Search Documents

By T. M. Barczak, S. C. Tadolini

Pumpable roof supports provide an alternative approach to secondary support in underground mining. Unlike all other supports that are either partially or fully prefabricated prior to being transported into the mine, the pumpable support is fabricated in place in the mine entry. This reduces the underground material handling efforts and thus the injuries historically associated with in-mine support construction. On-site fabrication also facilitates application of the support in areas that are inaccessible to transportation equipment such as scoops or rail cars, making it ideal for many bleeder applications. One of the main advantages of the pumpable support is that it fully bridges from the mine floor to the roof, thereby eliminating the requirement of “topping off” the support with wooden wedges or crib blocks that soften most other support responses. This report examines the development of modern pumpable roof support technology and provides a full description of the performance capabilities of each of the support products now on the market.

By E. M. Cohn

The literature dealing with the electrical conductivity of solid dielectrics, including all its aspects and its relationships to other physical properties of these materials, is extensive and scattered in many books, phamphlets, and periodicals. It is believed that most of the important contributions to this field up to October 1943 have been listed and abstracted in this circular. Also included are some general references on static electricity. Methods of removing static charges are described; methods of and conditions for measurements of resistivity are discussed; equations for the calculation of resistivity are given; and methods of resistance measurements in Situ are reviewed. Data on the variations of resistivity with changing conditions as well as explanations for them have been collected, and three tables showing the resistivity of various dielectrics at different humidities are included. The appendix contains a short development of the mathematical formulation of the charging and discharging currents due to interfacial polarisation. INTRODUCTION Methods for Removing Static Electricity Of the various means employed for preventing or removing accumulations of static electricity in industrial processes, grounding is the most common and most generally effective. It is a precaution readily applied to stationary machines anti may often be utilized to good advantage to rid persons and portable equipment of an acquired charge. There are many situations, however, in which direct low-resistance grounding cannot be used, either because the charged bodies are insulators or are inaccessible, or because contact to a ground lead might give rise to a hazardous spark. If the charged body is a conductor, contact made to a neighboring conductor, even though the latter be insulated from ground and of relatively small capacitance, may also result in the occurrence of an incendive spark. In such instances, static electricity can sometimes be removed most satisfactorily by means of strong atmospheric ionization produced by radioactive material, X-rays, ultraviolet light, or A. C. high-voltage brush discharge. Where no danger exists from flammable

Jan 1, 1944

By Carlos Virrueta Zevallos

El presente texto describe los lineamientos necesarios para construir un sistema de control de perdidas sólido en la Corporación HOCHSCHILD MINING DNV, el cual se basa en un liderazgo, compromiso y administración efectiva del sistema como puntos vitales para el éxito, protegiendo la vida de las trabajadores, la propiedad, los procesos y medio ambiente.

Sep 12, 2011

By Breno Carvalho de Oliveira

Neste trabalho é apresentado uma ferramenta de otimização multiobjetivo para planejamento da manutenção de ativos ferroviários. A aplicação foi modelada com base no problema do Caixeiro Viajante Multiobjetivo, considerando como objetivos a minimização da postergação da manutenção dos equipamentos e do deslocamento da equipe de manutenção. Foi utilizada uma instância real de 17 cidades que são atendidas por uma única equipe de manutenção. A ferramenta de otimização consiste na combinação do algoritmo SPEA2 (Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm), da methaheurística GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptive e Search Procedure) e de uma heurística de busca local em vizinhança, cada uma com seu papel específico dentro da otimização. O algoritmo foi capaz de mapear soluções melhores que a atualmente adotada pela empresa, proporcionando uma economia significativa no valor total a ser gasto em um ciclo de manutenção dos ativos ferroviários.

Oct 30, 2017

By André Luíz Moreira de Souza

O objetivo do trabalho é demonstrar a otimização de recursos com a implantação de grades de agendamento e gestão logística via SAP do processo de abastecimento da Vallourec Tubos do Brasil, com carvão vegetal produzindo em fazendas da Vallourec unidade Florestal, distribuídas em quatro regionais no estado de Minas Gerais. O novo formato da operação permitiu a redução da frota utilizada e o aumento da taxa de ocupação dos equipamentos. Atualmente movimenta-se aproximadamente 400.000 ton./ano de carvão vegetal. A frota é composta por equipamentos novos, rastreados, transportadores dedicados, os quais são considerados parceiros no desenvolvimento da operação. Avalia-se o desempenho de cada equipe envolvida em frequentes reuniões, nas quais são definidas ações de melhoria sempre que necessárias. Temos um atendimento maior que 98 % a grade programada para recebimento do carvão vegetal, considerando os tempos de carga e descarga.

Jul 29, 2018

By Henrique Silva Furtado, Flaviani Marculano Marchesi, Silas Gambarine Soares, Elton Volkers do Espírito Santo, Felipe Fardin Grillo, Heitor Cristo Clem de Oliveira

Devido ao aumento da restrição do teor de enxofre nos aços torna-se necessário investigar a eficiência do processo de dessulfuração de ferro gusa. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é empregar diferentes matérias-primas e fundentes como cal calcítica, sodalita, pré-cal, mistura padrão, fluorita, escória de KR, borra de alumínio e B2O3, a fim de encontrar a composição com maior eficiência de dessulfuração, relacionando-a ao fator de dessulfuração, obtido pela termodinâmica computacional. Os testes foram realizados a 1350°C, em uma atmosfera inerte com agitação constante. Os resultados mostraram que a mistura com maior eficiência foi aquela com 69% de cal, 5% de sodalita, 15% de pré-cal, 6% de escória KR e 5% de B2O3.

Oct 1, 2019

By Gerson León Cervantes

El presente texto evalúa la mejor opción técnico-económico para el transporte de concreto lanzado (shotcrete) a interior mina. Para ello, se evalúan tres alternativas logísticas excluyentes: el primero, consiste en instalar una planta de concreto en superficie y realizar el traslado a interior mina mediante mixers. El segundo, consiste en establecer una planta de concreto en interior mina del centro de gravedad de las operaciones, y el tercero instala una planta en superficie y se envía el concreto a la mina por medio de tuberías. En la evaluación de las dos primeras alternativas, se tiene los resultados de la mina San Cristóbal y Cerro de Pasco, pertenecientes a la empresa Volcán, mientras que para la tercera alternativa, se tiene la data de la mina Diamond Cullinam en Sudáfrica.

Feb 1, 2013

By Bruna Brito Freitas

O processo de soldagem por fricção é uma técnica recente que vem sendo desenvolvida a fim de melhorar a qualidade das estruturas offshore. Com a finalidade de aperfeiçoar essa técnica é importante estudar as propriedades metalúrgicas do material soldado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a tenacidade ao impacto de um aço C-Mn soldado por fricção com pino consumível, conhecido como FHPP (Friction Hydro Pillar Process). Desta forma, no presente estudo o material foi soldado, tratado termicamente, e após avaliado através de análises metalográficas, de microdurezas e ensaios de impacto Charpy. Como resultados foram geradas microestruturas para as diferentes regiões da solda e foram obtidos valores de energia, segundo a norma ASTM E-23. Por fim, conclui-se que o material não processado apresentou uma tenacidade superior a região de interface soldada, devido as diferentes microestruturas geradas no processo.

Aug 16, 2017

By H. R. Cooper

Beginning from the point of view that process control of ore flotation can be approached by on-line analysis of processing behavior, an equation was developed which has characteristics useful for a multi-variable feedback loop. The application of this equation to optimizing control with a data acquisition system will be discussed in Part 11. OBJECTIVE OF CONTROL The purpose of developing a feedback method for concentrator control is to provide a means for determining ore processing behavior in order that data describing the ore can be used to make appropriate changes in control conditions while the ore continues to flow through the flotation circuit. In absence of simple linear relationships between pairs of variables in the flotation process, attention is directed to the need for a generalized relationship which possibly would incorporate all pertinent variables. It would be possible to apply such an equation to the control of variables in a concentrator in real time according to operational requirements as ore gradually changes in quality and processing behavior. To meet this objective, it is necessary to define relationships describing flotation performance in terms of performance variables capable of being measured on-line, either with on-line instruments and analyzers or with manual methods lending themselves to quick determination of meaningful information. Relationships derived to meet this objective form a model for the flotation process. The evaluation of flotation parameters of the ore and the execution of control on the basis of the derived information while the ore is continuing through the process would constitute a feedback control system. Data for the following control and performance variables can be made available: 1) ore feed rate, 2) collector addition rate, 3) lime addition rate, 4) pulp density, 5) assay or multiple assays in feed, tails, or concentrate sufficient for material balancing, 6) particle size distribution in flotation feed, 7) froth height, and 8) frother addition rate. Other process variables, such as flotation air input and mechanical agitation intensity, are usually not considered as control variables and were not taken into account in this analysis. Other data, such as that describing the ore, would be useful for concentrator process control. However, information of this type (such as ore hardness, grain size of the mineral, chemical species of the mineral, and ore surface properties) being not presently measurable in the on-line sense, has the effect of causing disturbances in the system which can be detected only indirectly. The process control system being sought must recognize disturbances by their effect on measured performance followed by determining control changes to compensate for them in meeting the objectives of improved performance (perhaps higher throughput, maximum return, etc.). A suitable model for the process having capability of recognizing the effects of ore disturbances should provide the means for introducing proper compensation through control changes. This would be done by processing on-line data with the model to calculate coefficients reflecting ore characteristics. This procedure can only be applied in a typical flotation system when on-line data can be processed at faster rates than the usual rate at which the ore in flotation feed takes on significantly different characteristics. For example, material balance data can be accumulated in approximately 5-min intervals using on-line X-ray fluorescence analysis. The flotation system time constant might be 15 min including grinding. Ore changes having time constants longer than 1 hr could be accommodated using on-line feedback control by this procedure. FORM OF A FLOTATION MODEL A suitable form for mathematical expression of the flotation process is an equation involving rates, when each of the components entering into the separation can be treated independently by a rate equation. A first-order, kinetic rate equation can be written on

Jan 1, 1967

By Érico França

A CBMM aplicou aços microligados ao nióbio de alta resistência mecânica para a fabricação de containers de caminhões que transportam grãos na região do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba, com o objetivo de reduzir o peso desses equipamentos e possibilitar o aumento da carga útil transportada. O novo projeto reduziu em 10% o peso do container e também aumentou seu volume útil de 27 m3 para 29 m3. O investimento teve retorno com apenas 8 dias de operação com o novo projeto transportando arroz. Também foram obtidos ganhos no transporte de milho e soja com o retorno do investimento em 21 e 56 dias de trabalho respectivamente. O trabalho mostra os aços utilizados e as principais alterações nos projetos desses componentes.

Aug 16, 2017

By F. R. Hensel

P. R. Kalischer.*—I should like to amplify a little one of the points made by Dr. Hensel, and rather violently disagree with him at the same time. He brought out the point that when the higher forming pressures are used on the green compacts there is a marked decrease in the density as sintered. We found that to be true and, of course, many of you notice that that is true with copper compacts also. But, in my opinion at least, it is not true that the expansion is due to entrapped air. We have vacuum-pressed both silver and copper compacts and obtained almost exactly the same numerical expansion as we secured by pressing in air. The powder, however, that is vacuum-annealed does show a slight decrease in expansion on sintering, but almost the entire increase on expansion can be overcome by very slow rates of heating. And it is our opinion that a majority of the expansion is due to dissolved oxygen in the discrete metal particles themselves rather than to entrapped gases. Another interesting observation that we have made is that often with silver or copper compacts it is desirable to silver solder or braze the compact into some part of a piece of equipment after completing powder metallurgical operations on it. If such a compact is sintered and coined, say a silver compact, given an initial forming pressure of 10 to 15 tons per square inch, and sintered, there is an adequate amount of shrinkage and it can be coined at about 50 or 60 tons per square inch and bring up the density nearly to theoretical. If, then, that compact is silver-soldered into some part of a fixture or a machine, it will expand very beautifully, and the only way that this can be overcome. as far as we know, has been to reanneal after the coining operation at a temperature higher than is to be used in any subsequent operation. In that way, a density very nearly theoretical can be achieved, but the coining operation cannot be carried to the excessively high pressures or expansion and bubbling of the compact will occur again.

Jan 1, 1945

By Luciano Gianizeli Rodrigues

Este trabalho estuda a obtenção da fase S livre de precipitados, a partir da nitretação a plasma de pós de aço inoxidável austenítico 316, e analisa a variação do parâmetro de rede (aS) em função das diferentes condições de tempo e temperatura de tratamento. Os pós com granulometria entre 38 e 54 ?m foram nitretados em reator a plasma pulsado DC, sob atmosferas de 80%N2 e 20%H2, pressões de 400 Pa, por tempos de 1 a 9 h, e temperaturas de 420, 450 e 470ºC. Os resultados mostram que para a temperatura de 420ºC o parâmetro de rede (aS) aumenta continuamente com o tempo de tratamento, atingindo a máxima expansão (8,5%). Com o aumento da temperatura e do tempo de tratamento, verificou-se um recuo em aS associado à perda de nitrogênio e conseqüente formação de nitretos. É possível obter na temperatura 420ºC após 9 h cerca de 37% de fase S livre de precipitados, o que mostra a necessidade de realização de experimentos adicionais ou do desenvolvimento de métodos de separação das partículas nitretadas das não nitretadas.

Aug 8, 2018

By Thiago Figueiredo Azevedo

Ligas de titânio e nióbio têm sido desenvolvidas devido a possibilidade de modificar as propriedades mecânicas por envelhecimento. No presente estudo ligas TiNb com diferentes concentrações de Nb e com adição de estanho foram obtidas por fusão a vácuo, deformadas a frio e posteriormente tratadas por diferentes tempos de envelhecimento. Foi observado que todas as ligas em todas as condições apresentam as mesmas fases ß, a” e ?, no entanto, apresentam diferentes microestruturas. Isso se refletiu nas propriedades mecânicas das ligas, onde obtevese maiores durezas com o envelhecimento em 48 horas em todas as ligas, esse aumento de dureza foi quase o dobro para as ligas com maiores teores de nióbio (Ti42Nb e Ti42Nb2Sn).

Aug 16, 2017

By Martin J. Kenwright

Within the famous Harrods department store, a new lift shaft has been constructed, servicing a depth of 22m below ground level as well as the existing 6 storeys of the store. The shaft will connect with a new goods tunnel which is to be excavated beneath the shop, as well as new floor space above ground level which has resulted from the infilling of a previously existing lightwell within the store. The construction of the deep shaft while maintaining uninterrupted use of the store by the Client led to a number of innovative solutions being undertaken. Empirical assessments were made of settlements anticipated from the construction process, which took place within a congested environment of existing foundations. Various elements were designed and installed to mitigate the effects of the inevitable ground movement on the surrounding overlying structure, which supported sensitive high quality finishes and mechanical and electrical installations The reinforced concrete lining of the shaft was contained within a cofferdam of minipiles. The minipile placement accuracy (1 in 150) was vital as it could not interfere with the subsequent tunnelling works. As the scheme progressed this became even more critical since the minipiles were needed as support for parts of the permanent works This paper describes:- the high quality placement and control of the minipiled cofferdam, the methods employed in assessing ground movements and the techniques used to mitigate against the effects of these movements.

Jan 1, 2000

By F. D. Ford, Z. Dai, A. Byers

Manitoba Mining and Milling operations consist of three underground mines (Thompson T1, T3 and Birchtree), feeding the Thompson Mill. Three years ago, a collaborative effort involving Mines Exploration, Mines Project Development Group, Mill Technical Services and Vale Base Metals Technical Excellence Center was initiated to establish and verify the cause of high variability in concentrate quality and Ni recovery at the Thompson Mill. One outcome of this work was a program to systematically characterize the mineralogy and metallurgical performance of current and future orebodies feeding the mill. Mineralogy results show that high value enabling ores typically have a high pentlandite to pyrrhotite ratio and benign silicate mineralogy (mostly quartz and feldspar from sedimentary host rocks), while metallurgically challenging ores contain some combination of pyrite and/or hexagonal (non-magnetic) pyrrhotite and/or elevated quantities of talc (with associated carbonates) derived from altered ultramafic host rocks. The metallurgical performance of these two ore types has been simulated by an Excel particle flotation model, which calculates the relative floatability of particles based on the particle’s mineral composition and mineral locking determined from MLA images. The relationship between these mineral properties measured by MLA and metallurgical performance was established using 13 monthly composite samples from Thompson Mill. The model was then validated with results of laboratory flotation experiments on individual orebodies submitted for evaluation. The validated model can be used to predict plant metallurgical performance based on individual ore bodies feeding the mill. Individual orebody’s grade-recovery curves are assumed to be additive, and can be weighted in proportion to the mill feed to predict mill recovery over the same time period. The ore mixing can be done with a simple Excel spreadsheet and comes with a graphical output for easy visualization of the resulting grade-recovery curve.

Jan 1, 2015

By Antonio Adel dos Santos

Em agosto/2014 foi introduzido o gás natural, GN, na matriz de combustíveis dos fornos de reaquecimento de placas da Linha de Tiras a Quente, em Ipatinga, eliminando o óleo combustível deste processo. Isto demandou o ajuste dos parâmetros do modelo matemático de controle automático do reaquecimento, que estava ajustado para a queima de mistura de gases siderúrgicos e óleo combustível. O ajuste foi realizado com base em resultados de experiências de medição das curvas de aquecimento com placas especialmente instrumentadas. Verificou-se que os gases da combustão na presença do GN ficam mais quentes na região do início do forno, próximo do canal de fumaça, elevando com isso o perfil térmico do forno. Em consequência, as temperaturas de desenfornamento da placa ficam mais elevadas em relação ao aquecimento na ausência do GN, comparando-se condições de processo e de material similares. Os ajustes do modelo foram implantados dentro do escopo de uma melhoria geral introduzida no sistema de controle automático dos Fornos, permitindo a determinação correta da temperatura de desenfornamento e a operação otimizada dos fornos do ponto de vista de aquecimento da placa.

Aug 16, 2017

By José Galíndez

Frente a una población rural aproximada de 6 millones de habitantes que enfrentan fuertes carencias en infraestructura y servicios básicos, el autor concluye que en Perú “no se podrá lograr el desarrollo sostenible ni para las empresas ni para las comunidades, si no cambiamos sustancialmente la manera en la que se viene gestionando esta relación”. El artículo detalla la importancia de promover y alcanzar, en el sector mineroenergético, acuerdos estratégicos sostenibles sobre manejo de residuos y reciclaje; capacitación en agricultura, piscicultura y actividades afines; desarrollo de programas de salud y educación y de uso de energías eco-amigables.

Sep 30, 2020

By Paulo Sergio Olivio Filho

A aspersão térmica é utilizada para produzir revestimento quando há necessidade de aumentar a vida útil de sistemas e peças, podendo ser também utilizada na recuperação delas, em alguns casos. Com o intuito de compreender melhor o processo de aspersão térmica por chama a pó, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores influentes no aumento de espessura depositada pelo processo, utilizando o delineamento de experimento de Taguchi para avaliar os fatores e níveis dos fatores que geram as melhores condições de aplicação para o revestimento. Para isto, foram escolhidos três fatores de controle com três níveis cada um, dos quais foi possível seu controle em laboratório. A deposição foi realizada em chapas de aço SAE1020, e revestida com pó de alumínio não atomizado. A seção transversal dos revestimentos foi analisada por microscópio ótico. Os resultados dos experimentos foram analisados através de estatística descritiva, gráfica e análise pelo delineamento de Taguchi, baseada na análise de Sinal/Ruído. Sendo evidente que os fatores do processo são estatisticamente significativos: número de passes, fluxo de nitrogênio e a taxa de alimentação de pó. Esta análise se mostrou eficaz, gerando os resultados esperados para otimização dos parâmetros do processo.

Aug 8, 2018

While the United States and the rest of the world struggles with record-setting oil prices Canadian oil sands producers are ramping up production to meet demand for oil while also fighting against a host of negative images. In recent months, the price of oil has skyrocketed. Most of that oil comes from Saudi Arabia. In Alberta, Canada there are unconventional oil reserves that rival those in Saudi Arabia in the vast Canadian oil sands, sometimes called the tar sands. Proponents of the oil sands say that Alberta?s oil sands can be a secure source of oil and energy for the United States for many years to come. With new mining and drilling projects, the industry has said that it could quadruple its production to nearly 4 million bbl/day by 2020. Time magazine once called the oil sands, ?Canada?s greatest buried treasure that could satisfy the world?s demand for petroleum for the next century.? So why hasn?t the United States embraced this close, politically secure source of energy? Because, getting usable fuel from the oil sands can be a dirty business, say opponents. The oil sands are a combination of clay, sand, water and bitumen. It is a heavy, black, thick oil. Oil sands can be mined and processed to extract the oil-rich bitumen, which is then refined into oil. The bitumen cannot be pumped from the ground in its natural state. Instead, tar sand deposits are mined, usually using strip mining or openpit techniques, or the oil is extracted by underground heating with additional upgrading. These methods require a huge amount of energy and water and produce a large amount of carbon emissions. Environmental groups that have long spoken out against the oil sands projects got some political backing in the United States in June when a group of mayors from large U.S. cities spoke out against the oil sands, as did presumptive Democratic candidate for U.S. president Barack Obama?s senior energy advisor. During a convention of large-city mayors in Miami, FL, Alberta?s oil sands were singled out in a nonbinding resolution calling for national guidelines to track the lifecycle impact of different types of fossil fuels. The resolution urges cities not to use unconventional sources of energy with a large carbon footprint, such as liquid coal and oil shale and oil sands.

Jan 1, 2008

By Alcy Dias Rodrigues

O Centro de Operações do Sistema Elétrico da Aperam South América possui um sistema de automação chamado SAE (Sistema de Automação de Energia) para realizar a distribuição e operacionalização da Energia Elétrica na planta em Timóteo, sistema este com mais de 20 anos de implantação. Devido ao alto grau de obsolescência do sistema SAE, a dificuldade de se atualizar todos os componentes do sistema e a complexidade e dificuldade do acesso aos dados, verificou-se a necessidade de encontrar uma forma de disponibilizar os mesmos para os demais sistemas da empresa. Com base nestas necessidades, foi desenvolvido e implantado um GATEWAY capaz de realizar a comunicação com todas UTR’s CORTEX (remotas do sistema), através do protocolo CONITEL 2020, disponibilizando estas informações coletadas em uma camada OPC SERVER para que o sistema PIMS (Sistema de Gerenciamento de Informação da Planta) realize a coleta e armazenamento destas informações, permitindo assim um melhor gerenciamento de energia pelo VIRIDIS (Sistema de Gestão da Eficiência Energética utilizado na APERAM), além de permitir que toda a planta tenha acesso em tempo real às informações de tensão e corrente de todo setor de 13,8 kV, 69 kV e 230 kV.

Oct 30, 2017