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By Orville D. Mussey

During, 1956 the water used in mining iron ore in the United States amounted to about 2 billion gallons and the water used in producing iron concentrates-amounted to about 166 billion gallons. By 1980 an increase of about 65 percent is anticipated in the amount of water used for mining and beneficiating iron ore. Except for boiler-feed makeup water the quality requirements for water, for mining and beneficiating iron ores are not stringent. Adequate supplies. of water for development should be available at reasonable cost with the possible exception of some in arid regions.

Jan 1, 1961

By C. L. Coldren

Recently there has been much discussion of the use of pipelines for the long-distance transportation of solids. Many have come to recognize the economies inherent in pipeline transportation. The widespread movement of oil and gas at astonishingly low costs - a gallon of oil moves from Montana to New York for less than that for the delivery of a postcard - has spurred others to sturdy this mode of transportation. Most interested people are aware of the inherent advantages of pipelines - continuity and reliability of operations - low manpower requirements per ton mile - moderate capital costs per ton mile - low maintenance costs per ton mile - low operating costs per ton mile.

Jan 1, 1963

By V. Gall

The three-dimensional finite element technique combined with the progressive failure approach was utilized to simulate stress distributions in a mine section which occur in response to a longwall mining operation. Due to the availability of the Cray supercomputer, a large-scale three-dimensional finite element model was developed for the analysis. The Hoek-Brown failure criterion, which describes a realistic behavior of rock masses, was used for the simulation of progressive failure. A comparison of calculated and monitored stresses in the mine has shown that the model gives a good representation of stresses in the mine structure.

Jan 1, 1990

By Gilles Recher, Jörg Riechers, Albert Lueghamer

"INTRODUCTIONIn view of a global trend towards urbanization, more and more trunk sewers and combined sewer overflow tunnels (CSO) with medium to large diameters and the corresponding link sewers are currently built and under design. Shielded tunnel boring machines using segmental lining as tunnel support represent an efficient solution for construction of new wastewater and supply tunnels. Especially in the field of sewers, the durability of concrete structures both exposed to any groundwater present on its exterior and to aggressive waste water as well as gases on its interior is a key requirement. Despite thorough research on segmental lining and mechanized tunneling machinery, conventional thermoplastic liners show comparatively minimal progress in terms of practical advancements. This is in contrast with the development of the latest segment embedded high density polyethylene (HDPE) system. Based on experiences achieved, this paper discusses the latest development of an integral protective lining system in respect of material characteristics and its adaptability to both project and customers’ demands. Reviewed performances, as the bondage behavior of the embedded HDPE system at axial stress loads due to acting thrust cylinders during ring build as well as the ability to drain pressurized water behind the embedded membrane, tested at full scale segments, are also presented. The paper is round off by presenting first details of sewer projects endeavoring to utilize this cutting-edge solution for an integral concrete protection, which will be commenced beginning of 2016.CASE HISTORIES ENCOURAGE ADVANCEMENTS Past experience has shown that unprotected concrete surfaces as well as chemical based linings such as coatings, sprayed linings and cured in-place-systems cannot reach the desired life times. Also the fact that in deep tunnel sewer system hardly maintenance is possible, a durable and maintenance free system is required which only can be reached by applying mechanical anchored HDPE (CPL)."

Jan 1, 2016

By K. P. Chong

Fracture toughness of oil shale is an essential property in fragmentation to optimize particle sizes and permeability distributions in in-situ processes. Fracture mechanics of oil shale has been based on conventional fracture mechanics using notched samples and assuming the material to be isotropic and elastic. Oil shale is a layered material more accurately characterized as transversely isotropic. The senior author proposes to use a semi- circular core specimen with a center crack subjected to three point bending. Singular crack tip elements with isoparametric elements are used. The precracked semi-circular disk is modeled under displacement loading. The effect of crack length on the non-dimensionalized stress intensity factor is investigated by strain energy method, ellipse method, and stress method. Very close agreements are found. The fracture toughness is obtained by compressing the specimen in to failure. Parameters such as oil yield are investigated.

Jan 1, 1984

By V. G. Hill

The term bauxite was first used by O.P.A.P. Dufrenoy in 1845 for an ore which was discovered by Pierre Berthier in 1821 near the village of Les Beaux de Provence near Arles in southern France. His data suggested that this mineral was an alumina hydrate with two molecules of water. However, it was subsequently shown by thermal analysis that the mineral was a fortuitous mixture of the mono-hydrate and the tri-hydrate. Diaspore had been previously discovered in 1801 and gibbsite in 1822. The term was however retained as a rock name. The name of the village was changed to Les Baux around 1885; Sainte Claire Deville suggested that the mineral name should reflect this, and it was changed to bauxite (Bracewell, 1962, Rkgnier, 1988). Mining of bauxite began around 1860 in the Auriol region in the Bouches du Rhine area in the south of France. This ore was transported toMarseilles by carts and was processed in the Salindres plant, which at that time was the only plant producing alumina using the Deville process and aluminum by the chemical process. During that period white bauxite (low iron content) was particularly sought after for the production of aluminum sulfate, refractory bricks, and quick setting cement. Export of bauxite from France began in 1880 and was initially delivered to Chemische Fabrik, Goldschmischen near Breslau, and to Guilini's Ludwigshafen plant in Germany in 1885. These companies produced alum and aluminum sulfate (RCg- nier, 1988). The next bauxite mining operation was in Antrim County in Northern Ireland in 1873. This was first used for the manufacture of alumina refractory bricks and quick setting cement (Bracewell, 1962). It is important to emphasize that initially almost all of the bauxite which was produced came from France and was mainly used for non-metallurgical purposes. At that time even the production of alumina was mainly for use as a mordant in textile dying. However, with the development of the Hall-Héroult process, the alumina which was available was increasingly used for smelting to aluminum. In spite of this the demand for non-metallurgical bauxite continued to increase and a set of applications were developed. These include refractories, abrasives (including the recently developed proppants), high alumina cements, aluminum chemicals, activated bauxite, and alumina. It became increasingly evident that the high alumina-low alkali raw materials have special advantages. The question however was one of cost benefit. Chin (1989) has pointed out that the non-metallurgical operations have been traditionally grafted on a bauxite/alumina/aluminum industry tree. In this context the non-metallurgical alumina produced was, with few exceptions, regarded as either coproduct or byproduct i.e.: Bauxite Trunk Sector Alumina Trunk Sector Aluminum Trunk Sector

Jan 1, 1994

By J. G. Groppo

Laboratory settling and filtration testing was conducted on wet processed fly ash in order to determine the applicability of conventional dewatering techniques to reduce the moisture content prior to drying. Settling tests showed that acceptable clarity (<1.5 g/l suspended solids) could be achieved after as little as 6 minutes of settling. After settling to a consistency of 40 weight % solids, continuous laboratory vacuum filtration testing produced a cake containing below 20% moisture with throughput exceeding 150 lb/ft2/hr.

Jan 1, 1997

By Robert W. Elayer

For the design of a coal mine and process plant, a comprehensive foundation of geologic information is essential. Historically, the development, collation, and use of this information for design have been costly and time consuming. With the application of a digital computer, however, the effort expended can be reduced and maximum effective use of the geologic information realized. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility and convenience of using a computer to Store and manipulate geologic data for use in mine and process plant design.

Jan 1, 1975

By William J. Miles

The markets and applications of Wyoming bentonite deposits are primarily determined by the functional properties of a bentonite ore which results from the unique mineralogy and chemistry of each deposit. Commercial bentonite products contain sodium montmorillonite as the major mineral component, with minor concentrations of accessory minerals such as quartz, opal (silica hydrate), mica, feldspar, gypsum and zeolites. The chemical composition of the sodium montmorillonite influences the functional properties of the bentonite in significant ways. The type and concentration of various accessory minerals also influence the acceptability of the bentonite in each market.

Jan 1, 1995

By C. Perea, O. Restrepo, C. Ihle, H. Estay

In this study, research on the use of monosodium glutamate for copper leaching, with emphasis on the thermodynamics and oxidant characteristics, is presented. Copper dissolution was conducted following a hydrometallurgical route, using monosodium glutamate in alkaline solutions. The effect of oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and the efficiency of copper leaching with glutamate compared with glycine have been studied. Results, obtained at room temperature, showed 92% recovery of copper using 0.03 M hydrogen peroxide, 0.5 M monosodium glutamate at a pH of 9.44.

Mar 2, 2022

By T. A. Doyle

Column and batch test methods are used to simulate and model the leaching of various mining by-products. Batch tests are simpler, while column tests more intuitively represent the field conditions to be simulated. Projects that have included different types of leaching tests illustrate the strengths, limitations, and associated uncertainties of each. Column and batch tests have been used to evaluate arsenic solubility in leachate from treated copper smelter flue dust, to simulate the leaching of pit wall rock from a proposed gold mine, and to simulate the release of uranium from aquifer materials.

Jan 1, 1998

By P. -J. Kleiterp

Highwall mining is a mining method to extract coal from a final boundary in open cut mining, trench mining or contour mining. This boundary may have been reached because of economic constraints (economic strip limit) or geographic constraints (spoil heaps, rivers etc.). Coal is mined from visible, horizontal, or near horizontal coal seams by making rectangular, parallel, unsupported drives with an unmanned cutterhead and coal transport system. This is controlled from a mining unit, or launch frame, positioned outside the drive, in front of the highwall. Removal of overburden is not required or is limited to small quantities only. Highwall Mining originated in the 1940 in the Appalachian Coal Field. This paper describes the history of the various machines that have been designed for highwall mining. During the 1990 and later, there has been more emphasis on the safety in highwall mining. Many pillar strength formulae have been derived to determine the required width of pillars in highwall mining and, with that, the economic feasibility of highwall mining. The various pillar strength criteria will be discussed in this paper showing the countries where they are applied. In order to make highwall mining equipment safer and more productive, there have been quite some technological improvements applied to the machines. These technologies make highwall mining ready for the future as a serious mining method, also outside its traditional Appalachian mining area.

Jan 1, 2010

By G. E. McClelland

In recent years exploration and development of low-grade sulfide precious metal ore deposits has increased. Low- grade ores are usually processed using conventional heap leach cyanidation methods. The potential for acid mine drainage from spent sulfide ore heap leached residues remains a concern even though the processed residue is stacked on an impervious liner system. It is therefore of critical importance to evaluate methods for long term prevention of acid mine drainage from sulfide heap leachable ores during the precious metal recovery process rather than mitigation during the closure and reclamation phase. This paper discusses two simple AMD prevention options for the recovery process phase. Laboratory evaluations were made using a modified humidity cell kinetic AMD test method on two low-grade sulfide ores without addition of an alkaline component and on the same ores with natural limestone or acid neutralizing oxide ore blended with the feeds before kinetic testing. Laboratory results are discussed in detail and demonstrate that blending an acid neutralizing component with sulfide ore effectively prevents the production of acid from the processed residue.

Jan 1, 1996

By Sam M. Pickering

Most high, purity silica is produced from crystalline quartz-generally from sand. However, there is a small area of southern Illinois where a porous, friable white chert rock is found which is very different in physical form from quartz sand. This microcrystalline material, commonly referred to as tripoli, is more easily ground to micron sizes than sand. Although of similar Moh&apos;s hardness, microcrystalline tripoli is less abrasive than either ground quartz sand or many synthetic abrasives. Location The southwestern corner of Illinois is underlain by extensive deposits of very porous chert; in some places the material is quite white. Two companies - Illinois Minerals Co. and Tammsco, Inc. - mine and process this white material. The Illinois Minerals plant is located at Elco, and the Tammsco plant is in Tamms, Illinois. Both companies mine from various locations within a ten mile truck haul of their plants. Production from this district has been continuous since at least 1915. Malvern Minerals Company mines and processes a generally similar microcrystalline, friable novaculite near Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Jan 1, 1985

By J. E. Garlanger

Each year, Florida mines approximately 40 million tons of phosphorite, most of which is ultimately converted to various commercial fertilizers. The phosphorite is mined from within the bottom portion of the 40-to 60-ft. thick surficial aquifer, using open pit mining techniques. The ore zone or "matrix" is generally overlain by relatively permeable fine sand to silty and slightly clayey fine sand. The ore itself is highly variable in nature but, in Central Florida, typically consists of less permeable clayey phosphatic sands and sandy clays with stringers of permeable sand. The ore is much more sandy in the north Florida mining area.

Jan 1, 1990

By J. D. Crone

Crone Geophysics Limited in co-operation with Newmont Exploration Limited has developed a ground Pulse electromagnetic method. This is the first unit in a planned integrated system of surface and borehole Pulse EM equipment. Newmont had previously developed an operational Pulse EM unit for use in areas of very high surface conductivity. The Newmont equipment was large, heavy apparatus that required motorized transport. It operated in the equivalent frequency spectrum of 10Hz to 2.5Hz. The basic aim of Crone Geophysics was to design a Pulse EM system more portable than Newmont&apos;s. We wanted to operate in all types of field conditions including heavily wooded and mountainous terrain areas. We also wanted to record the higher frequency information that is contained in the Pulse EM waveform. There are three reasons why we thought this high frequency information was important in survey applications: (1) Field tests conducted over massive sulphide bodies in the Arizona desert showed that the desert weathering process tended to break down the electrical contact between sulphide crystals. The net effect is to reduce the conductivity of a massive sulphide body, particularly narrow bodies or highly fractured sulphide zones. In order to detect such occurances the higher frequency information is essential. (2) We wanted to be able to detect occurances with sulphide content as low as 5% sulphides that are usually poor to moderate conductors. (3) We also wanted to be able to determine the presence and extent of surficial conductive formations and clay deposits since many airborne EM anomalies are caused by such bodies. If we have the capability of detecting and recognizing these formations we would be able to explain the airborne anomaly.

Jan 1, 1976

By J. C. Bradbury

The Illinois State Geological Survey&apos;s program in industrial minerals is twofold-the gathering of information on mineral raw materials and the generation of data on the use of these materials. The first function is carried out by the Industrial Minerals Section and the Clay Resources and Clay Mineral Technology Section of the Geological Group, and the second is the responsibility of the Chemical Engineering Section of the Chemical Group. Gathering in formation on raw materials includes both mapping of resources and fundamental geological research. Recent and current research projects include studies relating lithologies of limestones to their physical properties, investigation of sulfur dioxide reactivity of various types of limestone, lithostratigraphic studies of limestones of Mississippian age, investigations of heavy minerals in Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Pleistocene sands, studies of the environments of clay deposition, electron microscope studies of clays and limestones, and investigation of long-term expansion in ceramic products. A relatively recent development that relates more to dissemination of information than to research is environmental geology. This affects the Survey&apos;s industrial minerals program chiefly by stimulating the study of rock and mineral resources in metropolitan areas and reporting the results for the land- use planner as well as the engineer or mineral producer. The Survey&apos;s program of research on the use of industrial minerals was expanded and diversified in 1966. Incorporating a minerals beneficiation lab, the program is designed to develop new uses for existing mineral resources and to assist producers in implementing these ideas: Projects of the minerals engineering program have included the separation of a feldspar concentrate from certain glacial outwash and river sands, recovery of kaolinite from the waste from silica sand operations, development of the use of an Illinois clay as a binder for pellets, and investigations into the use of fly ash and fluorspar mine tailings.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. K. Singhal, R. Kolada

A variety of equipment is wed to surface mine oil sands, including bucket wheel excavators/conveyors, draglines, hydraulic shovels, and off-highway trucks. This paper examines the existing mining schemes and equipment wed. Several proposals to improve mine productivity have been presented.

Jan 1, 1988

By Alix Thierart, Yann Rouillard, Bernard Catalano

Bessac's presence in Singapore started in 2014 with the construction of the Thomson metro line, which includes 18 miles of twin-bore tunnels and 22 stations split into 17 construction packages. Bessac joint venture was allotted the T219 lot. The works include the construction of a new 660-foot (200-meter) long transfer station, two parallel 19-foot (5.8 m) ID tunnels and a pedestrian underpass. The urban context and the very soft ground stratum imposed to utilize unusual tunneling techniques, from upgrading a slurry TBM to a high-density slurry TBM to launch with very low cover and canopy pipe roofing completed with a MTBM without retrieval shaft.

Jun 23, 2024

By Ian Sherrell, Christian Cardoso, Henri Vepsäläinen, Guillermo Bermudez

Performance of mixing mechanisms in flotation cells is paramount, as inefficiencies can lead to financial losses through valuable minerals lost to tailings. Technological advancements have been implemented in flotation cells to optimize performance, but regardless of the efficacy of these developments, room for improvement may persist. Since its launch in 2005, FloatForce® has set a high industry standard for flotation mixing mechanisms. However, current mining trends call for sustainability-driven developments while improving metallurgical performance. Metso has recently introduced FloatForce®+, the latest iteration of FloatForce, developed through extensive laboratory, pilot, and industrial testing, aligning with mining sustainability trends. It has been designed to maximize recovery, reduce power draw and optimize manufacturing materials. This development stems from a redesigned rotor profile paired with a harmonizing stator configuration. This paper presents the development journey of Metso’s latest patented flotation mixing mechanism, an advancement to improve metallurgical performance at a high sustainable standard in flotation cells. The theory, CFD modeling and test work are discussed in detail.

Feb 1, 2025