Search Documents

PROF RICHARD ÅKERMAN Stockholm, Sweden PROF RICHARD BECK Friberg, Germany ANDREW CARNEGIR New York, N.Y. DR. JAMES DOUGLAS New York, N.Y. PROF HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France SIR ROBERT A. HADFEILD London, England PROF HANS HOFFER Leoben, Austria PROF HENRI LOUIS LE CHATELIER Paris France M FLORIS OSMOND Paris, France ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France DR. ROSSITER W. RAYMOND New York, N.Y. PROF ROBERT W. RICHARDS Boston Mass. DR. ING H. C. EMIL SCHROEDTER Dusseldorf, Germany JOHN E. STEAD Middlesborugh, England JAMES M. SWANK (Associate) Philadelphia, Pa. PROF DIMITRY CONSTANTIN TSCHERNOFF St Petersburg, Russia PROF TSUNASHIRO WADA Tokyo, Japan CHARLES D WALCOT Washingtion D.C.

Jan 1, 1917

By Karel Verscheure

Reliable furnace cooling technology is a domain of increasing concern to the pyrometallurgical industry as it can significantly increase process intensities, productivity and campaign times of furnaces. Although there are many advantages in using cooling systems, they also impose a variety of problems mainly related to safety, heat losses and sustainability of the operations. The choice of cooling system is hence a matter of trade-offs and differs for every metallurgical application. This paper gives a review of different cooling designs used in the ferrous, non-ferrous and alloying industries. Additionally, the paper systematically reviews aspects of materials selection, manufacturing, installation, water quality and furnace monitoring when using water cooled refractories.

Jan 1, 2006

By C. H. Ault, D. D. Carr

Four counties in Indiana- LaPorte, Vigo, Vanderburgh, and Switzerland-have potential for deep underground limestone mining because they are in or near high population areas and have no surface-mineable limestone deposits. The principal markets are Gary-South Bend, Terre Haute, Evansville, and Cincinnati. Mineable seams suitable for aggregate are 120-150 m (400-500 ft) below the surface in LaPorte and Vigo Counties, about 90 m (300 ft) below the surface in Switzerland County, and about 600 m (2,000 ft) below the surface in Vanderburgh County. Some deposits are also suitable for high-purity uses or for cement raw materials, which enhances their potential for exploitation.

Jan 1, 1983

By E. J. Schneider

In view of the growing commercial interest In the higher boiling fractions of low-temperature tar, a study of the literature has been undertaken to obtain as many data as possible regarding the properties of possible pure constituents. The following substances have been studied: THREE-ORTHO-XYLENOL (1, 2-DIMETHYL-3-HYDROXYBENZENE) Detection By the isolation of the silver salt of 1, 2-dimethyl-3-phenoxyacetic acid.

Jan 1, 1930

By T Nixon

A common problem for many mines is insufficient total primary airflow or insufficient airflow in the correct places as the mine changes over its life. This has a number of impacts on the business operation and may result in the need for a major and unexpected capital upgrade of the system, cancellation of a planned production increase, reduction in production targets, increased operating costs, failure to provide contracted metals to customers or acceptance of substandard conditions in the workplace. In some cases, it can even result in premature closure of the mine. In recent times, higher metal prices have given an expected economic boost to many mines, potentially prolonging their life but simultaneously requiring the mine to develop to deeper depths or requiring assets such as shafts and fans to have their service life extended. Insufficient primary airflow is a particular problem in deeper mines as the ventilation circuits become longer, more convoluted, have higher shock losses and the actual airflow requirements increase due to a combination of leakage, dispersion of the workings and the problems of managing the additional heat loads due to higher virgin rock temperatures and autocompression. This paper discusses the reasons why mines experience unexpected shortfalls in primary ventilation capacity with its associated impacts on metal targets, profits and frequently on the health, safety and morale of the workforce, as well as its productivity.

Jan 1, 2008

By Steven D. Sandbrook

A man by the name of Louis Binstock once said, “Too often the shortcut, the line of least resistance, is responsible for evanescent and unsatisfactory success.”

Jan 1, 2015

By T. M. Morris

THE following data have been compiled from in- formation submitted by 24 plants in answer to a questionnaire sent to cyclone manufacturers and to companies using cyclones for wet classification, either for closed circuit grinding or for desliming.

Jan 8, 1957

By J. W. H. Clare

An equilibrium isotherm at 550°C is given for ternary alloys rich in aluminum containing 0 to 15 wt pct Cr and 0 to 20 wt pct Mn. Phases encountered are: aluminum solid solution; stable temary compound G; and MnAl8,. In addition, a limited number of alloys were annealed at 450°C to check for differences from the 550°C isotherm. These experiments limited the composition of the G phase at 550°C and further experiments established that the G Dhase is not stable above 590 ± 1 °C. RAYNOR and Little1 established several equilibrium isotherms using aluminum-rich alloys containing up to 5 pct of the elements chromium and manganese. These isotherms showed that, in addition to an a solid solution and the two binary intermediate compounds 8 and MnAl6, a stable ternary compound ex-isted in the system. This phase was called the G phase because of its ghostly appearance in micro-sections. Little, Raynor, and Hume-Rothery2 found a similar phase in binary aluminum-manganese alloys and, as a result of their experiments, concluded that the G phase was a metastable phase existing in the aluminum-manganese system. This phase was stabilized by the addition of chromium. The constitutional work of Raynor and Little,' although showing the existence of the G phase in the aluminum-chromium-manganese system, did not establish precisely the composition limits of the phase or the temperature above which the phase became unstable and disappeared from the system. The work described in this paper was undertaken to provide this information. An examination of the previous work' showed that an isotherm at 550°C would provide the required data regarding composition in the shortest possible time, as the (a + G) phase field narrows considerably at higher temperatures. The same work showed that the G phase ceased to exist between 580° and 595°C. A more precise estimate of the transformation temperature would therefore be obtained by annealing selected alloys at successively higher temperatures beginning at 580°C. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1) Materials Used—The experimental alloys were prepared from four master alloys containing 15.00 w pct Cr, 15.28 wt pct Cr, 19.80 wt pct Mn, and 19.38 wt pct Mn which were made from super-purity aluminum, electrolytic chromium, and electrolytic manganese. The aluminum was of 99.996 pct purity, the principal impurities being copper, iron, and silicon. The chromium and manganese were 99.9 pct pure, the principal impurities being antimony, calcium, and magnesium. 2) Preparation of the Experimental Alloys—The alloys were prepared in 20-g quantities by melting together the requisite amounts of master alloy and aluminum in an alumina-lined crucible and, after thorough stirring with an alumina rod, cast into a cold copper mold to give ingots 1/4 in. in diam and 3 in. in length.

Jan 1, 1960

By E. D. Gardner

About five minutes after 3 o'clock on Thanksgiving morning, November 24, 1927, smoke was discovered coming up No. 2 shaft of the Magma Copper Co.'s mine at Superior, Pinal County, Arizona. Of the 49 men in the mine at the time, 42 were able to make their way to the outside unassisted, but 7 perished. Six bodies were recovered, and the seventh, that of an Apache Indian cage-tender at No. 2 shaft, is thought to be in the caved section between the 1,600 and 2,250 foot levels A second and independent fire broke, out in No. 1 shift about 2 a.m., November 27, burning .out the shaft timbers from the surface to the 200-foot level and destroying the surface fan and structures. About 20 men were underground fighting the fire in No. 2 shaft, but all were safely withdrawn, aril the fire in No. 1 haft was quickly controlled.

Jan 1, 1928

By J. Douglas Causey

A U.S. Bureau of Mines study indicates over 200 million yd3 (153 million m3) of cinder resources occur in the Mount Washington Wilderness. No future demand for the deposits is anticipated. Based upon the geologic environment, the area is considered favorable for discovery of geothermal resources. INTRODUCTION The Mount Washington Wilderness, located about 32 mi (51 km) west of Bend, Oregon, contains 46,655 acres (18,881 ha) (fig. 1). A 6,300-acre (2,550-ha) addition on the northeast and east boundaries has been proposed by the Forest Service under RARE II. The U.S. Geological Survey made regional geological, geophysical, and geochemical surveys, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines examined, analyzed, and evaluated the economic potential of prospects and commercially important mineral resources.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. C. M. De Souza

The Samarco pipeline, the longest in the world for iron ore slurry transportation, started operation in 1977 to transport concentrate from the Germano facilities, in the state of Minas Gerais, to the pelletizing plant, located 396 km away, in the state of Espirito Santo, on the south-east coast of Brazil. Designed for a nominal capacity of 12 million tons per year, the pipeline reached 15.5 million/year due to operational improvement and, in late 2005, it was resized to transport 16.5 million tons per year, with the installation of a booster station. In order to ensure the accurate performance of the system, a pipeline cleaning programme was carried out and, since it has been29 years from the operation start-up, precise knowledge of the pipe condition would be fundamental to guarantee the success of the project. The cleaning programme demonstrated the potential of operational gains from this initiative, and its effect on the corrosion control and future measures, which should be permanently adopted to maintain the improved capacity. The intelligent pig runs provided essential data used to establish a pipeline integrity programme that allowed Samarco to develop a pipe repair plan based on the severity and significance of the features and to implement a future pipe replacement plan.

Jan 1, 2007

By Jhon Silva-Castro, Russell Lamont

Understanding the behavior of materials subjected to high strain rate conditions is of fundamental importance to the mining industry. Several stages of the mining process involve high speed loading rates including blasting, scraping, comminution, etc. Technical comprehension of how rocks deform, fracture, and fail under these loads is a fundamental first step required prior to any serious attempts at optimization of the energy utilized for pertinent activities in the mining process. A Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) was designed and constructed at the University of Kentucky to study the dynamic properties of various types of rocks.

Jan 1, 2017

By S. W. Marcuson

In the late 1960's concerns about the natural environment reached high levels within North America and provided activists with suitable platforms for exerting influence over the general public and politicians. In response a host of regulatory mechanisms were developed, statutes, voluntary measures, land grants, codes of practices etc. Emerging environmental awareness from the era provided impetus for rapid technological change that encompassed all industries, especially the base metal business. The resulting clean up impacted all aspects of copper production, dealing with issues such as waste disposal, water and air quality with specific impact on emissions of sulfur dioxide and particulate. This paper provides a perspective of these changes reviewing the macro-economic impact of environmental movement in mining with its specific implications to the copper smelting industry. The fundamental challenges that were faced by the old, but capital-intensive North American plants and the approaches taken to deal with the changing times are reviewed with special emphasis on the conceptual approach to smelter S02 abatement and different paths taken in the USA and Canada. The role of economics, sustainable R&D and presence of technical infrastructure that facilitated the change process is elucidated, and speculations are made about the future state of pyrometallurgy and the natural environment. Cu2007 -

Jan 1, 2007

THE papers presented by the Institute of Metals at the Detroit meeting in September, 1926, and the New York meeting, February, 1927, will be issued soon in one volume and mailed to all members of the Institute of Metals Divi-sion of this Institute. The, annual lecture given by Cecil H. Desch will begin the volume and the discussion occurring at the sessions, as well as subsequent written discussions, will be appended to each paper. The volume will contain about 600 pages, and will be sent without charge on request to any member of the Institute. The pre-subscription price to non-members is $5.

Jan 4, 1927

By F. Essrich

A quantitative rockburst hazard assessment procedure was introduced on Elandsrand Gold Mine at the end of 1994. It is currently used to evaluate the seismicity-related risk in production areas on the mine. Six parameters related to seismicity, geology, mining layout, and production are rated and results are used as a planning tool on a regular basis. The applied assessment can be considered successful in that it promotes awareness of the seismic hazard and provides an opportunity to address seismicity-related mining problems. A comparison between high risk panels and those working areas with rockburst incidents showed that high hazard ratings reliably forecast the occurrence of larger events in the following month but they do not necessarily predict those working places with rockburst-related accidents. From this one may conclude that high levels of seismicity do not coincide with high rockburst rates.

Jan 1, 1997

By William Winsor, Harold L. Snyder

"AbstractShould oil and gas be proven in commercial quantities on the Labrador Shelf, current technology is not adequate for production operations in this severe environment, which includes yearly invasion of pack ice and icebergs. The fishery of this section of the North Atlantic is a vital resource to which a major oil spill or blow-out would impose an intolerable burden, This means that production systems must be designed and built to be fail-safe.The experiences of mining in Bell Island and Cape Breton have shown that it is possible to operate beneath the ocean floor, and this technology may hold the key for safe, reliable and economic production, This paper attempts to define particular problems and outline possible solutions.IntroductionOUR DISCUSSION is subject to the assumption that large hydrocarbon reservoirs will be discovered in the sedimentary basin of the Labrador continental margin. The petroleum industry has not attempted to operate in a harsher area. The Labrador coastline is exposed to North Atlantic storms and icebergs year’round, Arctic pack ice occurs up to six months of each year. However, there is no doubt that, if sufficient hydrocarbon potential is outlined, development will proceed."

Jan 1, 1977

By E. M. Watkin

"Although Canada has achieved one of the highest living standards in the world, people and organizations have, over the past decade, begun to question the cost and means of this achievement. Concern has been expressed about the degree of environmental disturbance arising from industrial activities which have greatly contributed to our increased living standards. These industries include hardrock mining, pit and quarry operations, hydro-electric schemes, various agricultural enterprises and urban land developments.In the construction and operation of the above industries many environmental problems arise because the natural vegetative land cover is destroyed or drastically disturbed. Disturbance may occur to such a degree that revegetation is di ffi cult, often it appears impossible. Portions of the environment around such industries remain aesthetically unacceptable and appear to offer little or no potential for future resource use in wildlife, recreation or agriculture.The general public cannot dissociate itself from the activities of the aforementioned industries. It has, over many years, accepted the benefits and conveniences arising from those activities. Despite this, the increasing level of public concern imposes upon industry a need to alleviate or repair past, present and future environmental disturbance. Therefore it is incumbent upon industry to modify present technology or develop new techniques which would allow the disturbed environment to be easily and rapidly repaired."

Jan 1, 1975

By S. F. Diehl

Suites of monomineralic sulfide and carbonate minerals, as well as mine-waste composite samples, were analyzed using chemical and microanalytical techniques to understand behavior and bioavailability of mine waste elements such as Cu, Fe, Pb, or Zn. Petrographic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser-ablation inductively-coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) studies of mineralogical residence sites of trace elements are important because trace elements affect the chemical and physical behavior of minerals. Leachate solutions show that chalcopyrite, bornite, azurite, malachite, and galena are host to the trace elements Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. SEM studies reveal whether these trace elements occur within mineral inclusions or are substituted within lattice structures. SEM analysis reveals mineral phases not identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), such as inclusions of sphalerite and cobaltite(?) within chalcopyrite.

Jan 1, 2010

By P. Nos, L. Kolbeinsen, M. W. Kennedy, A. Filzwieser, R. T. Jones, A. MacRae

Modern furnace designs often incorporate extensive use of cooled elements to achieve long campaign lives at high operating intensities. However, contact between water and high temperature fluids can result in powerful Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosions (BLEVEs). Therefore cooling such elements with water carries inherent risks when used under slag and particularly below molten metal or matte. Alternative cooling media exist that can reduce or eliminate the risk of BLEVEs. These media are analysed and discussed in the context of deeply cooled furnace elements. Important factors in selecting alternative coolants are explored including: critical heat flux, thermal limits, toxicity, flammability, unit cost, etc. Key cooling system design criteria are reviewed in the context of both traditional and alternative coolants. Results of Computational Fluid Dynamics are presented for an example tap-block cooler design using a number of selected coolants. Research needs to advance the safe use of alternative coolants are presented.

Jan 1, 2015

By Walter Snelling

IN the course of some experiments more than five years ago, made for a totally different purpose than the investigation of the oil used, I placed a small quantity of a transparent yellow lubricating oil in a bomb-like vessel and heated it to a relatively high temperature. At the end of the experiment I removed the oil from the vessel and was amazed to find that instead of bearing any resemblance to the oil which I had put in, it now had the appearance of ordinary crude oil. The green color by reflected light and the rich red-brown by transmitted light were so unmistakable as to at once lead to further investigation. I subjected the material to fractional distillation, and the surprise which I 'experienced at the appearance of the oil, changed to amazement when I found that it yielded, on distillation, 15 per cent. of gasoline and 30 per cent. of burning oil, and that its constitution resembled crude oil quite as much as did its appearance. Furthermore, the gasoline and kerosene distillates which it yielded were of a clear water-white color, entirely without treatment with acid or alkali, and were entirely free from the odor familiar in "cracked" petroleum distillates. The result of this experiment was quite too remarkable to be credited without further confirmation, and I at once filled the vessel with some of the same oil that I had used before, and again heated to about the same temperature that I had previously used, and for the same period of time. Upon opening the vessel and removing the contents I found, not the material resembling crude oil that I had obtained before, but apparently only the same oil that I had put in, somewhat darkened in color, but nevertheless far different in appearance from the material obtained in the previous experiment.

Jan 4, 1915