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By A. M. Gaudin

In a recent paper we have reviewed principles and applications of measurement methods for contact angles and their hysteresis (22). In this paper we apply these methods to a system consisting of rutile, an organic liquid (benzene, decane, or dodecane) and water. Surfactant (dodecylamine hydrochloride) was used at various concentrations and various pH values.

Jan 1, 1964

By R. Gray

"Experience from Australia has identified what is referred to as non-conventional surface subsidence behaviour. This occurs under irregular surface topography, resulting in valley closure, valley floor uplift or “upsidence”, and far-field horizontal movements – even occurring beyond conventional “angle of draw” limits. This paper discusses such behaviour recently observed in Pennsylvania and focuses on the 2005 case of Duke Lake Dam in Ryerson Station State Park. In July 2005, there was a significant increase in water leakage through a number of growing cracks in the dam leading to the dam being breached to avoid an uncontrolled failure. An underground longwall mine was located approximately 900ft to the north, mining at depths of 330 – 720ft. Investigations (including a subsequent ground movement monitoring program) found a range of evidence in the vicinity suggesting that valley closure and far-field horizontal movements may have occurred resulting from the adjacent mining. The paper discusses the phenomenon of non-conventional subsidence behaviour and the Ryerson State Park case study, including an assessment of mining, geology and subsidence impacts and suggested ground behavioural mechanisms. INTRODUCTION Non-Conventional Subsidence The conventional understanding of coal mine subsidence on which most current subsidence understanding and prediction techniques are based, includes the concept of angle of draw which effectively limits the lateral extent of subsidence effects and impacts. Within this zone – above and marginally beyond the boundary of mining – downward vertical subsidence is the dominant component, together with localised horizontal movements towards the mined region, with related tilts and strains. However, more recent experience from Australia over the last two or three decades has identified what is referred to as non-conventional surface subsidence behaviour. This is found to occur in areas of irregular surface topography or variable terrain, and is characterised by phenomena such as valley closure, valley floor uplift or upsidence, and far-field horizontal movements, all of which can occur beyond the conventional angle of draw limits. NSW Department of Planning (2008) defined the conditions for both conventional and non-conventional subsidence behaviour as follows: “The conventional or general model of surface subsidence, which finds worldwide acceptance, is based on assuming the following site conditions:"

Jan 1, 2015

The results of studies to ameliorate acid mine drainage by retarding the rate of oxidation of pyrite at source are discussed. In the transpassive region, pyrite oxidizes by reactive dissolution, mass transfer through the product layer and diffusion in the bulk solution. One can decrease the rate of pyrite oxidation by inhibiting either oxidation reactions or cathodic reactions. It is demonstrated in this study that some surface active reagents extend the passive region by affecting both the anodic and cathodic processes. The extension to higher potentials occurs by inhibition of the anodic dissolution process whereas to lower cathodic potentials through decrease in the rate of reduction of molecular oxygen and/or ferric ions. To retard the oxidation of pyrite by ferric ions, which is considered to be the dominant oxidant under conditions of acid mine drainage, it would be necessary to restrict mass transfer or promote complexation of ferric ions at the surface. Imidazoline based reagents were found to be most effective in meeting this goal.

Jan 1, 1994

By B. R. Arvidson

Rare-earth elements have some unique properties that are used in many common applications, such as TV screens and lighters. In the 1970's, rare-earths began to be used in a new generation of magnetic materials that have very unique characteristics. Not only were these stronger in the sense of attraction force between a magnet and mild steel (high induction, B), the coercivity (He) is extremely high. This property makes the magnetization of the magnet body composed of a rare-earth element alloy very stable, i.e., it cannot easily be demagnetized.

Jan 1, 1998

By T. P. Meloy

Riffles on a shaking table have a major effect on particle separation. This effect is modeled in a spreadsheet.

Jan 1, 1993

By Rubén Pavón] [H.

Mexico, that for various years held the second place among the elemental sulphur producers in the world, now occupies the fourth position. Nevertheless, taking advantage of the recent increase in the international prices of the metalloid, it is expected that Mexico recovers its traditional position producing, for the first time, over two million tons of sulphur during 1974. Drawing from material stockpiled during the last years sales are expected to reach 2.5 million tons, at excellent prices in the foreign markets, but not so in the domestic ones where prices have remained practically static since 1955, in spite of substantial escalation of production costs. Of the two sources of elemental sulphur in Mexico, the frasch process extraction from the salt domes of the Tehuantepec isthmus where the most important reserves are located - is the one that shall have an important increment. An increase of production of lesser magnitude is expected from sour gas, since sulphur recovery plants wilI go on stream toward the end of the year in the new oil fields recently located in the State of Chiapas. Two Mexican corporations are expanding and improving rational Frasch extraction operations. Together with Petroleos Mexicanos' sulphur recovery from sour gas it is estimated that production during 1975 shall reach 2.5 million tons and, consequently, supply the domestic market and generate an important sum of foreign currencies.

Jan 1, 1974

By J. E. Osmanski

This semantically ambiguous title purports to describe an examination of the question of automation and its effect on the industrial worker. More explicit titles might be "Painless Automation" or "Mechanization without a Sting" or, if I may steal a few phrases from the title of a recent interview Pith John L. Lewis, "More Machines, Fewer Men -- Is the Union Happy About It?" Automation has become the biggest ?scare word? for many industrial workers and their unions since "wage stabilization.? "To many a union orator," reports TIME of January 4, "automation is the sinister business of eliminating jobs." TIME might better have phrased this description by saying that many unions regard automation as the attempt to eliminate not jobs, but workers, The recent steel dispute was hung up for so long primarily because of the problems evolved of increased job efficiency through automation and job changes. Everywhere today there is heard the cry of our need for maintaining full employment within the context of an expanding economy echoing against the sheer reality of automation's displacement of thousands of workers through a rapid acceleration of productivity.

Jan 1, 1960

By Thomas B. Faddies

The Trixie mine is located in the East Mining District. Since production began in 1970 over 450 000 tonnes of ore grading 239 grams of silver, 6.9 grams of gold, and 1.2% Cu have been mined from veins in Cambrian Tintic Quartzite. Detailed geologic mapping and extensive sampling are essential for compiling the data base required for efficiently developing and mining known reserves as well as planning exploration and development work. Although the basic techniques used by the geology group at the Trixie were developed many years ago, the reduced activity in underground precious metal mining in the U.S. have made these techniques less familiar to many presently active geologists. The increased activity in precious metals search and exploration again offer cause for the application of these techniques as a prerequisite to efficient exploration, development and production.

Jan 1, 1983

By S. A. Abetel Sabour

In this work, the block theory was applied to determine the safe limit of the angle of face slope at Limestone quarry of Assiut cement company in order to decrease the occurrence of dangerous potential key blocks. Four joint sets were observed and measured at the face. Computer program based on the vector analysis technique was developed to determine the removable block codes. Stereographic projection was also used in this work to determine the removable block codes and to calculate the maximum limit for the angle of dip of the free face, which was found to be 77°.

Jan 1, 1998

By D. W. McGlashan

[Comideha;tion o 4 chyakd- chem and aLtuctund phopetttiu o auRdide nm&, The in~o/uncction gained h ;to be uned ;to iM;tmph& ( I! dnukey bho hen mind-aundacu , ( 2 ) modidicakio~n 06 ;the minmd n~tdacu, and (3) eac;tiom at ;the mind adac fnom ;thu e baic din oipfina, concep;tc, wLth hegattd ;to .the changen kha;t awtgacu undehgu, heac;tiom kha;t might take place, ,the geom&y 04 ;the inkmduce, ;the nkde 04 diddmenk &om and iom in ;the intmdace, and okhm phyaicd and chemicd pttopemXu od an intmdace mun;t be developed, weighed and appfied. The au/tho~ ded wah thue concep;tud connidmatiom @om which hypokhuu me n& ko denchibe khe envhomenkd-ivttadaciae hela;tiomhipa doh nevmd nddide minettah, The ch&enge and moltivation in khe hu eattch h in a henhe a deattch doh baic dad and helcctiomkipa needed doh accompfi he&.] INTRODUCTION Qualitative and quantitative explanation of particulate solid separations are unknown entities because of the lack of adequate models and mathematical relationships to explain the activity occur- ring between the solid and liquid phases. It is a transitional region in which it is difficult to ascertain the mechanisms of adsorption of ions, molecules, etc. on mineral surfaces, as well as other secondary reactions which occur in interfacial regions. Thus, in this paper the authors deal with conceptual considerations from which hypotheses are set forth to describe the environmental- interfacial relationships for sulfide minerals.

Jan 1, 1968

By R. W. Macqueen

Organic matter commonly associated with Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits may be used to assess the burial/thermal history of host rocks and sulfides. Organic matter may also have been involved in the genesis of H2S required to precipitate sulfide ores. Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada, provides an example. Located on the south shore of Great Slave Lake, Pine Point is an operating world class deposit which has produced 58 million tons of ore containing 3.0 percent Pb and 6.1 percent Zn from more than 40 Individual orebodies. Well-documented paleokarst features in a Middle Devonian carbonate complex are the main ore hosts. Sphalerite and galena ores are mainly open space fillings, and, from fluid inclusion studies, were deposited from saline fluids at temperatures of up to at least 100°C. Forms of organic matter occurring in the Pine Point barrier-reef complex Include indigenous organic matter, heavy oil and bitumen. Based on numerous geochemical criteria, it is clear that heavy oils and bitumens were derived locally from indigenous organic matter. The geochemical character of the Indigenous organic matter demonstrates that the barrier-reef complex is immature to marginally mature with respect to petroleum generation, and has not been heated above about 60°C maximum. Thus sphalerite with fluid inclusions that yield temperatures up to about 100°C represents former thermal anomalies. Bitumen is of two main forms at Pine Point: widespread soft, tarry material soluble in organic solvents (unaltered bitumen); and hard, brittle, glassy material that is mostly solvent-insoluble, and associated with white sparry dolomite and lead-zinc ores (altered bitumen). There are also partly altered bitumens. Unaltered bitumens have atomic H/C ratios of about 1.4, sulfur contents averaging 7.8 percent, and sulfur isotope ratios 634S) of approximately +4.6 per mil. Altered bitumens have atomic H/C ratios averaging 1.02, sulfur contents averaging 22 percent, and 634S values of about +12.9 per mil. These data and the organic geochemical character of a large suite of bitumen samples analyzed, strongly support the concept that some bitumen has been involved in the thermochemical reduction of sulfate to produce the H2S required to precipitate the ores. Mass-balance calculations indicate that the amount and degree of alteration of bitumen is more than enough to account for the reduced sulfur species deposited as metallic sulfides at Pine Point. MVT deposits, including Pine Point, seem to require the coincidence of available metallic Ions, pre-existing pore space, and a precipitating agent. A close look at organic matter in more MVT settings may outline trends in distribution or alteration which can be used as indicators of past thermal environments and processes of ore deposition.

Jan 1, 2013

By M. Javier

"Mining makes civilization possible. It also creates socio-economic problems surrounded by sustainability controversies yet continues extraction without considering the balance and finitude of nature. Nature requires restoration of equilibrium if mining and life on earth are to continue. Mining is still practiced according to Agricola’s views and the consequences it has wrought on our planet demand we critically reexamine it from its very core, to its metrics, to its design, to its technology, to how it is taught, and to reconsider its raison d'être in 2017. This paper offers tools to new mining engineers that are required to transform and solve new challenges. The task before us is to formulate an updated core curriculum that meets the demands and realities of the 21st Century. Mining professionals must rethink and reteach how to redesign mines before shovel hits dirt, how to mine with restoration of nature figured in to the mining design. Mining needs a new extractive technology in order to transform the results of its well-known liabilities. Mining has evolved and its future must be different than its past. Our industry is capable of doing this but it needs to be shown the way. INTRODUCTION The statement that ‘mining makes civilization possible’ is of the utmost importance and has the most value to us. We can examine the past and present appropriately to see the future that we are building. Mining must be addressed in a different way that makes a positive difference and improves upon rather than continues to get the negative impacts of the past. See Fig 1. Mining creates disequilibrium in Nature by producing ore, waste, tailing, dilution of resources, toxic, and pollution to its ecosystems. What is next for mining on a limited planet? Delaying the transformation of mining is not an option to developing an updated and modern mining business-as-usual paradigm. It is hurting the essentials of living in a civilization; our livelihood is in danger to the point of unrest in nature as we generate a lot of eco-print by present mining practices. So, we are urged to eliminate this bottleneck in life by employing a different design. This way, we will have a vision on how to sustain our civilization. [1]. This new design, with input from current and future generations, will be our contribution to posterity."

Jan 1, 2018

By Noel Jarrett

Energy consumption and distribution in aluminum production, conservation accomplishments, and future goals are presented. Electrolysis and electrode manufacture show the greatest promise for major improvements. Means are proposed for reducing waste heat generation in smelting and for conserving energy in anode manufacture by furnace design and substitution of other materials for petroleum coke. Hall-Heroult Process modifications, alternative designs, and the Alcoa Smelting Process are discussed as energy savers. Scrap recycling, more use of aluminum in transportation, and the installation of offshore smelters in less developed countries are shown to be additional means of coping with possible energy dislocations.

Jan 1, 1981

By John Ward Smith

Dawsonite bearing oil shale of Colorado's Green River Formation offers a unique and vast (6.5 billion tons of Al2O3) resource of easily extractable alumina. The processing methods required by the thermal reactions dawsonite and its oil shale carrier also require production of shale oil, soda ash, and nahcolite as marketable coproducts. These production methods are presented. The alumina production process is contrasted with the Bayer process to describe technical advantages of extraction of alumina from oil shale which may offset the problems associated with processing a relatively lean ore. While alumina production from oil shale requires development of new technology, the technical problems appear solvable. Only the political problems arising from the now onerous and completely unnecessary Federal oil-shale withdrawal appear less solvable.

Jan 1, 1980

By J. S. Hastings

Tertiary calc-alkalic to alkalic rocks of the Little Rocky Mountains in north-central Montana host low-grade heap-leachable gold-silver deposits being mined by Pegasus Gold Corporation. Total production from 1884 through 1985 is estimated at 22,625 kilograms (727,414 ounces) of gold. This includes 10,774 kilograms (346,400 ounces) recovered by Pegasus between 1980 to 1986 from 20,318,000 tonnes (22,396,000 tons) of ore grading 0.960 grams of gold per tonne (0.028 ounces per ton). Silver production during this latter period was 24,556 kilograms (789,500 ounces), but reliable silver statistics prior to 1980 are not available. Ore reserves as of January 1, 1986, were estimated to be 35,380,800 tonnes (39,000,000 tons) grading 0.720 grams per tonne (0.021 ounces per ton). Present ore production is 5,533,920 tonnes (6,100,000 tons) per year at a 0.45 to 1 waste to ore strip ratio. Current annual metal production is about 2,644 and 5,288 kilograms of gold and silver respectively (85,000 and 170,000 ounces of gold and silver respectively). The Little Rockies were formed by a calc-alkalic to alkalic magma penetrating through the Precambrian basement into the overlying Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. This intrusive center is Dart of the Central Montana Alkalic Province, a region comprised of twelve separate intrusive centers aligned in a northeast trending belt measuring 200 by 400 kilometers (124 x 248 miles). The ore deposits are structurally controlled epithermal systems which vary from deeper narrow veins to shallow, wide, low-grade stockworks, breccias and intensely fractured "sheeted" zones. The shallow types are now being exploited. Primary mineralization consists principally of gold and silver associated with pyrite, native gold and silver, sylvanite, calaverite, and hessite. Alteration is broadly classified as weak argillic. Pyritization, kaolinization, silicification and feldspathization are the dominant forms of alteration. Fluorite is a common hydrothermal gangue mineral.

Jan 1, 1987

By A. K. Sinha

Ever since electricity was introduced, electrical injuries and electrocutions have continued to occur regularly in coal mines. An analysis of the two hundred cases of electrocutions which occurred during 1956 to 1970 indicated that over 50 percent of the incidents were caused by the ineffectiveness or lack of electrical grounding. Research shows that various types of arbitrarily designed ground beds are in use and that the ground resistance and current are often very high and subject to wide seasonal variations. The results of a recent research are discussed in this paper.

Jan 1, 1980

By A. W. Fahrenwald

The gyratory mill shown in Figures I and II is a ball mill in every sense of the term, in that the grinding media are balls. The media container, called the shell, is of the form of a shallow cylindrical tank whose position is with axis vertical The mechanism of the mill is designed to swing the shell in a circular path of small radius and, at the same time, to hold the shell in a position of constant orientation, i.e., the motion of the shell is such that every point on the shell surface -- bottom, wall and cover--travels in a perfect (horizontal) circle. The gyratory mill is definitely not a centrifugal ball mill. The balls do not, individually Qr in mass, travel in a circular path. Each ball, under heavy pressure from all directions, develops a sphere, or zone, of activity. Particles entering this sphere are crushed by impact. The gyratory ball mill, unlike the conventional tumbling mill, does not have, and is cursed by, a "critical speed". The speed of gyration, and in turn the power drawn by the mill--and ball potency--is limited only by the mechanical en- durance of the machine parts.

Jan 1, 1959

By Eckl, Martin, Stefan Lemke, Martin Londschien

"Tunnels are built with a design life expectancy of over 100 years. One key component of such a design is the waterproofing system, which must reliably fulfil its function during the whole service lifetime of the tunnel structure. This paper deals with the determination of test criteria for the durability assessment of geosynthetic products in tunnel sealing systems. Hereby the understanding of the individual aging processes is crucial along with the long-term experience with these materials to ensure the transfer of the laboratory results and performance to site practice (test calibration) and vice versa. To verify the results of the new test procedure the material properties of geosynthetic products samples removed from older tunnels are investigated. Based on the presented results of the still ongoing research programs some preliminary conclusion regarding the updating of regulations for tunnel sealing systems are given. INTRODUCTION Watertightness is directly related to the durability and serviceability of the concrete lining. Therefore, modern traffic tunnels and shafts (Figure 1) are generally protected against mountain/ground water and water penetrating through rock fissures by a sealing system, for example with a loose-laid polymeric sheet membrane. Hereby the waterproofing sealing systems must be reliably fulfilling their function during the whole service life of the tunnel structure, regularly of more than 100 years. In consequence, the quality and lifetime performance of the waterproofing materials—beside the correct professional and careful installation in a tunnel infrastructure, is of great importance. The challenge for the industry, owners, operators and designers is ultimately the development of qualification testing and requirements (acceptance criteria) for products to ensure the design lifetime performance. Hereby the qualification procedure is seen as a routine integrated in standards, norms or guidelines, wherein test procedures should cover typical environments for the specific application fields. Polymeric synthetic raw materials are increasingly used in products with long service lifetimes (e.g. in injections, gaskets, waterbars, spray-applied and sheet waterproofing membranes). During service they are subjected to chemical (e.g. oxidation processes) and physical (e.g. changes in morphology) influences from the environment, which affect their mechanical properties—and they age. Hereby organic materials are more affected than inorganic materials. Also, polymers show strongly temperature-dependent properties compared with other construction materials. However, their long-term aging behavior is not given per se and has to be explored extensively by suitable tests, which simulate—under accelerated processes—real exposures and loads. Hereby the understanding of the individual aging processes is crucial along with the long-term experience with these materials to ensure the transfer of the laboratory results and performance to site practice (test calibration) and vice versa."

Jan 1, 2016

By J. H. White

It is hypothesized that the Hotelling Valuation Principle (HVP) can determine the value of developed gold reserves using simple methods and easily obtained data. This paper reports the results of an empirical test of this hypothesis. Using publicly available data from North American gold companies, we obtained data for V, R, p, and c and ran a simple linear regression using equation (1.1) as the definition of the dependent and explanatory variables. By examining the value of the coefficients of the resulting regression equation, we can draw conclusion as to whether or not the HVP can be confident1y used as an estimator of the value of developed gold reserves.

Jan 1, 1995

By Hugh McMillan

To protect the water supply for the Metropolitan Chicago area, the Illinois legislature, in 1889, created the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. To insure the quality of the water supply, the Sanitary District collected and diverted the wastes of 750,000 people away from Lake Michigan. Today, the Sanitary District collects and treats the wastes from a domestic population of 5 ¼ million people and an industrial waste load equivalent to 4 ¼ million people. The District serves Chicago and 120 other cities and suburbs in an 858 square mile area. An average of 1300 million gallons of wastewater is treated each day, producing as a by- product about 700 dry tons of solids which contains more than $10,000 worth of plant nutrients when equated to the value of commercial fertilizer purchased in the retail market. The Sanitary District considered several alternatives to past methods for disposing of these solids, and chose land application as a technique to utilize the solids produced by the wastewater treatment process in a beneficial manner.

Jan 1, 1973