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By H. Aykul

The choice of which mining method to use at many large surface coal mines is often dicated by what machinery is available or what experience the mine management can offer. One of the most significant surface coal mines in Turkey is owned and operated by the Turkish National Coal Board, located to the west of the city of Kütahya. The Seyitömer Lignite Enterprise (SLE) extracts low quality coal, the majority of which is supplied to an adjacent power station. The coal seems at SLE contain bands of ash which under normal mining conditions are extracted with the coal. This increases the ash content of the run of mine coal and results in lower efficiency at the power station and financial penalties for SLE. In this paper, therefore, selection of the best possible equipment and production method was identified to achieve high selective mining at SLE. The research found that two different high selective mining methods were suitable for selective excavation of the B3 seam, which were hydraulic excavator and truck and surface miner and truck combinations. It was also found that high selective excavation could provide the desired coal quality at 52% lower costs when the whole process (excavation, transportation, processing, etc.) was considered. Keywords: coal mining, surface mining, selective mining.

Jan 1, 2007

By Albert L. Toenges

The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the methods and practices of mining coal mechanically where more than one shift is worked, with the view of determining the advantages and disadvantages of various types of equipment and mining systems now in use. This paper is in the nature of a progress report, and, as the number of mines discussed in it is limited, the conclusions drawn in the comparison of various systems are not final but may be revised after subsequent investigations. Physical conditions vary in different and in the same mining districts and determine, more

Jan 1, 1938

By D. Harrington

The experience of the past 2 years has demonstrated clearly that mine explosions with heavy loss of life can be prevented. The investigations of the Safety Division of the United States Bureau of Mines disclose that during the fiscal year 1934 there were only 28 deaths from mine explosions in the United States, and during the fiscal year 1935 there were 54 deaths, a very favorable reduction when compared with an average death toll of 265 from this cause during the 20-year period prior to 1929. Although the frequency of occurrence of explosions has not decreased greatly during the past 7 years, there has been a marked decrease in severity, indicating that the coal-mining industry is taking more effective precautions to prevent the spread of explosions. A number of large coal-producing States, which in past years have experienced numerous disastrous explosions, have been free from such disasters for continuous periods of as much as 5 years or even longer. A study of several hundred mine explosions occurring in the United States during the past 10 years or more indicates that the factors mainly responsible for these explosions are inadequate or defective ventilation and disregard of the hazards from explosive gas. Both of these factors are subject to control, and if controlled it is safe to say that deaths from explosions would be reduced to a negligible number as relatively few explosions are now initiated by dust.

Jan 1, 1936

By Luiz Gabriel da Silva Nascimento

Foi fabricada uma matriz hipoeutética de Al-2%Ni e adicionado nela concentrações de 0,5; 1,0; e 1,5 % de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPM). A fabricação do material estudado aconteceu por fundição e resfriamento unidirecional brusco originado grãos predominantemente colunares. Os ensaios mecânicos mostram que concentrações maiores de nanotubo na matriz provocam acréscimo na propriedade mecânica e que em áreas mais distante da base extratora de calor a microdureza aumenta. Na amostra que contém 1,5% de nanotubos o valor da microdureza em áreas da posição P1 distante 5 mm da interface metal/molde é aproximadamente de 120 HV, já em áreas da posição P5 distante 45 mm, se aproxima de 210 HV. A resistência a tração é influenciada pela adição de NTC. A matriz possui uma resistência a tração de 64 Mpa, enquanto que a adição de 1,5% de NTC eleva esse valor para 135 MPa.

Aug 17, 2017

By Daniel Mesquita Duarte

A configuração física de equipamento do sistema de desenfornamento do laminador Morgan na unidade Resende, que é preparado para laminação em dois veios, torna o controle de GAP entre barras muito complexo. O sistema de controle original era suscetível a variações, acarretando na limitação do GAP mínimo na entrada do laminador em cinco segundos. Tendo como base as fontes de variação do projeto original, foi desenvolvido um novo sistema de controle que reduziu as variações em até 1700 %, reduzindo o GAP mínimo de cinco para dois segundos. No que tange à questão do GAP mínimo, o novo sistema de controle garante uma tolerância de 0,1 segundo. Este novo sistema pode ser dividido em duas partes: o controle e correção do GAP entre o forno e a primeira gaiola, e a correção de GAP no trem desbastador.

Jul 30, 2018

By Aline Silva Magalhães

Os aços com médio teor manganês são uma classe da terceira geração de aços avançados de alta resistência (AHSS), combinam propriedades mecânicas como ductilidade e resistência mecânica e são assistidos pelo efeito TRIP, características determinantes para sua aplicação na indústria automobilística. Convencionalmente, tais ligas são produzidas por meio de laminação a quente e a frio, seguidas de recozimento intercrítico. No entanto, o trabalho a morno têm ganhado interesse com o intuito de reduzir custos e tempo operacionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a influência da laminação a quente e a morno por meio de análises de microscopia óptica, eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios x, microdureza Vickers e técnicas de EBSD em um aço 8Mn- 0,08C. Observou-se uma microestrutura mais refinada e deformada no material laminado a morno com um maior percentual de austenita retida, o que derivou uma menor dureza. Na amostra laminada a quente, o valor médio de dureza evidenciou uma microestrutura martensítica de baixo teor de carbono. Em relação à textura verificou-se uma maior intensidade de componentes da fibra a na amostra laminada a morno devido a um maior grau de encruamento neste processamento termomecânico.

Aug 17, 2017

By Rafael Masulck Santos

Este trabalho tem o intuito de correlacionar as principais variáveis dos processos de Recozimento em Caixa e Laminação de Encruamento com as características magnéticas de aços Laminados a frio para fins elétricos de grãos não orientados destinados às aplicações “totalmente processadas” e “semi processados”. Foram utilizadas diferentes temperaturas e tempos de encharque, e posteriormente distintos passes de redução no processo de Encruamento. As microestruturas resultantes das variações dos parâmetros de processo foram analisadas e correlacionadas com as características magnéticas obtidas por ensaio Epstein.

Aug 17, 2017

By J-M Huizenga, Q Shu, Y Lai, J Hammerli

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Baiyinnuo’er Zn-Pb deposit is a typical skarn deposit in NE China. Skarn and orebodies mainly occur between different units of the Lower Permian Huanggangliang Formation carbonates-sandstone-mudstone or within the contact between intrusions and marble. Skarn minerals are dominated by prograde garnet and clinopyroxene, and the main ore minerals are sphalerite and galena. We conducted single fluid inclusion compositional studies using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on clinopyroxene (pre-ore-stage mineral) and sphalerite and calcite (syn-ore-stage minerals). The results show that the Baiyinnuo’er fluids are distinctly different from basinal brine but similar to magmatic fluid, thereby indicating that the deposit has a dominantly magmatic origin. This interpretation has also been supported by the Cl/Br mole ratios, which remain stable (~500) in different fluid stages. The decreases for most of the elements in the fluid inclusions from pre-ore-stage clinopyroxene to syn-ore-stage sphalerite and calcite suggest that mixing with groundwater has occurred during mineralisation, with significant Zn, Pb and Ag deposition.CITATION:Shu, Q, Hammerli, J, Chang, Z, Lai, Y and Huizenga, J-M, 2015. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study on fluid inclusions of the Baiyinnuo’er skarn Zn-Pb deposit, north-east China, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 451–456 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By Charles E. Whieldon

Because of the importance of recovering more oil from known petroleum reserves, increased emphasis has been placed on the application of secondary-recovery methods. It is hoped that these reports will stimulate interest in improved waterflooding techniques, thereby discouraging premature abandonment of oil leases. Previously published reports3 4 5/ have described the results of water-flooding in Roane, Pleasants, and Wetzel Counties, W. Va. (fig. 1). This report describes the South Penn Oil Co. Yawkey waterflood property, Berea sand, Griffithsville oilfield, Duval District, Lincoln County, W. Va. (fig. 2).

Jan 1, 1961

By Lyda W. Hersloff

An environmental monitoring program was established to assess the baseline of parameters which may be impacted by a research and development hydraulic borehole mining operation. During the baseline program, two aquifers were identified at the borehole site with the overlying sand aquifer being distinct from the ore sand aquifer on the basis of radiological parameters. The direction of flow of groundwater was determined to be north 19° west at a rate of 1.82 feet per year. Tests to determine the effect of backfilling the boreholes indicated that using overburden from the open pit mining operation would not significantly increase the radiological consti¬tuents of the ore sand aquifer. Mining measurements of the- radon flux from the borehole indicated that the actual release rate of 0.035 pCi/sec was several orders of magnitude less than the calculated estimate by the Environmental Protection Agency. Finally, a gamma survey conducted at the site indicated that the terrestrial component of background radiation was consistent with that in areas near uranium deposits. The methodology used as well as the supporting data are given in this report.

Jan 1, 1981

By T. A. Muhlare

"Large quantities of slag are produced every year and dumped on slag heaps around the world, posing a potential environmental threat due to contained heavy metals content. Slags are waste minerals produced during furnace smelting of minerals. The contained values of base metals may be released into the environment under natural weathering conditions polluting ground and underground water. Copper losses into slag are a continuous problem in pyrometallurgical smelting operations. Due to shortage of ore concentrate, various mining operations have initiated the recovery of copper from dumped slag. The typical process uses crushing, milling and flotation. These operations create excessive liner wear rates during crushing and milling because the bond work index of copper slag is 22 kWh/t and this is considered a very hard slag. The process also has reduced flotation recoveries and requires high flotation reagent consumption. The present work shows that digestion of the milled copper slag slurry with concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature of 250oC forms a solid cake and leaching of the solid cake with water is a possible option. However, the consumption of sulphuric acid can have a considerable cost on the recovery process. This can be limited by producing a leach residue containing gypsum and silicate materials as amorphous silica which are suitable for use as an additive for Portland cement. Laboratory results show that 90% copper recoveries can be achieved. The leaching is conducted to prevent silica gel formation and iron co-extraction. Leaching is optimum if silica gel-free solutions and good filterable residue are obtained. INTRODUCTION Slag is a waste by-product of smelting and converting operations in metallurgical plants. Both smelting and converting operations are aimed at iron separation from base metal sulphides in non-ferrous metallurgy. The iron sulphide component of the ore or concentrate is oxidized to iron oxide at higher temperatures in the molten form, and then fluxed with silica and other oxide rock minerals to produce fayalite (2FeO•SiO2) slag (Schlesinger et al., 2011). Slags are generally deposited on dumps and considered to be unreactive materials. Smelter copper slag contains significant concentrations of several potentially toxic elements, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, barium, zinc and copper. These elements can be released into the environment under natural weathering conditions and cause pollution of soils, surface waters and groundwater (David, 1998)."

Jan 1, 2015

Removal of Arsenic in Enargite from Copper Ores by Flotation and Leaching in NaHS Media

Sep 13, 2010

"The Antamina orebody is a geologically complex, polymetallic skarn located in the Peruvian Andes. A range of copper and copperzinc ores are campaigned separately through the concentrator producing copper and zinc concentrates as well as lead and molybdenum by-products.Ore type classification at Antamina is based on chemical assays; geological or lithological variations are not considered. Consequently, each ore type demonstrates a wide range of concentrator performance.Antamina is currently implementing a system to track ore movements from the shovel face to the concentrator. Relatively sophisticated models of run-of-mine and coarse ore stockpiles ahead of the mill will be used to account for the variable delay between mining and milling.One of the numerous benefits of ore tracking is the ability to directly associate the measured concentrator performance with a physical location in the orebody. Using existing mine planning software, three-dimensional models can be created of such performance measures as metal recovery, concentrate quality, operating cost, and reagent consumption.Such a database of information allows the true value of different ore sources to be determined. The value of an ore source is conventionally measured as metal content (individual or combined ‘equivalent’) with a cut-off grade applied to indicate some base level operating cost. However, the true value of an ore source should include dynamic factors like haulage cost, reagent use, smelter penalties, and even prevailing metal prices. If an ore source is considered from all perspectives rather than simply its potential to deliver value, the concept of ore becomes more flexible. Any ore source that reveals itself to be unprofitable can be eliminated from the mine plan or possibly blended with others to improve its value. The ability to predict mill performance, and thereby profitability, is a powerful tool.In an operation such as Antamina, where managing ore sources, campaigns, and the delivery of a variety of concentrates in a narrow timeline to customers is a daily challenge, prediction is the key to success and improved efficiency."

Jan 1, 2005

By Pavel Vasak

The Laurentian University Virtual Reality Laboratory (VRL) has provided a unique platform for the development and testing of novel seismic and microseismic data processing and visualization technology. In collaboration with Vale?s Creighton Mine, the technology was implemented at the mine site and consists of a VRL system and site calibrated Seismic Excavation Hazard Map (SEHM) software. The SEHM was developed as a practical solution for the mine operator to identify areas of elevated, active rock mass damage processes caused by recent mining activity. This paper is a pictorial representation of the 3D stereoscopic demonstration of the Creighton Mine seismic data distribution and interpreted SEHM for the first quarter of 2009. A live demonstration is scheduled at the Laurentian University VRL as one of the conference field trips. The demonstration highlights the technology transfer of research concepts into a near-real-time excavation hazard system that utilizes the key aspects of virtual reality technology; the ability to integrate large datasets (geology, mine excavation, (seismic) monitoring data, production scheduling, stress model, etc.); the ability to manipulate and visualize large datasets in both space and in time (mining sequence); and the ability to review the datasets by a group of experts in an immersive (3D stereoscopic), collaborative environment to better understand the processes and context of the mining-induced seismicity and evaluate potential risks to the mining operation.

Oct 1, 2010

By José Arce

El presente trabajo señala la exploración y geología del yacimiento Quellaveco Moquegua) desarrollado entre 1972 y 1999. El área fue originalmente estudiada a través del método geofísico de Polarización Inducida en 1955 por la Newmont Exploration LtdLa minera Quellaveco. Posteriormente, se desarrollaron otros estudios, considerando las condiciones geomorfológicas más favorables. En este sentido, el presente texto señala los doce trabajos de exploración, siguiendo quebradas y líneas con pendientes suaves. Así, la interpretación fue de tipo empírico, utilizando un factor para transformar cargabilidades en porcentaje total de sulfuros, en un momento donde no se conocían muchos de otros elementos que polarizan.

Apr 26, 1999

By M. R. Shahan, W. R. Reed, J. P. Rider

Roof bolter operators may be exposed to high respirable dust concentrations on continuous miner sections with blowing face ventilation when bolting is performed downwind of the continuous miner. One solution to reduce the high respirable dust concentrations is to use a canopy air curtain (CAC) to deliver clean air from a filtered blower fan directly to the bolter operators under the canopies. The influence of CAC installation in the airflow and dust dispersion around the location of the roof bolter operator can be evaluated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This study, performed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), considers two scenarios: (1) a roof bolting machine in the center of the entry for installation of the fifth row of bolts from the face, and (2) a roof bolting machine positioned close to the face for the installation of the last row of bolts. In both scenarios, the bolting machine is placed in an environment which contains 6.0 mg/m3 of respirable dust and is ventilated by a blowing curtain with 3000 cfm (1.42 m3 /s) of air. This environment is used to simulate the roof bolter machine operating downstream of a continuous mining machine. Two operation positions are simulated at the same bolting location: dual drill heads in the inward position for two inside bolts and dual drill heads in the outward position for two outside bolts. The influence of the CAC on airflows and dust dispersion is evaluated with the CAC operating at 250 cfm (0.12 m3 /s).

By Wagner da Silva Lima

Um Sistema Piloto de alimentação de biomassa foi instalado em paralelo ao sistema de alimentação de coque em uma caldeira leito fluidizado circulante movida a coque de petróleo na Unidade Fabril da Votorantim Metais em Niquelandia, GO. Quatro experimentos foram realizados utilizando os alimentadores de coque (limitados a capacidade de mistura da pá-carregadeira) e o sistema piloto instalado que tem capacidade de 30 m3/h de cavaco de eucalipto. A substituição energética chegou a 19%, bem acima dos 10% determinados pelo fabricante utilizando o sistema atual de alimentação de combustível na caldeira. O potencial de redução de custo do vapor varia de 4 a 7%.

Aug 17, 2017

By Gary Chircca, José Luis "Ricaldi

Cía. Minera Coimolache S.A., debido a una iniciativa de mejora continua y creación de valor en el proceso de voladura, realizó un proyecto de reducción de la fragmentación de roca de 6” a 4” en el P(80), donde el involucramiento de las áreas de soporte como planta, geología y geotecnia, hicieron posible cuantificar el beneficio obtenido de este cambio y su efecto en el proceso de recuperación del oro. El presente trabajo engloba estos resultados en un solo objetivo que es el de maximizar el beneficio global como unidad operativa, más allá de los logros específicos por áreas.

Sep 1, 2017

By Robert H. Scott

Developments during the past few years have brought coal-based composite fuels to commercial readiness. During the next few years, composite fuels will become available from a number of suppliers. Potential users must evaluate the combustion properties of these fuels to determine equipment and operating changes required for their use. Most work to date has been done with boiler applications. However, many potential non-boiler applications exist in the metals and minerals industry. These applications require specific evaluations appropriate for the processes involved.

Jan 1, 1982

By Ricardo Huancaya

El sistema de apoyo a la gestión de flota de vehículos en mina a tajo abierto “GO Tracking”, es un sistema que permite la localización y rastreo de vehículos mediante el uso de la tecnología GPS". En ese sentido, el presente texto señala la implementación de estrategias de producción dirigidas a aumentar la eficiencia y disponibilidad de la flota en su conjunto. El proyecto fue gestionado siguiendo las directrices propuestas por el PMI, donde los riesgos de seguridad son mitigados mediante el monitoreo y alerta de exceso de velocidad, así como la proximidad de otros vehículos, evitando las colisiones.

Oct 21, 2015