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By Moyle F. J

This paper describes an apparatus which was developed to study solid-vapour equilibria and presents results which were obtained during a study of the FeCI3-AlCI3-CI2 system. Analysis of the results showsthat fractional desublimation might offer a means of achieving a useful separation of the iron and aluminium chlorides produced by the chlorination of bauxite. The results, presented in the form of isothermal vapour pressure curves covering the range of temperature 160-200°C, support the earlier findings of Semenenko et al (Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR, 154: 42-43 (1964)) that the solid phase contains two terminal solid solutions.The equilibrium constant for the formation of the mixed dimer, FeAICI6, was approximately 4. The latent heat of sublimation of aluminium chloride varied from 18 to 26 kcal/mole AI2CI6 for solid compositionsfrom 0.9 to 0·5 mole fraction FeCls3.

Jan 1, 1979

By H North, J Barringer, S McNeill, D Pairman

Models of ground surface elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, roughness, deformation, as well as other features are gathered together in the term Digital Terrain Model (DTM). DTMs can be generated from a wide range of technologies such as ground surveying, aerial and satellite imagery, including both active and passive sensors. Some elevation derived parameters, such as roughness and slope, can be measured directly using innovative active sensor technology and smart processing, rather than via traditional processing of elevation information. Such models are used as part of a visual interpretation process, and increasingly for computer-assisted analysis using visualisation technology. There is an ever-increasing demand for DTM information to be used in the mineral exploration and mining industry, and consistent pressure from industry to develop models of higher spatial resolution, higher accuracy, and better overall reliability, regardless of the world-wide location of interest. This presentation will survey the range of techniques available for DTM generation, including active (LIDAR, SAR interferometry and differential interferometry) and passive (optical or SAR stereo) methods, as well as interpolation methods (contour or structure interpolation), and the economic placement of these various techniques in the local and regional context. The research issue oftrue-ground elevation models and slopes is also addressed, using LIDAR and SAR polarimetry as signpost technologies. Particular emphasis will be given to the strengths and limitations of new data sources that will, over the next few years, make the acquisition of elevation models of remote regions of the world inexpensive and relatively accurate.

Jan 1, 2000

A laboratory size solvent extraction apparatus has been constructed, which incorp- orates three stages of countercurrent extraction, followed by two stages of counter- current stripping. The model uses a gravity flow system from one stage to another and air lift pumps to recirculate organic and aqueous phases. A novel pump/mixer system is used to transfer solutions from the mixer compartments to the settler compartments. The model has proven valuable in the teaching of solvent extraction principles.

Jan 1, 1999

A mineral grain finder is described which is easily constructed to fit onto the stage of a standard reflected light ore microscope.The device is most useful in relocating particular grains or mineral associations on 30 mm diameter polished sections. The use of the grain finder in the teaching of ore microscopy is outlined.

Jan 1, 1988

By Met M. E, Worner H. K

During the past two years, a large number of creep tests has been carried out on electrolytic lead, special assay lead and ordinary refined (Port Pirie) lead. Some of these tests have already been reported.1§ In addition, an attempt has been made to estimate the influence of the individual elements present in small traces in Port Pirie lead. The present paper gives the results obtained when small additions are made to "U" lead of the composition shown in Table 1.(which has been used throughout these investigations during the past few years). The additions were silver, antimony, bismuth and zinc. The results of the addition of tellurium have already been communicated. This investigation was intended to run parallel with a similar one using electrolytic lead as a basis and adding one element at a time.Actually, the experiments using "U" lead have got rather ahead of the others. The important point has emerged, however, that the effect of a .given addition may be appreciably influenced by the presence of traces of other elements.In most of these tests, an initial stress of 500lb. per sq. in. has been used. Whilst it is fully appreciated that this stress is higher than those used in practice, it has to be borne in mind that an improvement in creep resistance was *Manuscript received December 11th, 1936.

Jan 1, 1936

THE furnace described in this paper was installed and has been used by the writer for the melting of rich gold-bearing material, and has given complete satisfaction. It may, therefore, prove of interest to other metallurgists who are faced with a similarproblem. A furnace of this type should be most suitable for the reduction of "cyanide preeipitate," "charcoal ash," "anode sludge," &c. formerly the melting was done in fire-clay crucibles, using coke or crude oil as fuel, but this method is costly, slow, and unsatisfactory. A small water-jacketed blastfurnace was also tried on this material after briquetting it, but was discarded in favour of the electric furnace. The furnace may be described as a simple form of the Heroult resistance furnace, with an adjustable upper electrode and a fixed bottom electrode. This is in accordanee with Stansfield's classification of electric furnaces. The heating is mostly due to the resistance offered the current by the molten slag. The melting chamber consists of a steel drum 14 in. in diameter and 21 in. high, and is lined with silica bricks specially made to fit the shell. The internal diameter is G in. The bricks contain 92 % silica, are made from calcined quartzite bonded with fireclay, and are similar in composition to those used for lining steel converters. They are set in a mixture of finely-ground quartzite and clay, and well dried out. The shell is bolted to a steel plate, which forms the decking of a truck running on rails, so that the furnace can be moved under ahood for carrying off the fumes. A cast-iron slag spout is bolted to the shell below the tapping hole, which is 4 in. from the bottom of the shell. Opposite this another hole 1 in. in diameter is drilled through the shell and lining for the passage of the lower...

Jan 1, 1918

This paper is an outline of the developmental practices now in use at North Broken Hill Limited, N.S.W. The description will be given under the following headings.I. General.......opening up of a new level.II. Driving.III. Winzing.IV. Rising.V. Auxiliary Ventilation.VI. Notes on the Introduction of Mechanical Appliances.VII. Office Records and Routine.I. GENERALThe lode, for purposes of description, may be said to be divided into two portions which are usually referred to as the Southern and Northern Orebodies.The southern ore-body is the larger and in places attains a width of 200 feet. The northern ore-body is, generally speaking, comparatively narrow. These ore-bodies have a northerly pitch of approximately 45' and a westerly dip of 60. In the southern ore-body a grid of ore chutes is provided at 31 ft. 8 in. (5 square set) intervals and this necessitates an elaborate arrangement of cross-cuts, portion of which have to be driven through the foot-wall. Crushed country rock adjacent to the foot-wall makes it necessary for drives to be placed at least 60 feet from the lode.In the northern ore-body the ore chutes are arranged along a longitudinal drive, thus making a much simpler layout. These layouts were described in detail by A. R. West (Proceedings A.I.M.M. No. 117). In opening up a new level from the shaft plat, a heading is extended in a westerly direction until a point approximately 60 feet from the footwall of the lode is reached.At this point the direction of the cross-cut is altered to a bearing approximately 90 to the general strike of the ore-body, and the cross-cut continued until the hanging-wall is intersected. From the information obtained together with that from diamond drilling, the outline of the ore-body is plotted as closely as possible, and this serves as a basis for the layout of the level. Drives south and north from the main cross-cut are made in order to determine the southern and northern extremity of the southern ore-body. The former is usually driven in the centre of the ore-body and serves as a permanent gangway and ventilation drive for the new level.From the northern extremity of the southern ore-body, the drive north is...

Jan 1, 1944

The following paper on the development of processes for the treatment of crude ore, accumulated dumps of tailing and slime at Broken Hill, has been prepared by a committee of the Broken Hill Branch of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, with the object of recording, in chronological order, the developments of the various processes which have led up to the metallurgical practice of the present day.

Jan 1, 1930

By Vaughan J. P

The Pegmont deposit is a stratiform Pb-Zn sulphide body occurring in a thin, iron-rich metasedimentary unit situated near the top of the Kuridala Formation, a part of the Mary Kathleen Group of the Middle Proterozoic"Eastern Geosyncline" succession of the Mount Isa-Cloncurry district. The deposit appears to have developed in a shallow basin or depression on a sea or lake floor.Detailed chemical and mineralogical study of seven diamond drill cores through the ore horizon shows that in addition to galena and sphalerite the orebody contains a large range of iron-rich silicates and aluminosilicates.Further, five drill cores selected to represent a section from basin centre to basin edge exhibit clear and systematic chemical and mineralogical changes in the ore horizon in both a vertical and, most importantly, ill a lateral sense.Reconstruction of the sedimentary environment of the ore horizon as a whole shows this to be a silicate facies of a phosphatic, manganiferous iron formation or, more accurately, of "ironstone" in the sense of James (1966, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 440, chapter W).On the basis of both mineralogy and chemistry this silicate facies may be subdivided into three microfacies according to the dominant iron silicates characteristic of each: a fayalite microfacies, a hornblende-clinopyroxenemicrofacies, and a garnet microfacies. Significant Pb-Zn sulphide concentrations are confined almost entirely to the fayalite microfacies.

Jan 1, 1979

By A P. Brown

Access arrangements required with landowners and occupiers; relaxation on size of permits; lack of confidentiality for information provided; one-stop shop under RMA, removal of standing; plethora of controls; post-closure; funding for long-term security.

Jan 1, 1997

By Rayner B

Five wells have been drilled in the Basker/Manta Block of VIC/P19, Gippsland Basin, resulting in sub-economic Intra-Latrobe Group oil and gas discoveries at Basker-1 and Manta-1. A total of 21 individual hydrocarbon bearing sandstones were intersected by the two wells. These reservoir sand bodies were deposited by fluvial processes in a lower coastal plain environment. The modelling of sand body orientation and geometry is a critical component in the evaluation of the two accumulations. Seismic resolution of the thin (average 2 m to 5 m) sand bodies is inadequate for mapping their orientation and distribution. Dipmeter data has been successfully applied to the problem of orienting the sand bodies using FMS images acquired during the drilling of Gummy-1 and reprocessed HDT data from Basker-1 and Manta-1. Prediction of lateral extensiveness (geometry) of individual sand bodies has also been attempted. Interpreted palaeocurrent direction from all three wells is dominantly from the NW to the SE. Reservoirs in the Manta-1/Gummy-1 area are interpreted to be predominantly channel sands, deposited by relatively low sinuosity streams. As such they would tend to have a laterally extensive, elongate geometry. Sand bodies deposited in the Basker-1 area show a predominance of laterally accreted cycles deposited by meandering streams. Channel geometry may then be limited in the downstream/upstream direction by internal permeability barriers such as clay plugs.

Jan 1, 1992

Ensuring the success of a major resource development project, whether in the Gippsland Basin or elsewhere, is typically both a complex and costly process. It is therefore imperative from the point of view of the proponents of such a project - and in particular the financiers - that everything possible be done to minimise administrative confusion and delay in the establishment phase of the project, and to put systems in place which enable the project to run smoothly and efficiently in the later stages of its development and operation. An essential element in this process is ensuring that the project management is able to come to terms with and deal effectively with the relevant planning and environmental laws.

Jan 1, 1992

By K Kermanshahi, J Allen, MáHilden, M Powell, S Mwansa, S Palaniandy

Approximately 420 VertiMills« (VTM) have been installed in mineral processing plants throughout the world, mainly in tertiary and regrind applications plus several in secondary grinding duties. Metso Minerals (Metso) and the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) have commenced a collaborative research program in stirred milling technology focusing on mill performance evaluation, model development and scale-up methodology. Industrial VTMs are being assessed using a consistent circuit survey protocol to evaluate the performance of VTMs in comminution circuits. The survey protocol includes identification and modification of sampling points, appropriate sampling techniques, controlled circuit stability, and best sample analysis practice. To initiate this study four surveys were conducted in the tertiary grind circuit in the Ridgeway Concentrator at Cadia Valley Operations (CVO) that treats the full circuit throughput of over 800 tph. To deal with the high feed rate the site opted to lead the world in the application of stirred mills by installing the largest VTM, at 3000 hp (2240kW) in closed circuit with a hydrocyclone bank. On average the operating work index was 13.1 kWh/t, reducing the secondary grind product by 40 - 50 ¦m to the required 80 to 100 ¦m range. The applied specific energy is relatively low in these low-intensity stirred media mills at 2.7 kWh/t. The size specific energy was 24.2 kWh/t-75¦m. Based on the survey and operating data the VTM circuit is performing well in this high-throughput tertiary grinding application, producing a sub-100¦m product.CITATION:Palaniandy, S, Powell, M, Hilden, M, Kermanshahi, K, Allen, J and Mwansa, S, 2013. VertiMill« - Development of circuit survey and performance evaluation protocols, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013 , pp 162-175 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 15, 2013

Up to 19 chemical parameters were studied in flotation pulps in six Australian lead-zinc concentrators with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the nature of, and changes in, the chemical environment. This paperdiscusses pH, redox potential, and oxygen concentrations, which were all measured continuously.Two plants operated at natural pH in slightly acid circuit and one at natural pH in alkaline circuit, and pH was stable at all these plants. In two plants varying amounts of cement fill were present in mill feed and pHwas variable. At the other plant pH was controlled with soda ash and lime.Redox potentials became more positive as the pulp passed through the plant. The minimum change was 20 mV and the maximum about 250 mV. Potentials tended to be variable at any point early in the circuit, but were more stable later on. In some plants reagent additions had no noticeable effect on redox potentials. However in the two plants operating in acid circuit the redox potential of .zinc rougher feed was markedly affected by changes in copper sulphate addition rate. Sodium sulphite additions had an effect at other plants.Oxygen concentrations in grinding circuits tended to be low (30 per cent of saturation) and very variable. Flotation was usually conducted in pulps at least 90 per cent saturated with oxygen. Addition of sodium sulphite had a marked effect on oxygen content in one plant, but less effect in two others.Statistically significant relationships were found in some plants between pH and redox potential, redox potential and oxygen saturation, and oxygen saturation and pH.Improved control of copper sulphate and sodium sulphite additions could result from applications of this work.

Jan 1, 1970

By Weber P, Sneyd S

The total world steel production in 1998 amounted to approximately 780 000 000 t. The share of electric steelmaking was in the range of 35 per cent and is expected to increase further to over 40 per cent of the world's production within the next ten years. As electric steelmaking is primarily based on the use of scrap and as it is progressing more and more into higher steel grades the need for low-residual metallics will become increasingly important. Consequently, the demand for scrap substitute material will increase, reflected in the world wide spate of interest for DRI (Direct Reduced Iron) and HBI (Hot Briquetted Iron). The increased significance of DRI/HBI as a substitute for steel scrap has obviously emanated also from its comparatively lower and more predictable costs per ton and definable chemistry. In 1998 already 37 million tons of DRI/HBI were globally produced.

Jan 1, 1999

The need for legislative reform of health and safety legislation has been recognised in New Zealand for about a decade. Previous legislation did not cover all work places, many areas were excluded from coverage, and there were at least 14 different acts and dozens of sets of regulations dealing with various aspects of health and safety.

Jan 1, 1993

Review of the mining legislation in New Zealand has coincided with a number of radical changes. These include a redirection of economic management towards a more open and competitive economy; major reform of the state sector aimed at greater efficiency, transparency and accountability; a new environmental administration; and a fundamental review of policy for management of natural and physical resources. These changes provide an opportunity to develop a consistent and coherent approach in the minerals and related statutes that will achieve objectives of economic efficiency, equity, practicability and good environmental management.

Jan 1, 1987

Satellite Image Based Strategies to Evaluate the Impact of Dismissed Mine Site - An Application to the Mae Moh Coal Mine Area in the Lampang Province, Thailand

Sep 13, 2010

FOR rapidly marking in geological and topographical features on parish plans, the author has used the Veeder cyclometer with very satisfactory results. A simple Veeder cyclometer, usually retailed at cycle depots at 4s., is fixed to the axle of the front wheel of an ordinary bicycle. The cyclometer is desigued to read in miles and tenths of miles, which are recorded through gearing actuated by a striker on a spoke of the bicycle wheel engaging one of the vanes of the cyclometer once every revolution.By using 80 strikers the reading would be in chains and tenths of chains; therefore the use of 8 strikers gives the reading in chains, utilizing all the figures. The cyclometer is designed to be placed on the right-hand side of the bicycle, and takes up a minimum of space, being only about the size of the top joint of the thumb. With some makes of cycles there is insufficient clearance, so the cyclometer must then be placed on the left side, and the 8 strikers made to engage the top vanes, as shown in the sketch (Fig. 1).Very accurate readings can be obtained by this instrument. The author has found by numerous tests that the maximum error...

Jan 1, 1916

By Parker JB

The Channar Iron Ore Mining Project (the Project) is a joint venture involving the Hamersley Holdings group (Hamersley) and the China Metallurgical Import and Export Corporation (CMIEC). The Project represents the first new iron ore mine development in Australia since 1971/72 and is the first major overseas mining investment by the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Channar mine is being constructed in the Pilbara region of Western Australia and will operate for more than 20 years supplying the PRC with 200 M tonne of high grade iron ore. The Project is configured to take advantage of Hamersley's existing production and support facilities. The Joint Venturers will invest A$280 million to achieve an initial production rate of 3 M tonne/yr and an additional A$120 million over the next 8 years to achieve full capacity of 10 M tonne/yr. Financing the Project to meet the requirements of both Hamersley and CMIEC, with the dependance of the Project on Hamersley's infrastructure, and in a depressed iron ore market, required an innovative financial structure to be arranged in a limited period. This paper describes both the financial structure and its implementation, and draws a number of conclusions regarding the financing of resource projects.

Jan 1, 1989