals Division are now conducted at College Park, Md.; Tuscaloosa. Ala.; Seattle, Wash.; and. Norris, Tenn. The last of these was acquired, this year by arrangement with the Tennessee Valley Authority and is engaged in electrothermel research, using power generated by the T.V.A. and. raw materials from that region. In general, the work of the division is concerned with dressing nonmetallic minerals end utilizing the products there-from. Coal, salts, and waters are investigated, and the suitability of apparatus and equipment is studied.As the Metallurgical. Division of the Bureau of Mines makes routine tests of certain nonmetallic ores under prescribed conditions for the public if they are of general interest, the published reports of that division should be read and thus, with the reports of tile Nonmetals Division, the whole field may be covered."

Oct 1, 1939

By Ketan H. Trivedi

This paper describes the method of analyses used for the design of temporary and permanent Secant Pile Walls, describes various aspects of construction including, guide walls, sequence of pile installation, plan alignment and verticality tolerance, methods of drilling (auger, wash boring, cased and open holes), lateral bracing for secant piles, cutting of keys in secant pile walls for the connection of permanent floor slabs, sealing of water leaks and waterproofing. The paper concludes with a brief case history of a secant pile wall project recently constructed in New York City.

Jan 1, 2006

By Adrián Del Carpio

Desde 1995 la planta de Lixiviación de Toquepala desarrolló un sistema de control automático para los procesos de extracción por solventes y electrodepositación. Sin embargo, con el desarrollo de la tecnología y las nuevas versiones de control, dicha plataforma se tornó arcaica. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala la modernización de los sistemas relacionados con el control y supervisión de las áreas de extracción por solventes, depositación electrolítica y áreas auxiliares. Como consecuencia de ello, se incrementó la operatividad, disponibilidad y fiabilidad con cero paradas por perturbaciones eléctricas, así como redujo el tiempo utilizado para el diagnóstico y solución de problemas.

Sep 12, 2011

By G. Naranjo

Dada la demanda de nuevos materiales como su resistencia a altas temperaturas, la empresa minera del siglo XXI se perfila no solo a la producción de metales, sino a la extracción de sustancias no metálicas. En este sentido, la actividad minera no metálica en el Perú, se encuentra en un estado incipiente de desarrollo, en tanto existe una desinformación sobre la tecnología empleada en la extracción y las especificaciones para la industria minera. Por tal motivo, el objetivo del presente texto es el desarrollo de la minería metálica a través de la evaluación de las características de los recursos no metálicos, selección de métodos, técnicas apropiadas y control de calidad, a fin de difundir la importancia de dicha actividad y la competencia a nivel internacional.

Nov 24, 1993

By Carlos Miranda A

El presente trabajo describe la mineralogía del yacimiento aurífero La Poderosa para encontrar las soluciones al problema metalúrgico de cianuración del mineral aurífero en las unidades de la compañía minera, La Lima y Papagayo de La Libertad. En este sentido, se describen las características de las vetas, intercrecimientos, secuencia paragenética, granulometría y las pruebas del mineral aurífero y así definir los operaciones y procesos a seguir en el beneficio de un yacimiento.

Apr 1, 1991

By Jorge Madias

Durante la laminación de barras y alambrones para construcción civil; perfiles y ángulos estructurales y barras redondas y hexagonales de aceros de corte libre puede presentarse la apertura de la punta o la cola y el estallido central, con la consiguiente parada y caída de la productividad, y pérdida de rendimiento metálico. En este trabajo se analizan las diversas causas que confluyen para que este problema ocurra. Se analiza la influencia de posibles defectos en las palanquillas, las características del corte de las mismas y otros problemas de calidad. Se revisa el rol del precalentamiento previo a la laminación, la refrigeración de los cilindros, el diseño de pasadas y la respuesta del material en función de su ductilidad. Se presentan diversos casos industriales para ilustrar las diferentes razones detrás del problema de la apertura de punta.

Jul 30, 2018

Dry weather since the third week in January has set back any prospects for an early increase in hydroelectric power in the Pacific Northwest, according to The Bonneville Power Administration. The 25% cutback made in July probably will not be restored in March or April. Noranda Aluminum, Inc., increased its price for 99.5% aluminum ingot from 66 cents to 70 cents per pound effective March 1, 1980. Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., also -increased its price for primary aluminum from 66.0 cents to 70.0 cents per pound effective February 1. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. raised its international price for 99.5% primary aluminum from 72.6 cents to 82.6 cents per pound, c. i. f., effective February 26 on new orders and on shipments from March 15.

Jan 1, 1980

By Steve Wilkinson

"""Techniques for coarse-particle beneficiation of some gold ores and methods for determining potential for sorting any gold ore deposit.""With the advent of high speed computers, laser technology end different types of electronic sensing devices, ore sorting machinery has been developed, capable of handling significant tonnage rates while maintaining high level efficiency. Gold ores may be amenable to coarse-particle beneficiation where there exist measurable criteria upon which there can be recognition of auriferous versus barren lumps in the run of mine. Three types of criteria are suitable for sorting and are:i) Photometric - optical variance between ore and waste such as vein ores hosted by barren country rock;ii) Conductivity/Magnetic - based upon the metallic mineral content of ore end waste, and its association with Au, such as found in sulphide/arsenide Au ores,iii) Radtometric - detection of natural gamma activity occurring with uranium-bearirig gold ores.The method for determining the sortability of an ore depositconsists of, at least, three stages:i) Initial stage identification of ore and waste types,mineralogical/petrographical associations,amount of dilution in P.O.M.establishment of any sorting criteria]"

Jan 1, 1985

By Dale R. Spangenberg

This Bureau of Mines Information Circular on phosphate is one of a series of minerals availability commodity directories. Nonconfidential information from the Minerals Availability Program data base covering 148 domestic and 103 foreign phosphate properties and deposits has been abstracted for use in this directory. Abstracts include applicable data on location, published reserves and resources, geology, mine and beneficiation systems, and operational information.

Jan 1, 1983

On the preceding pages, operations of the four major producers of nickel today have been described. There are, however, other operations in the world that, while not as large, are still of importance to the over-all picture of the industry. Among these are the Finnish producer, Outokumpu Oy, a state-controlled company that operates the Kotlahti mine 200 miles northeast of Helsinki. The ore from this operation, which began production in 1959, is pentlandite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, occurring as disseminations in the host rock and in breccias. The flowsheet of the 1500-tpd mill at Kotlahti follows standard practices of crushing, grinding, and flotation to produce a pentlandite-pyrrhotite concentrate and a copper concentrate, both of which are shipped to the smelter at Harjavalta.

Jan 10, 1968

By Walter W. Kaufman

The braking performance of underground, rubber-tired, coal mining vehicles is evaluated. Surveys of mining equipment and braking manufacturers and underground stopping tests are discussed as they relate to this evaluation. Stopping performance recommendations are proposed.

Jan 1, 1977

By Fernando O. Boechat

Com a redução da oferta de minério granulado de boa qualidade no mercado mundial e as restrições ambientais à sinterização, as pelotas de minério de ferro passaram a ocupar um papel importante como matéria prima para produção de ferro primário. Entretanto, embora apresentem maior resistência à degradação, as pelotas ainda sofrem com este problema, embora em menor magnitude, quando comparadas com granulados. Pode-se identificar a degradação das pelotas de minério de ferro em duas etapas, durante o manuseio e sob redução. Uma vez que vários estudos já analisaram a degradação durante o manuseio, a degradação durante a redução torna-se um assunto relevante e pouco explorado. Assim, o presente trabalho avaliou as energias envolvidas no movimento da carga ao longo de um forno de redução direta do tipo Midrex, usando o método dos elementos discretos. Para isso, foi utilizado o software EDEM® para obtenção das energias dissipadas durante as colisões das partículas. Aplicando estas energias ao modelo mecanicista proposto por Tavares e Carvalho [4] para fragmentação das partículas foi possível estimar a taxa de geração de finos no interior do forno. Estes resultados foram utilizados na previsão da degradação mecânica de pelotas no interior do forno, que previu a geração de 1,2 a 2,6% de finos gerados em um forno Minimod®, dependendo das premissas usadas.

Aug 1, 2018

By Daniel Palacios N

El proceso de industrialización del Perú se rige por la demanda de materias primas minerales, para las cuales se exigirá una óptima calidad y precios competitivos. Para contrarrestar esta demanda, es necesario el manejo adecuado del aprovechamiento de los recursos minerales naturales en los yacimientos mineros y así valorar las disponibillidades de los mismos a escala nacional. En este sentido, el objetivo del texto describe la aplicación del programa de no-metálicos que el Departamento del mismo programa INGEMMET propuso.

Oct 14, 1980

By E.C. Jong

Resumen ¦ Un sistema de comunicaciones “a través del suelo” (TTE) comercial y disponible fue evaluado en una mina de carbón subterránea en la zona Este del Estado de Kentucky. Este estudio de campo fue realizado como parte de una evaluación multisitio mayor de sistemas TTE disponibles. La mina detallada en este estudio se encontraba paralizada al momento de la evaluación, lo que proporcionó la representación más cercana a la realidad del medio ambiente en una mina luego de una operación de cierre. Para este estudio se probaron las comunicaciones superficie a subterráneo y subterráneo a superficie. El despliegue estándar del sistema TTE usando los procedimientos recomendados por el fabricante logró obtener comunicaciones claras y nítidas entre el socavón y la superficie. Otras disposiciones de las unidades arrojaron resultados mixtos. Existen planes para examinar más los fenómenos observados en esta mina.

Apr 1, 2016

By E. D. Gardner

This paper discusses small-scale lade gold mining and milling. It is abstracted from a bulletin being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines entitled "Equipping, Developing, and Operating Small Gold Mines." Gold is widely distributed in the mountainous regions of the United States; relatively few deposits, however, can be profitably worked on a large scale. Because of the high intrinsic value of gold, ores containing this metal may be very rich; hence it is possible to mine profitably smaller bodies of gold ore than of the more common metals.

Jan 1, 1934

By U König, N Norberg

To cope with varying raw material qualities and increasing prices for energy, a more frequent and accurate monitoring of the processing of iron ore became the focus in sinter plant operations. Traditionally, quality control in iron producing industries has relied on time-consuming wet chemistry or the analysis of the elemental composition. The mineralogy of a sinter that defines the properties and behaviour in the blast furnace is often not frequently monitored. One fast method to analyse the mineralogical composition of iron sinter, raw mixtures and iron ores is X-ray diffraction (XRD). Recently statistical methods such as similarity analysis or partial least square regression (PLSR) in combination with XRD raw data has become more and more popular in handling large amounts of data and correlating process-relevant parameters directly with an XRD measurement. PLSR can be used to correlate process parameters directly from the XRD pattern without investigating the mineral content. Hidden information that is present in the measurement but not determined with traditional methods can be used to improve the characterisation of the analysed materials.CITATION:König, U and Norberg, N, 2017. Iron sinter process control using X-ray diffraction – part : monitoring of low temperature degradation, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 75–78 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By A. C. Fieldner

This report is the fourth of a series of annual summaries of research and technologic work on coal by the Technologic Branch of the Bureau of Mines. The coal research program of the Bureau has been broadened and made more flexible to adapt it to changing conditions and needs of the coal industry, and as a result information as to the properties and composition of coal has been increased and new and improved practices in mining, preparation, and utilization of coal have been devised. The present

Jan 1, 1940

By George Petersen G.

El siguiente texto describe la genealogía de la pegmatita, composición, precios y las regiones compuesta de este mineral en el litoral peruano. Las pegmatitas son rocas ígneas que se forman al enfriarse la magma, constituyéndose en un etapa de transición y sistema mixto entre los depósitos líquidos magmáticos. Su textura es de grano grueso y está asociada a las rocas ácidas como el granito y la granodiorita. De acuerdo a su genealogía se dividen en dos grupos: facies pegmatítico-magmática y enumatolítica. Las pegmatitas del litoral peruano contiene minerales no metálicos como ortoclasa, mica y cuarzo. Las zonas que comprenden mica son Matarani. Quilca y Atico (Arequipa), la zona de feldespatos se encuentra en Samanco (Chimbote), y la zona de cristal de roca y minerales radioactivos, en la región de Casma (Ancash).

Jul 20, 1961