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By I. A. Makalin, V. N. Yakovlev, S. V. Imangulov, I. V. Zyryanov

"The presented studies aimed at solving the problem of recovery of low-luminescent diamonds, which are not recovered using X-ray luminescence method of processing of diamond-bearing ore. The purpose of the studies is the determination of possibility and feasibility of recovery of such crystals using dual-energy X-ray transmission separation technology. In preparation for studies methods were developed for testing technical and process parameters of XRT-400 Aliud GmbH (Germany) sorter, manufactured according to design specifications of Yakutniproalmaz Institute, and XRT/D TOMRA Sorting Solutions GmbH (Germany) sorter, designed for processing of -50+5 mm ore, as well as RGS-1M, RGS-2 X-ray sorters, developed by JSC NPP Bourevestnik (St. Petersburg) in cooperation with Yakutniproalmaz Institute, for material size of -6+3 mm. In 2018, in-process tests of RGS-OD-3 X-ray sorter prototype on material size of -3+1 mm are scheduled. Studies to determine the content of low-luminescent diamonds and feasibility of their recovery using XRT-400 and XRT/D sorters at the Processing Plant #3 of Mirny Mining and Processing Division (MPD) were carried out. The results of the studies confirmed presence of such diamonds and possibility of their recovery using the dual-energy X-ray transmission method. In-process tests of RGS-2 X-ray graphic sorter were carried out at the Processing Plant #16 of Nyurba MPD. According to the results of sampling of RGS-2 sorter separation products, the recovery of -6+3 mm sized diamonds from tailings of X-ray luminescence sorters was achieved at the level of 96%, while the diamonds recovery was 98.5% in value terms, the concentrate yield was 0.1%. In-process tests of RGS-1M sorters at final recovery of the grease separation concentrate at the Processing Plant #3 of Mirny Division were carried out. Recovery of low-luminescent -6+2 mm sized diamonds by RGS-1M sorter amounted to 92.4% for single operation, and with the double control operation reached 99%. As a result, -6+2 mm sized base product recovery increased by 0.2%."

Jan 1, 2018

By P. Braga, A. Chaves, S. França, A. Luz

"In Brazil, there are no official reserves of molybdenum, and the unofficial reserves are modest. Therefore, the molybdenum ore (molybdenite) produced as a co-product or by-product of emerald mining in the region of Campo Formoso, BA, has arisen as the only economic option. The flotation process is commonly used in Brazil for the recovery of molybdenite from emerald mining tailings, but it produces low-content molybdenite concentrates, thereby resulting in a product with low economic value. The molybdenite concentrate produced in Campo Formoso contains 83.5% MoS2 (50% Mo), which is less than the international standard product that contains > 90% MoS2 (54% Mo).This low value is due to the presence of talc, which is a naturally hydrophobic mineral that is also floated with the molybdenite during the flotation process. Separability studies were done in a Partridge-Smith cell using dextrin and quebracho as a molybdenite depressor in solution at different concentrations and pH values to produce a technical-grade concentrate (i.e., 90% MoS2). These basic studies were accompanied by measurements of the zeta potential and contact angle, which was determined by the capillary rise method. The results of these floatability studies were used in bench flotation tests, which were performed in a Denver laboratory flotation cell. A molybdenite concentrate of 93.4% MoS2 was obtained when dextrin was used at a concentration of 100 g/t."

Jan 1, 2014

By Xumeng Chen, Yongjun Peng, Dee Bradshaw

Regrinding rougher flotation concentrates has become a common practice when processing low grade and complex ores. It not only reduces the particle size and improves mineral liberation but also modifies particle surfaces and pulp chemistry due to the strong electrochemical reactions taking place during regrinding. Therefore, the floatability of minerals in the subsequent cleaner flotation is influenced by the regrinding conditions. This paper presents the effect of regrinding conditions on the mineral floatability from both industrial studies in the plant and fundamental studies in the laboratory. Different regrinding conditions were considered, including grinding media, the electrochemical properties of minerals, pulp chemistry (pH, Eh, DO), and breakage mechanisms in tumbling and stirred mills. Results indicate that the selection of regrinding conditions and mill types should not only depend on grinding energy efficiency and liberation but also depend on the surface properties and pulp chemistry produced for effective mineral flotation and separation at the cleaner stage.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. V. Golovanov, A. V. Mihailova

"NPO RIVS employs complex approach to engineering and design of the new facilities in close cooperation of Mining, Research, Hydrometallurgy, Design, Construction, Power Supply, Automation, Production and other departments. General Design Contractor (and then General Contractor) is directly involved in geological exploration, engineering surveys, floatability studies, feasibility study of process solutions and construction options. It delivers greenfield project and guarantee its efficient performance in future. Shiralgin is a small gold and copper deposit, gold average grade is 4.7 g/t. RIVS departments have studied ore floatability, developed process procedures for design and performed pilot testing. Construction of integrated plant including ore crushing and grinding, flotation and hydrometallurgy units with Dore gold production of 5 000 thousand tons ore per year (66.7 t/h) is recognized as economically viable. The technology used of separate dry stockpiling of flotation tailings and cyanidation tailings. Water circuit for concentration and hydrometallurgy is separated, too. Process design was performed based on BIM software like Autodesk Revit, Civil 3D, Rocscience slide using process procedures developed by RIVS Research units. Engineers provided modeling of primary crushing unit, coarse ore storage, main building (including grinding, flotation, thickening, filtration, loading, hydrometallurgy), tailings thickening unit, building for reagent storage and conditioning, tailings pond for dry stockpiling of flotation tailings and cyanidation tailings, sedimentation ponds, laboratories, infrastructure including Administration building and camp. Payback period is 3.5 years. 3D model of facility is currently stored at the State Agency of Geology and Mineral Resources affiliated to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic.INTRODUCTION The Kyrgyz Republic has substantial potential of mineral resources including gold ores. Mining industry actively develops and involves international investors. Inventory includes 42 deposits (Figure 1) that have reserves of 616.4 t [1] of gold. The Kyrgyz Republic takes the third place in gold mining among CIS countries after Russia and Uzbekistan by producing up to 20 t annually."

Jan 1, 2018

By Ibrahim Alp, Duygu Dinç, Ersin Yazici, Adularya Energy and Electricity Generation and Mining Inc., Oktay Celep, Haci Deveci

Thiosulfate leaching as an environmentally benign alternative to cyanide leaching has received particular attention in recent years. Most studies have focused on thiosulfate leaching of free milling ores and, to some extent, pregrobbing ores. In this study, leaching of gold from the refractory Kaletas ore (in which gold/silver alloy is the only mode of occurrence detected) in ammoniacal thiosulfate solutions was studied. A two-level full factorial design (23) was adopted to investigate the effects of concentration of thiosulfate (0.2-1 M Na2S2O3), ammonia (0.5-1 M NH3) and copper (0.05-0.1 M CuSO4) on the extraction of gold from a ground ore (-38 µm) over a period of 24 h. Statistical analysis confirmed the leaching of gold improved with increasing concentrations of thiosulfate and ammonia. In contrast, increasing the concentration of copper in the range tested adversely affected the extraction of gold. The magnitude of effects of parameters on the gold extraction was in the order of Na2S2O3 > NH3 > CuSO4. The maximum extraction of gold (69.6%) was obtained in the presence of 1 M Na2S2O3, 1 M NH3 and 0.05 M CuSO4. The negative influence of copper on gold extraction is most likely attributed to the decomposition of thiosulfate catalyzed by copper. Concentration of thiosulfate was also identified to be statistically the most important parameter for its consumption.

Jan 1, 2014

By V. Y. Dementyev

Laboratory and pilot-plant testing using a sample of gold-bearing semi-oxidized ore from a Russian deposit followed by a flow sheet and reagent flotation mode development to design a plant was carried out in IRGIREDMET in 2009-2010. According to the developed flow sheet low alkaline flotation conditions are recommended in order to activate the surface of sulfides. The pH lowering from natural (7.5-8.0) to optimal (4.6-4.8) value using sulfuric acid provides for an increase in gold recovery. Before CIL, a final flotation concentrate is pretreated using pressure oxidation. It was found that the use of recycled solutions from pressure liberation in order to create acidic conditions for flotation instead of sulfuric acid during pilot-plant testing is recommended. The flow sheet offers the detoxification of remaining pressure oxidation solutions together with the flotation tailings. The carbonates presented in the tailings significantly reduce the consumption of lime for detoxification and allows for the use of two tailings dams instead of three. The first is used for the tailings of flotation and pressure oxidation recycled solutions, which were detoxified together. The second tailings dam is used for detoxified cyanidation cakes of the flotation concentrate. It was found during pilot-plant testing that flotation under natural and acidic conditions provides for 88.9 percent and 93 percent gold recovery, respectively. 4.1Au percent increase recovery was achieved due to the reduction of gold losses with flotation tailings and better quality of concentrates.

Sep 1, 2012

By G. R. Forbes

Flotation froth machine vision systems provide consistent real-time measurements pertaining to the state of the flotation cell being monitored. Typical measurements include froth velocity, froth colour, froth texture and froth stability. This paper presents the results from test work conducted on the molybdenite rougher circuit at the Kennecott Utah Copper Concentrator during February 2006. Machine vision results show that it is not possible to accurately determine bubble size distribution information for the molybdenite froth, despite using state-of-the-art methods. Instead, it is necessary to make use of texture measurements to classify the various different froth states. Numerous combinations of texture measurements and classifiers are used to determine the best combination. Results show that the Fourier ring based texture measurements perform the best when both K nearest neighbour and Gaussian mixture model classifiers are used. The concentrate grade of the flotation cell is modelled using combinations of froth velocity and froth texture descriptors. The results show that by using a linear combination of these descriptors rather than either one by itself it is possible to account for a much larger percentage of the variation observed in the concentrate grade data. Adjusted R2 values of 92% and 84% are achieved when modelling the copper and the molybdenite concentrate grade respectively.

Jan 1, 2014

By V. M. Bystritsky, M. G. Sapozhnikov, G. M. Nikitin, A. B. Sadovsky, Yu. N. Rogov

"At present kimberlite ore is processed in crushers or grinding rolls with subsequent grinding in wet mills down to a size of 0.2 mm. The basic disadvantage of the standard diamond processing technology is that crushing kimberlite ore can damage the most valuable large diamonds of few carats. Tagged neutron method offers a possible solution to this problem. It allows detecting diamond inside kimberlite ore without its disruption. The results of the tests of the neutron separator prototype carried out at the Lomonosov processing factory of PJSC Severalmaz are discussed. The possibility to detect the diamond in the rock whose size is 10 times larger than the size of the diamond is demonstrated.INTRODUCTION At present standard diamond processing technology implies disintegration of kimberlite ore in crushers or grinding rolls down to a size of 0.2 mm. It inevitably leads to high probability that large and most valuable diamonds could be damaged. The fraction of diamonds which lost integrity in the process of ore enrichment could be as large as 35-65% [1]. Tagged neutron method (TNM) [2] offers a possible solution to this problem. It allows detecting diamond inside kimberlite ore without its disruption. The main idea of the TNM is irradiation of an object by fast 14.1 MeV neutrons from binary nuclear reaction d + 3H ?4He + n (1) and detecting (tagging) the 4He (a-particle) that accompanies neutron. That gives possibility to determine direction of the neutron momentum. Those tagged neutrons irradiate kimberlite ore under investigation and produce gamma rays via inelastic scattering reactions with nuclei"

Jan 1, 2018

By J. Shibata

The behavior in electric field of fine particles present in aqueous solution was measured in order to apply to the classification of fine particles. The sample particles used are spherical polystyrene particles with the average diameter of 0.03 µm, 0.1 µm, 1.0 µm, 4.3 µm and 9.6 µm. Electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of various particles are measured by an instrument based on the principle of the laser Doppler effect. The influence of temperature, electrolyte concentration on the electro-phoretic mobility was investigated for various polystyrene particles. The electrophoretic mobility increases with increasing pH and temperature of suspensions. The measured electrophoretic mobilities are different from electrolyte concentration and particle size. The electrophoretic retardation effect and relaxation effect are considered to explain the behavior of fine particles in electric field by applying the electro kinetic theory of Wiersema et al. For all particle size, the electrophoretic mobility decreases rapidly in high concentration of KNO3 such as 0.1 mol/dm3due to the compression of electric double layer The forces acting the particles in electric field are considered to be electrical force, friction force and some other forces like relaxation effect and electrophoretic retardation effect which appear in ionic behavior. It is considered that the particle moving velocity depends on the particle size. When the particle size is less than 1µm, the velocity increases with increasing the particle size. On the oth-er hand, the velocity deceases with increasing in particle size, when the particle size is larger than 1µm. This phenomenon is considered to be interesting from the viewpoint of classification for fine particles. We found that the electrophoretic mobility of 1.0µm particles is larger than that of 0.1µm particles, and that it is possible to classify fine particles by using the difference of electrophoretic mobility by many experimental results. The phenomena can be explained by the forces acting the fine particles in the electric field. We can apply the behavior to classification of fine particles.

Jan 1, 2014

The reactivity of clay minerals and variety of these reactions are greater than any other known colloidal material. While it is acknowledged that clay minerals can cause problems in mineral flotation, the literature contains conflicting evidence, particularly with respect to the effect of clays on froth stability. It is well known that achieving and maintaining optimum froth stability is an influential factor in determining froth flotation performance. However, the presence of clay minerals in the ore is a major challenge to obtaining a stable froth. In fact, clay minerals could reduce froth flotation performance by both decreasing and increasing froth stability. The mechanism by which clay minerals affect froth stability is not fully understood and needs to be investigated further. In order to improve flotation performance, reliable knowledge of the effect of clay minerals on froth stability is essential which is discussed in this paper. Keywords: froth flotation, froth stability, clay, clay minerals

Sep 1, 2012

By John C. Gathje, Rick Moritz, Wilhelm de Beer

"Froth flotation has a long history of success for the recovery and concentration of a wide variety of minerals of commercial interest. Both the art and science of flotation have progressed greatly, and as our knowledge has increased so has our ability to improve mineral separations and recoveries.One area of interest in recent years has been the flotation of refractory gold ores to recover the gold-bearing sulfides. In many instances, the use of conventional air flotation to concentrate these values has achieved only limited success. However, as a result of intensive research, Newmont Mining has expanded the boundaries of flotation, and it can now be used to successfully treat many gold-bearing sulfide ores as well as platinum and palladium ores. This has been achieved through the use of the N2TEC technology, which utilizes nitrogen as an inert gas in the flotation process.Laboratory and pilot plant investigations and a commercial plant have proven its worth. Compared to air, the patented N2TEC process has increased the gold recoveries of many ores by 5 to 15 percentage points, and improvements of an even greater magnitude have been observed. This paper describes the process development for the flotation plant now being operated at Newmont’s Lone Tree Mine located in Nevada, as well as development work that was done on ores from their Twin Creeks Mine also located in Nevada."

Jan 1, 2003

By C. Tokoro

Co-precipitation of dilute toxic anions with ferrihydrite is an important removal mechanism in wastewater treatment system. Although, numerous qualitative studies have been published on removal characteristic from wastewater of dilute anions by co-precipitation treatment, detail mechanism or quantitative characteristic is not well understood. This paper discussed the co-precipitation mechanism of As(V) and Cr(VI) with ferrihydrite by comparative experiments between co-precipitation and simple adsorption. In this study, co-precipitation experiments and simple adsorption ones were distinguished closely. In the former, precipitation of hydroxides and adsorption of anions develop simultaneously, but in the latter, anions adsorb onto prepared hydroxides. Although high affinity anions for hydroxides (e.g. As(V) for ferrihydrite) showed quantitative difference of removal ratio between co-precipitation experiments and simple adsorption ones, low affinity anions (e.g. Cr(VI) for ferrihydrite) showed quantitative agreement in spite of deferent forms of ferrihydrites between them, that is, amorphous ferrihydrite was formed in co-precipitation experiments, but goethite was formed in simple adsorption ones. In order to discuss the mechanism of co-precipitation phenomena, three experimental studies have been carried out: (i) adsorption isotherm measurement in the co-precipitation experiments of As(V) or Cr(VI) with ferrihydrite, (ii) zeta potential measurement of co-precipitated or simple ad-sorbed ferrihydrite with As(V) or Cr(VI), and (iii) XRD analysis of co-precipitated As(V) for ferrihydrite. All experimental results suggested the main mechanism in co-precipitation phenomena of As(V) was not only a surface complexation (simple adsorption) but also a surface precipitation.

Jan 1, 2014

By Swati Mohanty

Spiral concentrator, which works on the principle of gravity separation, is widely used in the mineral industries for separation of solid particles based on the size and density. In the present study, CFD simulation of the flow profile on a laboratory scale spiral concentrator of height 2.29 m, pitch 0.435 m and width 0.17m was carried out. A single computational domain covering the entire spiral was considered. Volume-of-Fluid algorithm was used to track the interface and predict the flow profile. In the present study the Donor-Acceptor method was used for the calculation of volume fraction in the cell. Simulation results show that the velocity increases as the water flows down due to the convective force and gravitational force, but the viscous force acting in the opposite direction retards the flow. Thus the maximum velocity is attained at turn three at which the viscous force overpowers the other forces and further down the velocity decreases. Measured water depths along the radius of the spiral at various heights were compared with simulated depths, which were in good agreement. The simulated liquid phase velocity profile was used to carry out preliminary studies on the flow profile of solid particles of size 500 micron and densities 2600kg/m3 and 5100kg/m3, based on the Lagrangian model taking into consideration fluid-particle interaction.

Sep 1, 2012

By U. Dmitrakova, G. Sedelnikova, D. Kim, E. Savari

"The paper presents the results of research on the development of gold and silver extraction technology from refractory gold sulphide flotation concentrate of one deposits of Nord-East of Russia. The concentrate is due to the complex mineral composition. Gold and silver are finely disseminated in sulphide minerals (arsenopyrite and pyrite partially oxidized by 7-11%). These are characterized by high content of silver 219 g/t and sulphide sulfur 32%, the presence of poorly soluble silver minerals (silver sulfosalts, fahlore, finely dispersed hypergenic acanthite in iron hydroxides and jarosite, etc.), and impurity minerals capable of interacting with cyanide (pyrrhotite, marcasite, nonferrous sulphides) and causing higher than normal cyanide consumption. Pretreatment of refractory sulphide concentrate by biooxidation using a mixed association of mesophilic and moderately thermophilic bacteria at a temperature of 36-40 °C for 120 hours oxidized arsenopyrite by 97.5%, pyrite by 93.5%, unlocked refractory gold, and generally oxidized the minerals absorbing cyanide and oxygen before cyanidation. Further oxidation of these minerals-absorbents was facilitated by the aeration in calcareous medium of the solid biooxidation residues of the concentrate. Sorption cyanidation of the solid biooxidation residues with addition of lead (II) of recovered 91.2% of gold and 82.9% silver from biooxidation residue, compared with 80.1% and 46.6%, respectively, for sorption cyanidation without the preceding biooxidation step. Biooxidation of the concentrate prior to cyanidation improves the recovery of precious metals, especially silver, and significantly reduces cyanide consumption from 18.7 kg/t to 3-5 kg/t of concentrate. INTRODUCTION Biooxidation of gold sulphide concentrates using acidophilic microorganisms has been successfully applied worldwide (van Aswegen et al., 2007; Gericke et al., 2009; Sovmen et al., 2007; Sovmen et al., 2009). At least 15 full-scale plants for tank biooxidation of sulphide concentrates are presently in operation, and the construction of new ones is planned (Bulaev et al, 2015)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Vladko Panayotov, Marinela Panayotova

"Recently, in order to extract metals, the industry is trying to process old metallurgical slag. The material requires very fine grinding that results in enhanced slime-formation. This in turn leads to problems in the course of the flotation process and to a loss of metal. In addition, it causes difficulties in the wastewater treatment aimed at water reuse. The aggregation and separation of the fine particles and their further subjecting to mineral processing would result in more efficient use of raw materials. Closing the water cycle also would be facilitated. The paper presents results from studying sixteen flocculation reagents, commercially available for treating municipal wastewater, including products based on nanotechnology, for their ability to rend the production wastewater in suitable for reuse in the flotation. It turned out that, from all studied reagents, the cationic C-587 is suitable for the purpose. Some of reagents were studied for their ability to flocculate selectively, in presence of coke fines, rich in copper fines which are produced at grinding of a slag from lead-zinc metallurgy. Most promising reagents are chosen, based on the chemical analysis of the flocculated materials. Open-cycle rough copper flotation experiments with the flocculated fines and recycled wastewater gave encouraging results."

Jan 1, 2014

By William Skinner, Ishmael Quaicoe, Jonas Addai-Mensah, Ataollah Nosrati

To date, intractable ore specific operational challenges such as poor heap geotechnical stability, permeability and high acid consumption rates associated with low grade (~1 wt%) nickel (Ni) laterites still makes the adoption of heap leaching processing unattractive. This paper presents some highlights of drum agglomeration, column leaching and characterization studies undertaken to foster the understanding and knowledge of some of the desirable product attributes of -2 mm and -15 mm, low grade saprolitic (SAP) and goethitic (G) Ni laterite feed ores and their blends (SAP/G). For column leaching, 5-40 mm agglomerate beds were continuously irrigated with 200 g/dm3 H2SO4 solution at 8.5 dm3/m2/h rate over 100 days. Ni, Co, Fe, Al and Mn extraction rates, free acid concentration, agglomerate bed slump and structural changes were determined as a function of time. The results show that at equivalent feed masses, except -15 mm G which displayed slower, pseudo-layering based behaviour, all the feeds (single and blends) displayed coalescence controlled agglomeration behaviour at varying binder dosages. Whilst the agglomerate compressive strength of the G ore was markedly higher than that of SAP ore, those of the blends were substantially similar. At fixed column leaching conditions, the Ni/Co extractions and acid consumption were higher for SAP ore whilst the agglomerate bed slump was lower than those for G ore. The bed of agglomerates produced from -2 mm G/-15 mm SAP blend was more stable than that for the -2 mm G/-2 mm SAP blend agglomerate, the latter experiencing blockage within 24 h of acid irrigation due to agglomerates breakdown. The Ni/Co extractions and acid consumption rates obtained for agglomerates of -15 mm G/-2 mm SAP blend were lower than expected based on the ratios of the SAP and G ores within the blend composition. The findings suggest that judicious saprolitic and limonitic ores’ blending could reduce acid consumption rate, improve the agglomerate bed robustness and enhance bed percolation behaviour under prolonged acid irrigation periods during heap leaching of lateritic ores of variable mineralogy.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. L. Liu

This work reports the results about the determination of mean activity coefficients and relative partial molar free energies for copper sulfide mineral bioleaching solutions by potentiometric method at 25ºC. The experimental potentiometric data were obtained by combining a solid state membrane-cupric ion selective electrode (Cu2+ ISE), containing a KNO3 filling solution, and an Ag/AgCl electrode. The measurements were performed in different series of copper sulfide mineral bioleaching solutions. The non-ideal behavior of the system was described on the base of the Pitzer ion-interaction model for mixed salts. Meanwhile, the relative partial molar free energies of bioleaching solution were investigated. The determination of the thermodynamic properties offers a basic data for the study of copper sulfide mineral bioleaching solutions.

Jan 1, 2014

By F. Burat

The present research covers the results of experiments carried out with high frequency vibration screen on dewatering of coal fines. In the tests, the addition of surface active reagents was studied employing a high frequency vibrating screen. To increase the efficiency of mechanical dewatering processes, ultrasonic treatment was applied along with surfactants and optimum dewatering conditions were obtained. The moisture content of the feed material was from 82.5% to 41% by the optimization of operation parameters including the angle of the screen, vibration frequency, feed rate and screen opening size. Optimum parameters obtained in dewatering processes carried out with the vibrating screen were kept constant and the effects of surface active reagents and ultrasonic treatment on dewatering were investigated. Finally, the moisture level of the material was further reduced from 41.0% to 37.66%.

Sep 1, 2012

By V. M. Mankov, O. V. Zamyatin

"Fine free gold at a size of minus 250-100 µm can be effectively recovered from mineral materials (buried clay placers, saprolites, gold-bearing aggregates, technogenic sands etc.), or MM, using some developed and implemented in practice cost-effective basic technological schemes of MM processing at every stage: exploration, main concentration processes, upgrading of gravity concentrates etc. Such technologies are based on mineral materials composition, different content of fine gold mass fractions, and include improved two-stage sluicing technology, jigging technology, advanced technology and integrated technology. The main operation principle of the given technologies is gravity concentration. They provide recovery of fine gold of any size from MM, including gold finer than 100 µm, using concentration systems and plants with a capacity of 1-2 and up to 100-200 m3 per hour. Selection of a cost-effective technology depends on its technical and economic viability regarding to mineral material composition, optimum performance and concentration rate. The developed technologies of mineral materials concentration establish a balance between technological, technical and economic factors, and ensure profitable development of deposits containing free gold and characterized by a complex composition of concentrating material. Free gold recovery with these systems increases by 2.0-2.5 times for gold particles at a size of minus 250+100 µm and 10-30 times for gold particles of minus 100 µm, compared to conventional sluicing systems. The Irgiredmet Institute has developed and supplies primary concentrate washing machines for upgrading gravity concentrates of up to 100 mm in size, with a capacity of 1.0-5.0 m3/h, fitted with various production equipment including pyro- and hydrometallurgical systems. Additionally, the Irgiredmet Institute develops and manufactures systems of mechanized processing of geological and technological samples (UOMP; registered design certificate No.27505, Russia) designed for complete recovery of free gold in the process of geological samples handling and decreasing of a human factor influence. A system includes a package of technologically associated disintegration, classification and concentration equipment with some “know-how” elements that provide effective recovery of fine gold at the exploration stage. A number of Irgiredmet’s patented technologies and systems (patents of the Russian Federation) have no equivalents in the field of mineral processing and provide designing of technologically practical and cost-effective flowsheets that offer higher recovery of gold of different sizes (fine gold), at every stage of processing of mineral materials including basic concentration processes, upgrading and exploration etc."

Jan 1, 2018

By Xing Yang, Zhen Peng, Guangwen Zhang, Haifeng Wang, Yaqun He

"Triboelectric separation of ilmenite ore based on the tribocharge differences between ilmenite and gangue minerals was conducted in this study. Triboelectric characteristics of ilmenite and its associated minerals were studied using polyvinyl chloride (PVC), pentatricopeptide repeats (PPR), copper, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), stainless steel (SS), teflon and quartz glass (QG) tribochargers in lab triboelectric unit. Results demonstrated that the ilmenite particles tribocharged positively while gangue minerals tribocharged negatively using PVC as tribocharger. The particle size also has a significant effect on tribocharge, and the -0.125+0.074 mm is the optimal size fraction of triboelectric separation. Charge-mass ratios of minerals increase with the increases of tribocharging length, but the increasing rate gradually reduce. At 1.5 m tribocharging length, charge-mass ratios of ilmenite, quartz, feldspar and mica are up to 6.07 nC/g, -6.05 nC/g, -4.30 nC/g and -4.56 nC/g, respectively. Based on the triboelectric characteristics of each mineral, triboelectric separation of ilmenite was conducted, and the grade of ilmenite ore increased from 15.47% to 28.40%. INTRODUCTION As a transition metal titanium plays an irreplaceable role in medical, aerospace and materials due to its light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance. Pure titanium dioxide is an excellent white pigment and is widely applied in industries of paint and textile. Ilmenite is the main raw material for titanium industry. For the beneficiation of ilmenite, series methods have been proposed, such as the application of dry magnetic and wet gravity separations to separate the ilmenite from the zircon and rutile. Electrostatic separation is extensively used in the beneficiation of heavy mineral sands for the recovery of rutile, zircon and ilmenite while flotation is used to separate fine ilmenite (Mehdilo et al., 2014; Fan et al., 2014). Compared with flotation and gravity separation, electrostatic separation does not consume water, and native properties of materials will not be changed and energy consumption will be reduced (Wang et al., 2014). Thus, the wide application of electrostatic separation and other dry separation methods is a trend in separation and purification industry, especially in water-scarce areas."

Jan 1, 2018