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By Paul N. Worsey

Disturbed zones of rock have been measured for blasted highway rock cuttings by Matheson and Swindells of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) of Great Britain. These zones have been shown to be directly attributable to the blasting process and accordingly vary in depth depending on blasting technique. Perimeter blasting such as smoothwalling and pre-splitting has been shown to be effective in reducing the depth of disturbed rock. Although extensive work has been carried out on surface excavations for medium diameter (l00mm) blast holes, none has been undertaken for underground excavations.

Jan 1, 1985

By Frank Barker

Mining operations present a very different environment to the suppliers of explosives, initiating systems and services, both on surface and underground. Typical hazards include underground movement, air quality, ground stability, moving equipment, and the use of explosives. As contractors to the mining industry we do not have management control over the environment in which our people operate. The hazards and consequent level of risk that our people are exposed to in some mining operations are significantly higher by orders of magnitude than in a normal factory environment. Orica Explosives (and other Explosives suppliers) are continually and increasingly identifying opportunities to partner with customers by adding value through the provision of services leading to a reduction in total mining costs. These services include the provision of a bulk underground loading services, delivery of product into underground magazines, magazine management, value added blasting, conversions, rock-on-ground contracts, and blast management programs.

Jan 1, 2000

By Mark Mammele, John Bowles

With the continuing rise in the cost of petroleum products and the focus on the increasing use of renewable resources, a readily available, economical replacement for fuel oil in ANFO is the logical next step, and has finally come to realization. This “green” fuel is plentiful, derived from renewable resources, more cost effective and reduces CO emissions. It also increases product density and bulk strength performance. As this unique fuel replaces some of the mass of ammonium nitrate prill, increased savings will be realized proportionally with the increasing cost of ammonium nitrate. Minimal changes are necessary, as this renewable fuel is designed for use and handling with current, commonly used ANFO blending and loading equipment. This proven technology is now in use by commercial operations in the Southwest, providing significant economic benefit with reduced cost per hundred weight of ANFO consumed.

Jan 1, 2008

By Vilem Petr

Optimization blast design parameters for rounds used at surface mines, quarries or cast blast has taken on a new importance with the increased the cost of the explosives and electronic detonators. This paper addresses the fundamentals of blast design and optimization explosive energy utilized for fragmentation. This laboratory studies shows that one key variable-the strain energy set up in rock mass by blast vibration – can be used to predict the extent of damage done to the rock strata, the degree of fragmentation of the broken rock, and the velocity of the broken rock. It also shows how the dynamic strength of the rock strata is influence the fragmentation size distribution as well as the blastability.

Jan 1, 2008

By Richard J. Mainiero, T S. Bajpayee

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (Bureau) has conducted research to evaluate the firing accuracy of electric delay detonators used in surface blasting operations. Over four billion pounds of explosives and blasting agents are used every year in surface blasting in coal, metal and non-metal mines. In a typical large-scale surface blast, several thousand pounds of explosives are fired in a timed sequence using delay detonators. The delayed firing of explosive charges allows time for the fragmented rock to move out before the next charge is fired.

Jan 1, 1990

By Richard J. Mainiero

Traditional techniques for the experimental determination of toxic fumes produced by the detonation of high explosives are not applicable to blasting agents. To detonate properly, blasting agents require confinement, a significant booster, charge diameters of 3 inches (7.5 cm) or greater, and charge lengths greater than two times the charge diameter. Without these conditions, blasting agents will not detonate at full order, leading to a misrepresentation of the gaseous products.

Jan 1, 1997

By Michael S. Wieland

The stress waves generated during delay blasting in underground or surface mines not only fracture the surrounding coal, rock, or other strata, but also impact delayed charges remaining in neighboring boreholes. This crossing wave interaction is a ubiquitous fundamental damage mechanism, ultimately responsible for numerous occurrences of misfires and flyrock. The hazards and waste from wave-induced malfunctions are Just the recognized tip of the iceberg. Undetected marginal performance of damaged delay detonators and desensitized charges poses a tremendous unresolved problem, resulting in the reduction of mining profits and the certain retention of unwanted risks.

Jan 1, 1988

By J R. Brinkmann

The South African gold mining industry presently uses four different types of explosives in stope blasting. There is general agreement that the type of explosive has considerable effect on Important blasting results such as the degree of rock fragmentation, the intensity of damage to surrounding rock, and the success of break-out at the toe of the hole.

Jan 1, 1989

By Kis M

The purpose of seismic control of blasting is to indicate the vibration magnitude or to eliminate the occurrence of vibration damage caused by blasting. At the Mining Research Institute in Hungary, a new method has been developed to determine the method of delay. Near the blasting site (within 100-200 meters), the peak value of the particle velocity is determined by calculation and also by measurement. In the calculations, the time error of the electric detonators is taken into consideration. During the test program, the results of the experimental blasts and the calculated data have shown good correlation. The method of calculation helps the operator eliminate vibration damage, while the greatest quantity of charge can be detonated.

Jan 1, 1979

By Y Omura

If dynamite is used in hot metal mines, it may be subject to decomposition, and the increase in nitroglycol vapour under the high temperatures causes bad headaches of workers. Also the explosives containing ammonium nitrate are very dangerous when mixed with sulfide ores at a high temperature!. Therefore we developed a heat-resistant water gel explosive which is safe to be handled at these hot metal mines.

Jan 1, 1983

By Mo Jadbabaei, Scott Harrison

There is very limited information available regarding the air pressures, flow rate, and velocity profiles in blast hole air drilling applications. Currently, many people are using incompressible flow correlation to calculate the bailing velocity. In this article, air pressure, flow rate, and velocity profiles are calculated using compressible flow theory. The airflow at the bottom of the hole is simulated using the jet flow theory. The concept of choking condition is introduced, and it is concluded that the velocity at the nozzle exit cross section cannot exceed sonic velocity. The minimum pressure required for achieving choked condition at the nozzle cross section is calculated. Choked and overchoked flow conditions at the nozzles are examined, and the maximum achievable cleaning power is correlated to the nozzle size and pressure.

Jan 1, 1999

By David R. Holberg

In the Kansas City metropolitan area, mineable Bethany Falls Limestone occurs 80 ft below river level under the 700 acre Park College Campus on the north bank of the Missouri River at Parkville. For 20 years prior to this project various firms passed over this opportunity to mine this property for construction aggregate because of uncertain costs, financial risk, and the difficulty of constructing an entry tunnel. This paper describes the drill and blast construction, rock bolting, and shotcrete lining of a 750 ft. long, 15% declining grade, truck tunnel through several Pennsylvanian limestones and shales.

Jan 1, 1997

By Mark S. Stagg, Norman S. Smith, Rolfe E. Otterness, Stephen Rholl

Blast design parameters were studied in an attempt to quantify their relationship to rock fragmentation. The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of 29 reduced-scale shots at the University of Missouri-Rolla's experimental mine with bench size from 40 to 80 inches. Design parameters varied were burden, spacing, explosive diameter and stemming-explosive length. The shots had 3 or 4 blastholes fired at delays of 1-4 ms per foot of burden, based on previous tests that showed hole interaction could improve fragmentation by 12 to 20 percent over single-hole shots or simultaneous firing. All rock, 2000 to 23,000 pounds per shot, was screened and weighed to determine the fragmentation size-weight distribution.

Jan 1, 1991

By Jerry W. Schweiker

An extensive computer program has been developed which will store and analyze pertinent blast related parameters such as date, time, shot coordinates, charge, delay times, etc. In conjunction with these blast parameters, measured ground vibration information can be stored. In addition to actual seismograph data, predicted ground vibration in terms of velocity (inches/sec) can be generated for selected receiver locations. The magnitude of the blast generated ground vibration is based on scale distance relationships. The program can be used for planning blasts, to satisfy local environmental regulations and for insurance and/or legal purposes.

Jan 1, 1984

By Travis Watts, Chris Prater, G. T. Lineberry

Moving overburden at minimal cost is becoming increasingly important to coal mining companies throughout the U.S. The coal market is currently doing well, with an average spot coal price for Central Appalachia product (12,500 Btu, 1.2 SO2) standing at $62.00 for the week ending November 11, 2005, so it is at this time that companies stand to achieve healthy rates of return on their investments. Cast blasting is one method of blasting used effectively by some surface mining operations. This method allows most of the overburden to be removed and placed (cast) directly in the spoil pile by the use of explosive energy. With the proper design of a cast blast, a high percentage of overburden material can be directed into piles without the use of earthmoving equipment, hence increasing production and lowering the cost associated with overburden removal.

Jan 1, 2006

By Dale Preece, Stephen Chung

Development of DMCBLAST-3D is continuing and now includes the capability to simulate the detonation of multiple blastholes in multiple rows that make up a conventional bench blast, either in a rock quarry or a surface coal mine. DMCBLAST-3D is a three-dimensional extension of the proven twodimensional rock blast modeling code, DMCBLAST. DMCBLAST has been under development since 1987 and has successfully predicted the physics, mechanisms and results of a number of different types of rock blasting including, coal mine bench blasting, mineral mine choke blasting and underground stope blasting. Substantial effort has gone into the qualification and verification of DMCBLAST by comparing computer code predictions with real blasts in the field. Comparison with field data has also provided significant guidance to the development of the code.

Jan 1, 2002

By Gregory S. Parker

The explosives community has seen tremendous technological advances during the past several decades. When this industry was in it's infancy and even past, Powder Monkey's defied the odds by relying on daring and cunning to unleash the power contained in nitroglycerin and black powder. Unlike the manufactured improvements, there has been little in professional evolution amongst the blasting fraternity unless provoked (for the most part) by the government. It is the intent of this author to advance the cause of an industry wide training and certification program, uniform in nature and broad-based enough to be voluntary, giving states whose outstanding programs are already in place, the opportunity to provide input. In creating this type of atmosphere, grandfathering, reciprocity and accessibility would be paramount. With ISEE taking a firm leadership role during the inception and NICET's involvement in the administration, the idea postulated here is intended to spark interest and debate, bringing the inception of such a program to the forefront.

Jan 1, 1995

By B. M. P. Pingua, M. Nabiullah

Number of mine accidents occurred in Indian surface mines are due to poor quality of explosives and blasting accessories. Amlori open cast project is one of the major coal producing projects in India. Standard drilling and blasting parameters are used to achieve desired productivity of the mine. 150 and 260 mm diameter blast holes are used for blasting in coal and overburden benches. Most of shovel benches are 12 to 16 m in height and dragline benches vary from 25 to 30 m. High-energy bulk emulsions are used for blasting. The cup density and velocity of detonation of bulk emulsion explosives are 1100 to 1200 kg/m3 and 3.8 to 4.5 km/s respectively. An incident occurred on fire bench of Amlori open cast mines during mucking of blasted muck.

Jan 1, 2008

By Herve Duplaine, Charles H. Dowding

Calculation of response spectra for blast induced vibrations is necessary to fully understand and in some instances comply with frequency or distance related safe blasting criteria. Fortunately, micro-computer systems costing less than $5000 (such as that described herein) can be programmed to calculate response spectra. This system will calculate response spectra from paper as well as FM tape records. It both digitizes (prepares the record for computer calculation) as well as calculates. Programs for the calculation have been written in BASIC, an easy to understand language used with word processors. In addition to describing the equipment and operation of the micro computer the paper will discuss the process of and rules for digitization, use of the computer for record production and will present a simple physical model for understanding dynamic structural response.

Jan 1, 1984

By J Foklesi, G Bohus, D Benedek

The breakage process in blasting takes place in space and in time and the latter will determine the degree of fragmentation, shape of the muckpile and the extent of displacement. The shock wave travels at the velocity of sound in the material and it can easily be measured. The cracks' velocity is only 0.38 % of the velocity of sound. The number of cracks at any distance from the explosion cavity, their length and the time of development can be calculated.

Jan 1, 1986