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By C. Schlumberger

LAST year the authors presented a paper that discussed the various electrical measurements they perform in drill holes, which they name "electrical coring."' The object of the present paper is to give a brief account of the points of scientific interest that have been elucidated by further field work and laboratory research, as well as the economic, results that have been attained recently. The practical examples given in this paper are drawn, for the most part, from the field work performed in Russian oil fields during the years 1931 and 1932. This is due to the fact that, thanks to the comprehensive cooperation of the Russian geologists and scientists, the authors are allowed to make public a large amount of recent information. In other countries in which the authors are engaged in similar work, the competi¬tion between private companies makes it imperative, for a considerable lapse of time, to avoid publication of the results obtained. The following points will be discussed successively, under sepa-rate headings: 1. Electrochemical phenomena in drill holes. 2. Stratigraphic correlations and tectonic studies. 3. Relations between the productivity of oil horizons and their electrical resistivity. 4. Location of coal seams. 5. Summary and conclusions.

Jan 1, 1933

By D. A. Schemnitz, O. W. Ellis

Certain alloys1 that, as a result of quenching, are retained in the form of homoaeneous solid solution are known to increase in hardness and strength on standing at room temperature or on heating at slightly elevated temperatures. Other alloys2 that, on rapid cooling, are held in the form of homogeneous solid solution, as, for example, certain steels, behave in like manner on heating to somewhat higher temperatures. The observed increase in the hardness and strength of these alloys, referred to as " aging"' or as "secondary hardness," is widely accepted as being occasioned, either in whole or in part, by the precipitation in submicroscopic form of such constituents as were held in supersaturated solid solution as a result of cooling in excess of a certain critical rate. In earlier discussions of the cause of age hardening or secondary hardness, the question of the hardness of the precipitated particles does not appear to have been raised. At present, however, the general opinion appears to be that age hardening and secondary hardness are occasioned by the precipitation of hard particles within the supersaturated solid substance.3 The authors may be wrong in their belief that the last is a prevailing opinion. Nevertheless, it is thought that the following experiments,

Jan 1, 1925

By J. R. Dunn

Planning quarry operations and control of the quality of rock materials at Hudson Cement Co. at East Kingston, N. Y., are special problems because of multiple uses for the stone and the great structural complexity of the rocks. Problems have been largely solved by detailed geologic work. These geologic studies have paid dividends in long and short range planning, in assessment of reserves, in vastly reduced cost of chemical analyses, and in reduced drilling costs. Limestones of the Hudson Valley outcrop along the Hudson River from Albany to Kingston. Old established cement companies are located just south of Catskill and just east and southeast of Hudson, N. Y. The new Atlantic Cement plant is being constructed at Ravena. Hudson Cement located at East Kingston, is a newcomer and is closest to the New York metropolitan area (Plate I).

Jan 11, 1961

By C. Schlumberger

LAST year the authors presented a paper that discussed the various electrical measurements they perform in drill holes, which they name "electrical coring."' The object of the present paper is to give a brief account of the points of scientific interest that have been elucidated by further field work and laboratory research, as well as the economic results that have been attained recently. The practical examples given in this paper are drawn, for the most part, from the field work performed in Russian oil fields during the years 1931 and 1932. This is due to the fact that, thanks to the comprehensive cooperation of the Russian geologists and scientists, the authors are allowed to make public a large amount of recent information. In other countries in which the authors are engaged in similar work, the competi-tion between private companies makes it imperative, for a considerable lapse of time, to avoid publication of the results obtained. The following points will be discussed successively, under sepa-rate headings: 1. Electrochemical phenomena in drill holes. 2. Stratigraphic correlations and tectonic studies. 3. Relations between the productivity of oil horizons and their electrical resistivity. 4. Location of coal seams. 5. Summary and conclusions.

Jan 1, 1933

By Shigeki Nishimura

INTRODUCTION In this gapes, the author will describes to development of Yubari New coal mine. The construction set about since October 1970, and commenced from June 1975 in winning. Especially, descrives to compare with the studies at planning stage, and the experiences at under construction. The problems for development are next four: 1) There were no outcrop of the coal bearing strata, but the development was instituted against the deep coal seam occurrence at 800 m below the surface. 2) In order to the coal seams occured the deep level from the surface, threr had very difficult problems, i.e. temperature, earth pressure, methane etc. The countermeasure to solved them, were foundation of the development. 3) The construction was afflict with the inundation in high pressure, due to cement grouting and excavating alternately, overcame the difficulties. 4) The construction was finished by the encourage of national investment, in spite of the enterprise was weaken constitution from the energy revolution since 1960's. OUT LINE OF YUBARI NEW COAL MINE Geography Situation. Ishikari coal field is situated the west side of the Hidaka mountains, where runs north to south at center of Hokkaido, northern district of Japan. It's width is 40km in east and west, and length is 110km in north and south.

Jan 1, 1976

By Irwin Roman

In a previous paper,l a method was suggested for determining the depth to a bed in the simple case of a uniform overlying layer of constant thickness. The main purpose of the present paper is to show how a slight modification of that method has been used to interpret specific data obtained in the upper peninsula of Michigan by the staff of the Depart- ment of Mathematics and Physics of the Michigan College of Mining and Technology. The method of Tagg2 has also been used on the same data, thus furnishing a comparison of the two methods, as well as a method of using the two methods jointly. The method of measuring the apparent resistivity is that suggested by Wenner,3 and illustrated in Fig. 1. A current I enters the earth at the positive pole C and leaves it at the negative pole D. The potential V of the high electrode A, with respect to the low electrode B is measured by suitable means. The separation of the collinear points in the order shown, DBA C, is I, the same for each interval. If the resistivity of the overburden is po, and that of the bed is pa, the apparent resistivity is given by

Jan 1, 1934

By C. H. Herty

AN earlier paper on absorption of sulfur by the slag in the basic open-hearth furnace included a brief discussion of the absorption of sulfur during the melting period. The data available at that time showed that the amount of sulfur absorbed by the melting scrap was proportional to the sulfur content of the furnace gases, and the following statement was made: "The conclusion may be drawn from these results that if a gas entirely free from sulfur were used during the melting, any iron in direct contact with the gases would be completely, or nearly completely, desulfurized before it reached the bath proper." The experimental work discussed herein deals with absorption of sulfur by the melting scrap when fuels with both high and low-sulfur content were used. Before taking up the experimental work let us consider the process as a whole as to the "flow" of sulfur. The input of sulfur occurs in: 1, the hot metal charged; 2, the scrap; 3, the stone or lime charged; 4, the ores charged; and 5, the gas. Sulfur goes out of the furnace in the steel, the slag and the gas. The distribution of sulfur in the furnace depends on the sulfur concentration in each of these materials and on the equilibrium conditions between them.

Jan 1, 1926

By A. C. Fieldner

DURING 1939, 286 by-product coke ovens were completed and put into operation. These included 140 Witputte ovens for the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., at Gary, Ind.; 61 Koppers-Becker ovens for the Ford Motor Co., at River Rouge, Mich.; 65 Semet-Sotvay ovens for the Great Lakes Steel Corp., Zug Island, River Rouge, Mich.; and 20 Curran-Knowtes ovens for the Midwest-Radiant Corp. plant at Mitlstadt, Ill. The Millstadt plant is unique in carbonizing a washed coat containing 3.50 per cent sulphur. The gas contains approximately 2500 grains sulphur per 100 cu. ft.; this is successfully removed with sodium carbonate solution by the Seaboard liquid purification process. The coke is intended primarily for use as a smokeless domestic fuel in the city of St. Louis.

Jan 1, 1941

By Arch. B. Johnston, Carle R. Hayward

The effect of copper on steel has been studied by numerous investigators. Before modern testing methods had been developed, blacksmiths noted red shortness in iron, the cause for which was ascribed to the presence of copper. Numerous papers have been published on the corrosion of steels containing various amounts of copper, and a few writers have discussed the effect of copper on the mechanical properties of steel. The purpose of the investigation described in the following paper was to obtain additional data on the mechanical properties of medium-carbon steel containing small quantities of copper. Among those who have published results of mechanical tests on copper steels are Ball,' who states that copper increases the tensile strength and hardness but lowers the elongation. Stead2 states that copper steels closely resemble nickel steels containing equivalent percentages of nickel, as regards tensile strength, resistance to shock, corrosion and hardness. Wigham3 found that copper in small amounts had no injurious effect on steel. Breui14 found that with 1 per cent. carbon, copper lessened the brittleness of steel and in low-carbon steel it increased the tensile strength and lowered the ductility slightly. H. H. Campbell5 states that copper up to 0.25 per cent. slightly raises the elastic limit, elongation and reduction of area.

Jan 1, 1918

By A. C. Halferdahl

DURING a study of reactions involving iron sulfides, it became desirable to know approxi-mately the heat of decomposition of pyrite. The values given for the heats of formation of pyrite and ferrous sulfide are 35,500 calories and 23,070 calories respectively. For the reaction 2FeS2= 2FeS+S:, the heat effect would be-24,860 calories. But pyrite gives sulfur and pyrrhotite upon heating and the latter is a solid solution of sulfur in ferrous sulfide. The only meas-urements of this decomposition are those of Allen and Lombard1 of the Geophysical Laboratory who have measured dissociation pressures of both covellite and pyrite and have carefully reviewed the literature. They give a table of values for covellite as determined by Preuner and Brockmoller2 and by Wasjuchnowa3 and compare these values with their own measurements. The conclusion is that the measurements of Preuner and Brockmoller are seriously in error, while Was-juchnowa's values fit in well with those of Allen and Lombard. Wasjuchnowa's measurements were made by a dynamic method, while Allen and Lombard em-plowed a static method on both covellite and pyrite. Tables I and II reproduce the measurements of Wasjuchnowa and of Lombard and Allen on covellite and pyrite.

Jan 11, 1927

By P. A. Beck, A. H. Lutts

IN the classical picture of recrystallization the growth of strain-free grains at the expense of a strained and work hardened matrix is responsible for the softening of cold worked metals on annealing. It has been commonly assumed that the release of the stored energy of cold work, softening, and re-orientation take place simultaneously, as the high angle boundaries of the new recrystallized grains sweep over the cold worked matrix. However, recent evidence indicates',' that, at least in some cases, considerable or even complete soften- ing may take place essentially without reorientation (i.e., without the migration of ordinary high angle grain boundaries, or "recrystallization'') and the release of most of the stored energy of cold work may precede softening. These cases suggest that the property changes, taking place during the annealing of cold worked metals, may be associated with various distinct processes. The study of such situations is of considerable interest, since quantitative data are still scarce. In the present work, isothermal softening curves were determined for a heavily rolled aluminum single crystal, under such conditions that no "recrystallization" occurred until after complete softening. The hardness data were correlated with X-ray diffraction pinhole patterns in order to detect any reorientation that may occur and with measure-

Jan 1, 1955

The Honor Roll includes the names of all members of the Institute whom we know to be on active military duty at the date of its compilation, February 7, 1918. We are aware that there are many others of whose activities we have not been informed, and we shall be grateful for information as to any such omissions from the Roll. 1. MEMBERS ON ACTIVE MILITARY SERVICE Mail addressed to members on the first division of the Roll and sent to the office of the Institute Will be forwarded according to the best of our knowledge at the time. AARONS, J. BOYD, Capt., 4th Reinforcements, 11th Infantry, Australian Imperial Force. '05 ADAMS, HENRY, Capt Asst. to Dept. Engr., Northeastern Department. '02 AGNEW, FRANK VANS '04 ARBE, FREDERICK R., Capt 33d Engineers. '97 ALDER, ALFRED Engineers' Reserve Corps. '17 ALFORD, NEWELL G., Sgt., Bureau of War Risk Insurance, Headquarters 84th Division. '14 ALLEN, HEMAN H., Private Co. D., 8th Reserve Engineers. '17 AMBLER, HARRY A., Lieut 30th Infantry. '16 ANDERSON, ALEXANDER, Lieut Royal Garrison Artillery. '07 ANDERSON, GEORGE K., JR., See. C, 1st Co., 3d Officers' Training Camp. '17 ANDREWS, CLARENCE W., 1st Infantry Co., Officers' Training Camp, 83d Division. '13

Jan 1, 1923

By C. W. Crispell

The four nomograms presented in this article were designed to simplify and make more rapid the calculations connected with the compression and transmission of air. The formulae involved are rather complicated, but the graphic solutions are simple; their use requires an ability to follow explicit directions and to interpolate values on a logarithmic sca1e. † For the sake of convenience, the nomograms will be divided into two classes, and the purpose and accuracy of each will be discussed. Power foR CompREssion It is frequently desirable to determine the horsepower necessary to compress a given amount of free air from atmospheric pressure to a certain final pressure. The nomograms in Fig. 1 and 2 present a rapid method of calculating the horsepower required to compress 1 cu. ft. of free air per minute by single or two-stage compression. The general formula for the horsepower required to compress air adiabatically is: S X 144 PVn [(P')n-1/sn -1 (1) where: P = absolute atmospheric pressure at compressor, in pounds per square inch. P' = final absolute pressure of compressed air, -in pounds per square inch. V = volume of free air compressed per minute, in cubic feet. S = number of stages. n = exponent of the compression curve.

Jan 1, 1918

By Monte J. Pool, Rudolph Speiser, George R. St. Pierre, William T. Ebihara

Standard free energies of formation of WO,, W O W20058 and WO3from oxygen and the lower oxide or tungsten have been determined in the tempel-ature range of 700° to 1220°C. A tentative W-O phase diagmm is presented based on the evidence that the oxide phases, "W18O49" and "W20058", are unstable at l~atm total pressure, below 585° and 485°C:, respectively. A HE need for a complete quantitative treatment of the phase equilibria of the W-O system has been establishedby metallurgists during the past few years. In an attempt to improve the endurance of tungsten exposed to oxidizing atmospheres at high temperatures, many research groups have studied the kinetics of tungsten oxidation. The reverse process, the reduction of the tungsten oxides to metal, has also been investigated to some extent. Regardless of the particular interest, metal to oxide or oxide to metal, a knowledge of the phase equilibria of the W-O system is required to properly interpret all of the kinetic observations. It should be possible to state the stable phases of the W-O system at any given values of the chemical potential of oxygen and the temperature.

Jan 1, 1962

By H. Hance James

SOME of the outstanding features of petroleum production in Illinois during 1923 were: (1) Sustained production from the older wells, due to cleaning and deepening; (2) good results from new drilling in a few localities; (3) large percentage of dry holes, many of which were ill advised tests, with a resulting high cost of the new production; (4) decrease in the number of productive wells in the state; (5) low average price of crude petroleum, a serious factor over the entire country. FIG. 1.-ANNUAL TOTALS OF ILLINOIS PRODUCTION. The total production of Illinois for 1923 was 8,710,000 bbl.,1 a decrease of 7.2 per cent. from that of 1922. Of this amount, it is estimated that about 8,500,000 bbl. were produced by old wells, many of which had been cleaned and deepened somewhat, and approximately 210,000 bbl. were obtained from the new wells drilled during the year. About 95 per cent. of the oil comes from the southeastern field in Clark, Crawford, and Lawrence Counties, where production is almost entirely from Pennsylvanian and Mississippian rocks. Extensions of the productive area were made in Clark, Wabash, Marion, and Jackson Counties. Some important gas development has been accomplished near Jacksonville, in Morgan County, and at Gillespie, in Macoupin County.

Jan 3, 1924

By G. H. Bruce, C. E. Williams

The trend toward deeper drilling, together with the attcndant increase in power requirements for circulation of the drilling fluid, has emphasized the need for a critical examination of the factors affecting the removal of bit cuttings from the hole by the drilling fluid. The ability of drilling fluids to lift cuttings is called their carrying capacity. A series of laboratory and field experiments has been conducted to determine the minimrim annular velocity necessary to remove cuttings, and to investigate the effects of properties of drilling fluids on their carrying capacities. Consideration of the results of these experiments led to the following conclusions: 1. Turbulent flow in the well annulus is most desirable from the standpoint of cutting removal. 2. Low viscosity and low gel are advantageous in removing cuttings. 3. Increase in mud weight is effective in increasing carrying capacity. 4. The carrying capacity is higher when the pipe is rotated than when it is not. 5. If turbulent flow can be maintained, an annular velocity slightly higher than the slip velocity of the largest cuttings to be transported should keep the bore hole clean. This implies velocities of 100 to 125 ft per minute rather than the presently used 175 to 225 ft per minute. INTRODUCTION Power Savings by Reduction of Annular Velocities A large portion of the power expended in drilling operations is consumed in circulating the drilling fluid. An important factor in establishing the rate of mud circulation is the minimum velocity in the annulus necessary to remove bit cuttings. Empirically, it has been found that average annular mud velocities of about 200 ft per minute will remove cuttings. It was not definitely known, however, whether annular velocities of about 200 ft per minute were just above the minimum necessary to remove cuttings, or whether such velocities could be materially reduced without sacrifice of the ability of the mud to remove cuttings. It is apparent that if annular velocities could be reduced without impairment of cutting removal, a considerable saving in power requirements would result. Need for Research on Carrying Capacity The ability of a drilling fluid to transport cuttings is called its carrying capacity. Although it has been recognized that the carrying capacity of a mud is affected by mud properties such as viscosity and density1,2,3,4 there have been various views in the industry as to the effects of these mud properties on carrying capacity. The economic importance of the problem of carrying capacity and the scarcity of information on the subject indicated that research on the problem was needed. THE FACTORS AFFECTING CARRYING CAPACITY Qualitative Determination of Factors The mechanism of cutting transport is closely related to that involved in the separation of material by settling processes. A considerable amount of research has been done on settling problems, and discussions of sedimentation theory can be found in standard texts.5,6 Consideration of the information available from these sources, together with consideration of the mechanism of cutting transport, leads to the conclusion that the factors affecting carrying capacity are the dimensions of the system, the physical properties of the cuttings. and the physical properties of the drilling fluid. system Dimensions and Their Effect The dimensions of the fluid circulating system of importance to carrying capacity are the bore hole size, drill pipe size, pump capacity, and pump speed. These dimensions determine the annular velocity of the drilling fluid. Physical Properties and Their Effects The physical properties involved in the interaction between mud and cuttings are the density and shape of the cuttings and the density, viscosity and gel strength of the drilling fluid. The effect of the density factor on carrying capacity is fairly obvious; high density difference between cuttings and fluid results in a low buoyant force and therefore decreases carrying capacity. The effect of cutting shape is less obvious. Although

Jan 1, 1951

By C. E. Williams, G. H. Bruce

The trend toward deeper drilling, together with the attcndant increase in power requirements for circulation of the drilling fluid, has emphasized the need for a critical examination of the factors affecting the removal of bit cuttings from the hole by the drilling fluid. The ability of drilling fluids to lift cuttings is called their carrying capacity. A series of laboratory and field experiments has been conducted to determine the minimrim annular velocity necessary to remove cuttings, and to investigate the effects of properties of drilling fluids on their carrying capacities. Consideration of the results of these experiments led to the following conclusions: 1. Turbulent flow in the well annulus is most desirable from the standpoint of cutting removal. 2. Low viscosity and low gel are advantageous in removing cuttings. 3. Increase in mud weight is effective in increasing carrying capacity. 4. The carrying capacity is higher when the pipe is rotated than when it is not. 5. If turbulent flow can be maintained, an annular velocity slightly higher than the slip velocity of the largest cuttings to be transported should keep the bore hole clean. This implies velocities of 100 to 125 ft per minute rather than the presently used 175 to 225 ft per minute. INTRODUCTION Power Savings by Reduction of Annular Velocities A large portion of the power expended in drilling operations is consumed in circulating the drilling fluid. An important factor in establishing the rate of mud circulation is the minimum velocity in the annulus necessary to remove bit cuttings. Empirically, it has been found that average annular mud velocities of about 200 ft per minute will remove cuttings. It was not definitely known, however, whether annular velocities of about 200 ft per minute were just above the minimum necessary to remove cuttings, or whether such velocities could be materially reduced without sacrifice of the ability of the mud to remove cuttings. It is apparent that if annular velocities could be reduced without impairment of cutting removal, a considerable saving in power requirements would result. Need for Research on Carrying Capacity The ability of a drilling fluid to transport cuttings is called its carrying capacity. Although it has been recognized that the carrying capacity of a mud is affected by mud properties such as viscosity and density1,2,3,4 there have been various views in the industry as to the effects of these mud properties on carrying capacity. The economic importance of the problem of carrying capacity and the scarcity of information on the subject indicated that research on the problem was needed. THE FACTORS AFFECTING CARRYING CAPACITY Qualitative Determination of Factors The mechanism of cutting transport is closely related to that involved in the separation of material by settling processes. A considerable amount of research has been done on settling problems, and discussions of sedimentation theory can be found in standard texts.5,6 Consideration of the information available from these sources, together with consideration of the mechanism of cutting transport, leads to the conclusion that the factors affecting carrying capacity are the dimensions of the system, the physical properties of the cuttings. and the physical properties of the drilling fluid. system Dimensions and Their Effect The dimensions of the fluid circulating system of importance to carrying capacity are the bore hole size, drill pipe size, pump capacity, and pump speed. These dimensions determine the annular velocity of the drilling fluid. Physical Properties and Their Effects The physical properties involved in the interaction between mud and cuttings are the density and shape of the cuttings and the density, viscosity and gel strength of the drilling fluid. The effect of the density factor on carrying capacity is fairly obvious; high density difference between cuttings and fluid results in a low buoyant force and therefore decreases carrying capacity. The effect of cutting shape is less obvious. Although

Jan 1, 1951

By W. A. J. M. Van Waterschoot Van Der Gracht

The commercial production of petroleum in Germany is confined to the North German plain, in the Hereynian foreland, and the intramontane Permian salt basin of Thuringia, south of the Hare Mountains. Petroleum is produced in the former only in connection with salt domes, upthrust through Tertiary and Mezozoic strata of great thickness. In the basin of Thuringia petroleum is found in a Permian dolomite underlying a salt formation. It is exclusively in the peripheric zone of a few of the salt plugs in the North German plains region that commercial oil has so far been developed, notably in the following fields, all in the general region northeast of the city of Hanover: (1) Hänigsen-Obershagen-Nienhagen, south of Celle; producing from horizons in the Upper Triassic, the Middle Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous; (2) Oberg, south of Peine; producing from horizons in the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous; (3) Oelheim-Eddesse, north of Peine; producing from horizons in the Upper Triassic, Lower and Middle Jurassic; (4) Wietze, west of Celle, where the main producing horizon is in the Lower Cretaceous. In some of these oil fields production from surface seepages was mentioned as early as 1669 (Oberg). Commercial production of importance dates only from recent time.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. W. Crispell

THE four nomograms presented in this article were designed to simplify and make more, rapid the calculations connected with the compression and transmission of air. The formulae involved are rather complicated, but the graphic solutions are simple; their use requires an ability to follow explicit directions and to interpolate values on a logarithmic scale. ? For the sake of convenience, the nomograms will be divided into two classes, and the purpose and accuracy of each will be discussed. Compression It is frequently desirable to determine the horsepower necessary to compress a given amount of free air from atmospheric pressure to a certain final pressure. The nomograms in Figs. 1 and 2 present a rapid method of calculating the horsepower required to compress 1 cu. ft. of free air per minute by single or two-stage compression. The general formula for the horsepower required to compress air adiabatically is: HP = S X 144/33,000 PVn/(n-1) [(P'/P) n-1/Sn -1] (1) where: P = absolute atmospheric pressure at compressor, in pounds per square inch. P' = final absolute pressure of compressed air, in pounds per square inch. V = volume of free air compressed per minute, in cubic feet. S = number of stages. n = exponent of the compression curve.

Jan 6, 1917

By F. R. Hensel

ACCORDING to statements by Guertler,1 Smith and Hamilton were the first to study the copper-titanium alloys, but owing to the presence of large amounts of impurities their data are inconclusive. M. A. Hunter and I. W. Bacon later investigated the electrical conductivity and the temperature coefficients at room temperature. The present writers reported their results2 in November, 1930. Recently Droll published data on copper-titanium alloys3 which agree closely with those obtained by the authors. MATERIAL TESTED The titanium used was in the form of square sintered rods, the analysis of which runs as follows: titanium, 95.4 per cent; silicon, 0.7; iron,1.8; aluminum, 1.4; copper, 0.1; manganese, 0.05. . The ingots were prepared in a high-frequency induction furnace in air atmosphere. Their analyses are given in Table 1. Up to 5 percent titanium the alloys could be forged. Above that amount they were red short and broke up easily. Owing to their rapid absorption of nitrogen and oxygen from the air, the alloys with the higher amounts of titanium tend to form surface films which greatly increase the casting difficulties, especially when small masses of metal are handled. It was, however, possible to prepare sound ingots up to 25 per cent titanium.

Jan 1, 1931