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By Walter D. Holland

This document is one of a series of instruction guides developed to help instructors present health and safety training courses to workers in the metal and nonmetal mining industry. This course is intended to provide above ground metal and nonmetal mining employees with training which will assist them in performing their work safely and healthfully. A document entitled, "Airborne Contaminants in Above Ground Metal and Nonmetal Mining and Processing Work Areas," is used as a manual for the students during the course. The unique features of the teaching guide are thumb rules for recognizing hazardous situations, candidate contamin¬ants for each work area and descriptions of control devices and work procedures.

Jan 1, 1977

By Charles R. Harrison

The purpose of this study and resulting development of the training program, "Safety--Let's Make It Happen" was to determine the relation of concepts to the development of desired Health and Safety behavior. After extensive pre-contract study, it was hypothesized that improved acceptance and understanding of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 could possibly contribute to the reduction of accidents. Second, in order for an individual to accept and understand the Act, he or she must have a working knowledge of its purposes and application. Third, acceptance and understanding of the Act, necessary to protect the individual from negligence, was imperative. Fourth, an actual operating company could provide the base in which to test these hypotheses in a meaningful manner and develop this type of training program. Six assumptions were agreed upon before embarking on this study and training program development. (1) In the cognitive process, a concept introduction into an individual's personality may result in a behavior quite different than if he or she had been exposed to a different concept.

Jan 1, 1977

By M. T. Abasov

Among a host of challenges dictated by the explosively developing scientific and technical revolution, the improvement of control and management is one of the most essential problems. This problem is also of far-reaching importance for the oil and gas industries. An oil and gas extracting complex is an involved multilink system characterized by a great number of elements and by intricate interconnections between these elements. Of paramount importance for these systems is the quality of control. Any deviation of the control from the optimum reduces the effectiveness of the system and deteriorates its basic technical and economic factors. In case of large systems, even a relatively small deviation from the optimum may result in considerable material and power losses. Optimization of control of large production systems is therefore one of the basic means to enhance their effectiveness. The present paper discusses a development control problem for a multilayer gas deposit using the method of simultaneous exploitation of several strata by means of a single well. The optimum control is achieved by determining the dynamics of changes in the number of producing wells in a reservoir with regard to the depth of occurrence of these reservoirs as well as the difference in the time of introduction of the wells from drilling and their transfer to another reservoir. A mathematical model was constructed for the problem under consideration and a method was given to solve this problem. The problem was dealt with under the assumption that either each of the reservoirs or a part of them have vertically overlying areas and that there is no hydrodynamic interference between the horizons. It was

Jan 1, 1977

By P. deH. Eastcott

The paper summarizes a slide presentation made during the CIM Mechanical-Electrical Operators' Conference, held at Sudbury. Ontario, January 25-27, 1977. Its scope has been limited to a few specific aspects of modern Canadian hoisting plant practice that are likely to be of interest to operating personnel. It is intended to serve as a brief review of established methods discuss in more detail the present state-of-the-art and suggest trends that will appear as products during the next few years.

Jan 1, 1977

The smelting operation associated with the production of aluminium has a voracious appetite for high grade carbon materials. Within the technical parameters of the Hall-Heroult process, the reduction of alumina to one tonne of aluminium results in the consumption of nearly 0.5 tonne of carbon at the anode of an electrolytic cell. This paper reviews the role of carbon and the basic quality requirements of carbon products in the production of aluminium, discusses the effects of certain physical and chemical specifications on smelting and related operations, and examines recent trends in the quality of these raw materials.

Jan 1, 1977

By James P. Odendahl

Missouri is a state rich in mineral commodities. There is a variety of types of mining as well as minerals in the state. Different phases of mining are controlled by a variety of state and federal laws. What I hope to do today is to present briefly some of the interaction and interplay that has occurred in the recent years between the mineral industry and the Missouri regulatory agencies, as well as some of the interactions by federal agencies. First a little history which dates back to the late 1600's. For many years Missouri has been a leader in the production of lead and zinc. In fact, recent studies have indicated that Missouri produces better than three-fourths of the nation's present lead supply. Less well known but important resource is iron mining. Some of these operations were the source of confrontation during the Civil War. Major battles were fought in and around Ironton, Missouri where iron mining has occurred for many years. One of the largest pelletizing operations in the state is currently located within the city of Ironton. Joplin, Missouri, the home of Thomas Hart Benton, the famous Missouri painter, has a history of lead and zinc mining, going back to the later 1800's. Many of the paintings by Benton contain reference to the early days of mining in Missouri. There is a Benton mural in the City Hall at Carthage depicting the early days of lead mining in that area. Later, the center of lead mining moved to southeast Missouri near Bonne Terre and Flat River. The names of the towns in this area reflect the history of mining, examples - Leadington, Old Mines, Rivermines, etc. The history of lead mining in Missouri has been referred to in some detail in various publications(l).

Jan 1, 1977

By A. S. Gendron

A brief description of Inco's ORC copper refinery tankhouse and the electrowinning tankhouse is followed by a comparison of the requirements for the production of the high-quality copper in both systems. The description will focus on both tankhouses, with emphasis on experience to date in the electrowinning tankhouse. Particular attention will be paid to sensitivities of each tankhouse to process upsets which can. significantly afject the quality of the product cathodes.

Jan 1, 1977

By Barton K. Cross

The objectives of this effort were to: 1) Develop and validate start-of-shift operational inspection procedures to be used by operators of mobile, self-propelled equipment used in surface mining operations; 2) Evaluate user acceptance of the developed procedures; and 3) Recommend methods and media for presentation of the developed procedures to the user population. Mobile, self-propelled surface mine equipment requiring start-of-shift inspection was identified. Subsystems amenable to operational inspection were identified. The procedures addressing all safety critical subsystems on each equipment type were then developed and validated. The inspection procedures developed were those that could be performed largely from the operator's station. User acceptance was evaluated during on-site data collection visits to surface mines. Representatives of the user population reviewed the procedures and were then interviewed. Recommendations for the methods and media of presentation to the user population were developed from information obtained in: 1) Review and analysis of instructional technology literature applicable to this area; 2) On-site data collection; and 3) Analysis of the working environment and characteristics of the user population.

Jan 1, 1977

By Stephen A. Hare, O&apos

The melting, casting, and welding of the Raney nickel alloy (42 pct Ni-58 pct A1), a methanation catalyst useful in coal gasification, were investigated. Melting was done in graphite crucibles by heating aluminum and adding nickel using a cryolite slag cover. Casting conditions were found to be optimum when the melt temperature ranged from 1,125° to 1,200° C and the mold temperature ranged from ambient to 250° C. Suitable mold materials were found to be quartz, heat-resistant glassware, olivine, and zircon. Welding of the alloy can be accomplished using tungsten inert gas process. Tensile strength of the alloy, in the as-cast condition, was found to be 2,000 1b/sq in with an impact strength of less than 1 ft-1b. The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined to be 18.4 x 10-6/° C after heat treatment.

Jan 1, 1977

By Whiten W. J

A simulation model was used to study the performance of various types of screen cloth on industrial vibrating screens. The model takes into account the effect of loading upon screen performance and predicts both themass flow rate and size distribution of the screen products.It was found that the use of the simulation model allowed the reconstruction of data for identical conditions and hence has simplified the analysis of the comparative performance of the screens. The dependence of performance upon operating conditions was found to vary markedly with screen cloth type.

Jan 1, 1977

By John B. Gustavson, Thornton L. Neathery

A geochemical survey was conducted in the gold district in Alabama. Eight old mines were found to be sufficiently large in tenor and tonnage to be economical today. Four of these appeared to be amenable to exploration for new blind deposits. A gaseous aspiration AA method was used on soil samples. The results indicate that arsenic, antimony, and zinc may be good pathfinders for lode gold and residual placers in the saprolite. Antimony and zinc display a high correlation coefficient at gold-bearing locations in contrast to non-mineralized areas. The low cost of this method could make it a tool for selecting detailed targets to be drilled and trenched in the saprolite. Outcrop sampling was found to be inefficient due to paucity of outcrops and lack of correlation between the trace elements and gold in the rock samples, due to extensive weathering. Schistosity changes and silicification, on the other hand, have been found to be helpful in exploration around granite plutons.

Jan 1, 1977

By Phillip E. Butler

The Pennsylvania Dept. of Transportation is actively engaged in the utilization of coal mine refuse in the construction of highway embankments. Long-held objections for utilization are invalidated by research, laboratory data, and construction performance. Laboratory, engineering, construction, and environmental impact analyses are presented from the construction of the Cross Valley Expressway embankment at Forty Fort, Luzerne County, Pa. Comparisons of laboratory data and construction measurements are given. The refuse embankment is the first of its size in Pennsylvania, and possibly the U. S., covering 1.5 million cu yd.

Jan 1, 1977

By Ann C. Kim

This Bureau of Mines report summarizes the methods and results of many of the laboratory studies on spontaneous heating of coal published in the last 50 years. It includes a brief description of experimental methods, indices of combustibility, and important contributing factors. Adiabatic calorimetry, isothermal calorimetry, [0], sorption systems, or temperature differential are the most frequently used experimental methods. Indices of combustibility include various heating rates, crossing point temperature, ignition temperature, and CO index. Factors that affect the spontaneous heating of coal include air flow rate, changes in moisture content, particle size, rank, temperature, pyrite content, geological factors, and mining practice. Experimental conditions and results from 20 papers are summarized in an appendix, and the bibliography contains 45 references.

Jan 1, 1977

By Zoltan Susanszky

This paper discusses problems encountered when blasting under rivers for pipeline crossings. Many pipelines have recently been laid under the Danube River. Great care had to be taken to determine limits of detonation impulses from blasting operations in order that no damage would occur to structures at the water's edge, boats, and swimmers. Equations were derived from the results of this study which enable prediction of impulse levels.

Jan 1, 1977

By Paul J. Bourassa

Alin de pourvoir aux besoins d'hébergement des quel¬ques 1600 employes qui travailleront dans toutes les spheres opérationnelles de l'exploitation du gisement du Mont-Wright, ainsi que de leurs families, Quebec Cartier a dû, avec l'aide de conseillers reconnus, et /a participation de ses employes résidant a Gagnon, étudier tour les nouveaux établissements résidentiels nordiques des dernières années tout au Canada qui dans lee pays scandinaves afin d'être en position de coneepter une agglomeration moderne répondant a toes les besoins de see future résidants. Les pre¬miers residants ont pu passer Noel 1972, et maintenant les logements prévus et construits sont °coupes a 92%.

Jan 1, 1977

By R. H. Nafziger

A novel process has been developed for preparing directly workable steel ingots from prereduced iron ore pellets by a two-stage process. The pellets are continuously charged into an electric arc furnace, where molten metal is separated from the gangue. The molten metal flows out of this furnace through a hollow nonconsumable graphite electrode immersed in a molten flux in an electroslag furnace. The molten metal solidifies on a continuously withdrawing base plate to form the ingot. A variety of standard carbon and alloy steel ingots . free of porosity , were produced using suitable decarburizers and ferroalloy additions. Some advantages of the two-stage process include: (a) consumable electrode fabrication is eliminated; (b ) no expensive deoxidizers are required; (c ) the uncontaminated electros lap flux can be reused; (d) energy consumption averages 25% less than in a conventional electric arc - electroslag operation ; and (e) the operation is continuous.

Jan 1, 1977

Proposals for engineering works in the River Dement in recent years have been made in the context of very little geological informat- ion. Breakage of the Tasman Bridge, forced a complete re-appraisal and collection of inform- ation in order to select a new site and predict problems. Seismic, magnetic and gravity methods foll- owed by drilling have allowed an assessment of the nature, thickness and distribution of mater- ials underlying the river bed. Key discoveries included recognition of low seismic velocity silts (1100 m/s) and a separate channel for the river since the Late Tertiary.

Jan 1, 1977

By Miguel Angel Zuñiga

El presente texto señala los procesos de prospección, exploración, desarrollo, preparación y explotación de las riquezas mineralógicas como parte de la evolución de un proyecto minero. Cada etapa del desarrollo del proyecto se describe a través de los estudios de pre- factiblidad y factiblidad, financiamiento, ingenería básica y de detalle y procuraduría.

Jan 1, 1977

By Angelus S. C. Owili-Eger

This paper discusses a model for groundwater quantity prediction at operating sections of underground mines. The approach involves the development of a mathematical model for the movement of water through an integrated (unsaturated-saturated) flow domain within a definable watershed. The model is programmed for the IBM 370/168 computer using the method of finite difference approximation coupled with a finite element analysis. The conceptual and computational aspects of the model have been validated with both experimental and field data and applied to an active coal mining operation located in central Pennsylvania.

Jan 1, 1977

By Crosby N. R

The design of mine openings and the assessment of their reserve are processes ihicl, require the routine manipulation of considerable amounts of data. A number of computer programs have been assembled to operate in a mini computer in order to provide some mechanical assistance for these processes. The system responds to plain language commands. which allows mining engineers to compute the reserves for a number of possible mining outlines, on an interactive basis. Methods of numerical analysis were used in preference to statistical or qeostatistical techniques.

Jan 1, 1977