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This paper examines the properties of Australian indigenous crude oil and the changes to Australian refinery process- ing required after the Gippsland crude finds in the late '60s. In addition the paper details the dif- ferent crudes available to Australian ref ineries and the relative product yields in relation to Australian crudes. Market demand for petroleum products both now and in the future is then related to the products yields. The paper also examines the impact of the OPEC induced crude price spiral and the subsequent changes in refinery engineering, current and projected market demands, and energy conservation measures both inside and outside the industry.

Jan 1, 1982

Although most N.S.W. coal mines contain large amounts of combustible materials such as coal and timber, the introduction of mechanisation has extended the range of combustible materials now found underground. The role of combustible material in a fire is not clearly understood and as a result the assessment of these materials for flammability by small and large scale tests is doubtful. Extensive research has been carried out on the toxic and irritating gases evolved during the combustion of plastics. However, most autopsies report death due to carbon monoxide inhalation because the combined toxicity of smoke and fire gases is unknown.

Jan 1, 1981

By C R. Headley, S O. Hille, N P. Jacob

The redevelopment of the Telfer Gold Mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia was primarily based on the construction of a 17 Mtpa dual train concentrator coupled with open pit and underground mining operations. The unique copper-gold orebody at Telfer requires the application of complex flotation conditions normally reserved for base metal concentrators, where two competing minerals are managed into separate products. This paper describes the commissioning of the flotation circuit, the process modes and the master/slave relationship that flotation has with a variable orebody.

Jan 1, 2007

I have been asked to speak today on the topic of Project Finance in the Mining Industry. Through this presentation, I hope to give you a broad outline of the concept of project finance. The first half of the presentation covers the principles involved in project finance and the second half moves to aspects more specific to the mining industry. I have worked for 3 years at Rothschild Australia. Rothschild provide finance for projects in the mining industry, world wide. We finance both large and small projects, with facilities varying from $2m to $100m.

Jan 1, 1990

By U E. Sibilski

A pilot plant evaluation of the Savmin process, for the purification of mine water was commissioned by Anglogold and conducted at the Stilfontein Gold Mine, Margaret Shaft at Stilfontein in the North West province of South Africa. The purpose of the project was to obtain the operating conditions and operating costs, to produce different qualities of product water, as well as design parameters for upscaling to an industrial plant. The project was undertaken by AngloGold and Mintek of South Africa.

Jan 1, 2003

The Inquiry into the 1994 accident at Moura No. 2 Colliery included in it's findings that mine escape and rescue options for persons in underground coal mines were in need of review. The Inquiry recommended the establishment of industry working groups to report to the Queensland Chief Inspector of Coal Mines on matters including escape strategy and life support for escape from mines.One of these task groups examined issues relevant to self-escape from Australian underground coal mines and formulated recommendations and guidelines in response to the terms of reference and scope.

Jan 1, 1998

By F Solomon

This paper explores the recent escalation in public opinion for business to demonstrate the social value it generates through its activities. The concept of social capital is analysed, including the linkages between social and environmental values. Also discussed are the challenges inherent in devising a method for evaluating social value, determining appropriate performance indicators and then evaluating acceptability of outcomes. The linkage between accountability and added social value in the minerals industry is analysed. This includes an illustration of the models of accountability that are now emerging and the adding of social value.

Jan 1, 2000

Despite extensive oil exploration in"Western Australia over the past 12 years no commercial oil fields have yet been found. A total ' of 66 test wells have been drilled throughout the State but only Rough Range No.s.. 1 and 1A have produced oil in significant quantities. Active oil exploration is now in progress in the" Canning, Carnarvon, Perth, Bonaparte Gulf and Officer Basins. Test wells have been drilled' in ,all of these except the Officer Basin, where the subsurface stratigraphy is still unknown. Large .areas of the other four have hot yet been drilled. It, is- probable that. commercial oil deposits will eventually be found' in these basins as they contain thick marine sequences, and have structures 'suitable for.,the. entrapment of oil. .

Jan 1, 1964

In recent years rehabilitation of mine sites has become a principal focus of mining legislation in Victoria. In previous eras, managed rehabilitation commenced, if at all, towards the end of mining operations. Planning for rehabilitation works now commences before an exploration licence is granted.The paper gives a brief overview of the requirements for rehabilitation under the Mineral Resources Development Act 1990, Extractive Industries Act 1966, and related environmental planning legislation including rehabilitation bonds and enforcement provisions.A brief review of the current taxation provisions is also included.

Jan 1, 1992

I am honoured to have been asked by Sir James Foots, the President of the Congress Organising Committee, to open this, the 13th Congress of the Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions. The theme you will be addressing over the next few days is "The Twenty First Century - Mining, for Mankind" - a theme that must be regarded as an enormous challenge for the entire minerals industry. Previous conferences, starting in 1924 in London and followed by two others in the United Kingdom, have also taken place in Canada (three), Southern Africa (three), Australasia (two), and Hong Kong (one), but this is the first to be held in Singapore.

Jan 1, 1986

By B Madeja-Struminska

The method of evaluation of the approximate temperature of arising spontaneous fire centre and time of coal self-ignition is presented in this paper. The method uses BystronÆs (1997) model of coal self-heating and measurement of carbon monoxide concentration in the mine air outside the fire centre. Knowledge of the spontaneous fire centre temperature and time of fire beginning allows for more accurate analysis of the fire hazard in the coal mine and allows for adequate time to undertake special fire prevention actions. The method is illustrated by an example from Polish mining practice.

Jan 1, 2005

The evaluation programme and procedures develop- ed for Saindak porphyry copper-gold-silver- molybdenum deposits located in an isolated area in an extremely and region of Baluchistan are described in detail. Due to its isol .ted location, far removed from supply centres, harsh climate, paucity of water and non-availability of even unskilled labour, Saindak presented problems for which no ready made solution exist- ed. It is hoped that this Paper may be of some value to those in the LDCs who may wish to undertake similar ventures.

Jan 1, 1988

It is a facet of modern-day life that change, even of a revolu- tionary nature, normally passes without comment. People have become so conditioned to continuous improve- ments in every aspect of their lives that they would be surprised only if there were to be no change. This paper seeks to demonstrate the extent of technical change, and to indicate the need for a fuller advantage to be taken of the technologies available, or potentially available, to the profes- sion. It contends that the mineral industry has been particularly slow to embrace technical change, and has good reason to con- sider an improved attitude for both prosperity and survival.

Jan 1, 1988

The operation of a one tonne submerged combustion pilot plant for the recovery of copper from anode furnace and converter slags is described and the effects of variables discussed. Using coal as reductant, copper levels of anode furnace slag were lowered to 1% or less, with batch times of approximately 120 minutes. Fluxing with limestone was required to produce a fluid slag at temperatures of 1200 - 1300¦C. For converter slags, reduction to 0.5% Cu or less was achieved in batch times of 35 minutes. The chemistry of the pyrometallurg- ical recovery of copper is briefly reviewed in relation.to copper recovery methods.

Jan 1, 1978

Improvements in mechanisation should not be considered independently of safety and of environmental hazards. The need to keep gas contents within statutory limits may make the time needed to partially drain a gassy seam the effective control on face development times. Dust levels may provide an effective control on coal extraction rates on any one face. The combination of gas and dust on high output longwall faces may make it necessary for each one to be treated as a separate mine in terms of ventilation, and the faceworkers may need special protection. Mechanisation and safety can be mutually beneficial when mechanisation combined with systematic safety assessment reduces accidents, and when a thorough study of how to reduce accidents and health risks indicates the best method to improve mechanisation.

Jan 1, 1988

Coal exports are forecast to grow strongly, so that coal is likely to remain very important to Australia for the foreseeable future. However there is no sign that prices or profitability will rise of their own accord. Therefore the intense squeeze on costs will continue for the foreseeable future. This will mean lower manning, more outsourcing and probably an increasing rate of company attrition. As well, the political pressure from the greenhouse debate is only going to intensify and the pressure on the Federal Government after Kyoto is likely to be irresistible.

Jan 1, 1998

Partnering has come to prominence in the Australian construction industry in a formal sense this decade. The high level of disputation in the building and civil construction industries in the 1980s drove its development in both Australia and North America. PartneringÆs use has been most prominent in the construction industry, particularly in the civil and construction sectors of the industry. It has found favour in some mining development projects, one of the most notable being BHP MineralÆs Cannington project in NW Queensland. This paper examines the requirements of successful partnering agreements and describes in detail the mine development partnering agreement at Cannington. In particular, the paper discusses the authorÆs experience and recommendations for partnering to avoid contractual problems and achieve win û win project outcomes for all parties to major mining projects.

Jan 1, 1999

By Lane D. P, Malone J. G

The slag fuming furnaces are the major bottleneck in the BHAS zinc production flowsheet. Intensification of the fuming process could significantly reduce this production restriction. Oxygen enrichment was proven to be a means of intensifying the fuming process. This procedure resulted in higher slag bath temperatures, and development work was undertaken towards obtaining accurate slag bath temperature measurement and control. Slag bath temperature measurement techniques were evaluated, with infra red optical pyrometry established as the system with the most potential for continuous temperature measurement and control. Oxygen enrichment resulted in a zinc production capacity increase of 1 000 tonnes per year. An oxygen enrichment technique was developed which both minimized the risk of furnace damage and made the most efficient use of the enrichment oxygen.

Jan 1, 1989

This paper will examine some of the significant developments in the training field in Australia in the past decade and the application of these changes to the mining industry generally, and the coal sector specifically. Three major aspects will be examined:1. Competency - the use of Industry Competency Standards and how these can be used for achieving enterprise performance requirements2. Assessment - making judgements about an individual's competence, and using a rigorous assessment system as the basis for the "authorisation" system at a mine3. Evaluation - ways to evaluate the return on investment in training, and convincing CEO's/shareholders that your training dollar is being spent wisely.Before examining these issues, it is important to understand the drivers of change in the training systems in Australia, and the functions that Industry Training Advisory Bodies (ITABs) perform.

Jan 1, 1998

Sulphide Corporation Pty. Limited operates a Lead/Zinc Smelter at Cockle Creek, some 11 miles from Newcastle, N. S. W . Works effluents totalling some 8, 500, 000 gallons/day join Cockle Creek some 1. 8 miles from its mouth in the most northerly section of Lake Macquarie, The Creek is also the source of the Works cooling water intake of which approximates 8, 000, 000 g.p. d. In view of the wide use of the Lake for recreational activities by the people of Newcastle and the surrounding areas, particular care must be taken to ensure that the control of effluent quality is of a high order. This paper outlines the philosophy and measures taken for the treatment and control of plant effluents discharging into Cockle Creek.

Jan 1, 1971