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William B. Cogswell, member of the Institute since 1872, died on June 7, 1921, at his home in New York City, after an illness of about six weeks occasioned by an infection of the middle car. Mr. Cogswell is survived by his wife, Mrs. Cora Brownell Cogswell; a son-in-law, and three grandchildren. His first wife died in 1877. William Cogswell was born at Oswego, Sept. 22, 1834, and was taken to Syracuse by his parents when he was four years old. He attended Hamilton Academy and private schools in Syracuse and Seneca Falls. In 1843, he visited England with his parents and brought back a set of drawing instruments, which led to a series of lessons in architecture under Luther Gifford, the only architect in Syracuse at the time. The boy drew many building plans and one set was used for the old Globe Hotel in Syracuse, erected in 1846 and 1847. In 1848, when only 14, he spent a year with a party that was surveying the route of the Syracuse & Oswego R. R. and relaying the tracks of the Utica & Syracuse R. R. He studied civil engineering at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, for three years, but left that institution in 1852 without receiving his degree. Many years later, in 1884, the degree of C. E. was conferred upon him. During the three years following 1852, Mr. Cogswell served as an apprentice in machine shops at Lawrence, Mass., under the superintendence of John S. Hoadley. About 1856, he was made manager of the machinery department of the Marietta & Cincinnati R. R., at Chili-cothe, Ohio, and three years later became superintendent of the Broadway foundry at St. Louis, Mo. In 1860, in Syracuse, Mr. Cogswell was associated with William A. and A. Avery Sweet in the formation of Sweet Bros. & Co., which later became the Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Mr. Cogswell received a civilian appointment as mechanical engineer in the United States Navy. During 1860 he was located at Port Royal, S. C., having general supervision over the work of fitting up repair shops at five widely separated stations on the Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of Mexico. In this year his genius and resourcefulness were notably shown. He literally launched a naval machine shop, so that warships could be repaired without leaving, and thereby weakening, blockades against Southern ports. The machine shop was assembled by Mr. Cogswell and shipped by boat to Port Royal. There an old whaler was made over for machine shop purposes and Mr.

Jan 1, 1922

William B. Cogswell, member of the Institute since 1872, died on June 7, 1921, at his home in New York City, after an illness of about six weeks occasioned by an infection of the middle car. Mr. Cogswell is survived by his wife, Mrs. Cora Brownell Cogswell; a son-in-law, and three grandchildren. His first wife died in 1877. William Cogswell was born at Oswego, Sept. 22, 1834, and was taken to Syracuse by his parents when he was four years old. He attended Hamilton Academy and private schools in Syracuse and Seneca Falls. In 1843, he visited England with his parents and brought back a set of drawing instruments, which led to a series of lessons in architecture under Luther Gifford, the only architect in Syracuse at the time. The boy drew many building plans and one set was used for the old Globe Hotel in Syracuse, erected in 1846 and 1847. In 1848, when only 14, he spent a year with a party that was surveying the route of the Syracuse & Oswego R. R. and relaying the tracks of the Utica & Syracuse R. R. He studied civil engineering at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, for three years, but left that institution in 1852 without receiving his degree. Many years later, in 1884, the degree of C. E. was conferred upon him. During the three years following 1852, Mr. Cogswell served as an apprentice in machine shops at Lawrence, Mass., under the superintendence of John S. Hoadley. About 1856, he was made manager of the machinery department of the Marietta & Cincinnati R. R., at Chili-cothe, Ohio, and three years later became superintendent of the Broadway foundry at St. Louis, Mo. In 1860, in Syracuse, Mr. Cogswell was associated with William A. and A. Avery Sweet in the formation of Sweet Bros. & Co., which later became the Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Mr. Cogswell received a civilian appointment as mechanical engineer in the United States Navy. During 1860 he was located at Port Royal, S. C., having general supervision over the work of fitting up repair shops at five widely separated stations on the Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of Mexico. In this year his genius and resourcefulness were notably shown. He literally launched a naval machine shop, so that warships could be repaired without leaving, and thereby weakening, blockades against Southern ports. The machine shop was assembled by Mr. Cogswell and shipped by boat to Port Royal. There an old whaler was made over for machine shop purposes and Mr.

Jan 1, 1922

By C. G. Rhodes, D. Kramer

The kinetics of precipitation of transient a phase during the transformation in U-16 wt pct Mo between 400° and 550°C were studied using quantitative metallography and electrica1 resistiuity measurements. The volume percent of a phase goes through a maximum in time, corresponding to a critical degree of progress of y' formation. prior to its re-solution after prolonged annealing. The fastest rate of a precipitation oc-cuvs at 500°C with a concomittant lowest peak of 9.5 vol pct a. At 450°C, 14 vol pct a, greatest fov any temperature, was observed after 24 hr witlz an associated slowest rate of formation. a precipitation at 400°C ceases after approximately 160 hr and the amount of a present remains unchanged after long times at temperature; no y' was observed metallographically at this temperature. IN the U-Mo system at 16 wt pct Mo, an ordering reaction takes place below 600°C, see Fig. 1, whereupon the random bcc solid solution, y, transforms to the ordered bct phase, y'."2 The new unit cell is constructed of three old unit cells somewhat distorted. While attempting to study the kinetics of this transformation it was observed that an unexpected phase was precipitating out early during the transformation anneal reaching appreciable amounts before disappearing after long times. The y' appeared in the presence of this new phase and after long times constituted the whole sample. Owing to the high optical activity of this unexpected phase under polarized light, it was suspected to be the a phase. Subsequent X-ray powder pictures confirmed this belief. The kinetics of a phase formation and disappearance is the subject of this paper. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A) Alloy Preparation. Alloys for this study were prepared by vacuum induction melting normal reactor grade uranium and 99.5 wt pct Mo pellets in thoria crucibles. Two ingots were prepared, and sections of the top and bottom of each ingot were chemically analyzed for uranium and molybdenum content. The results of the analyses appear in Table I. B) Metallography. Samples of 16M were wrapped in tantalum foil, sealed in evacuated (5 X 10"6 mm of Hg) quartz capisules, and annealed at 1110"C prior to being transferred directly to the transformation temperature. They were examined metallographically after increasing times to determine the progress of the transformation at 400°, 450°, 500°, and 550°C. The samples were prepared for metallographic examination by mechanical polishing with diamond paste and electrolytic polishing with a solution of glacial acetic acid and chromic acid. Since the y' phase is tetragonal, its presence can be detected by viewing the sample in polarized light. To increase the contrast between y' plates, the samples were electro-etched in a 10 pct oxalic acid solution. To reveal a phase in bright field (it can be seen in polarized light in the "as-polished" state), the samples were electro-etched in a solution of citric acid and nitric acid. To determine the vol pct a phase, a variation of the one dimensional systematic point count method as described by Hilliard and cahn3 was used. The

Jan 1, 1962

Powder Metallurgy Committee Local Sections DETROIT Robert Henderson, President, Victor Gallatin, Vice-President, Secretary, J I Farmer, Treasurer John Check, NEW YORK K H Roll, Chairman

Jan 1, 1957

By AIME AIME

DESTRUCTION of the plants, machines, utilities, tools, materials, and other essentials for peacetime living penalizes not only the owners of the materials destroyed, but the world as a whole. Specifically, the fundamental fallacy of any proposal for the in- discriminate destruction of the German industrial system is that it fails to differentiate between the wartime and the peacetime economy of the Reich. We are for one simple, clear objective-an effective industrial means to keep Germany from starting another war. This objective should not be con- fused, especially before the war is even won, with the appropriate punishment of Germany or with the international arrangements for the long future to be made around the peace table by the representatives of the Allied Nations after victory is achieved. This paper, therefore, does not deal with broad, complex postwar questions of diplomacy and international policy. "Unconditional surrender" implies disarmament of the German armies, the surrender of all arms, munitions, air- planes, and other ordnance material in stock piles or in process. It also should include the elimination of all German war production facilities, such as ordnance plants, munitions plants, and submarine works, and the control of raw materials required by war industries.

Jan 1, 1944

By J. A. Morgan, R. E. Lund, D. E. Warnes

The design, operation, and performance of an integrated pilot plant for recovering zinc and copper from a complex sulfide ore are described. Metallurqical processing comprised selective sulfate roasting in a fluid bed, leaching in a weak sulfuric acid solution, recovering copper by cementation with scrap iron, air oxidation to remove soluble iron, more-or-less conventional Purification for removal of impurities deleterious to zinc electrolysis, recovering zinc by electrolyzing solutions, and recycling spent electrolyte to the sulfating roaster. The effects of several feed preparation and roasting variables on the sulfation response of zinc, copper, and iron are set forth, together with the electrolyzing characteristics of the zinc solutions. SEVERAL years ago, St. Joseph Lead Co. undertook a research program to develop procedures for winning values from a complex ore. The deposit was a massive sulfide ore body containing upwards of 65 pct pyrite. Gangue, composed principally of quartz, calcite, dolomite, and alumina, comprised only 10 to 20 pct of the mineralized zones. Zinc, lead, and copper values were variable, but averaged about 6.7 pct Zn, 2.6 pct Pb, and 0.4 pct Cu. Early in the exploratory test work, it was established that the intimate physical association of the minerals in the ore made beneficiation by conventional flotation procedures difficult. Accordingly, in addition to a comprehensive program to investigate physical methods of ore beneficiation, a research program was established to develop a direct metallurgical method for processing the ore. After surveying a number of potential methods for recovery of both metal and sulfur values, effort was concentrated on the development of a sulfate roasting process. It is the pilot-plant development of the sulfate roasting-solution purification—electrolyzing procedures which forms the subject of the present paper. PREPILOT PLANT INVESTIGATIONS From a thermodynamic viewpoint, it is feasible to sulfate selectively a host of metals, including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Co, in an iron sulfide ore without sulfating iron. Of course, a number of conditions such as roasting temperature and gas composition must be controlled. In addition, as first disclosed by Hybinette,' an alkali metal salt is frequently beneficial in promoting the sulfation reactions. The application of fluid bed roasting to the sulfate roasting of nonferrous metals was pioneered by Stephens of Battelle Memorial Institute.' Subsequently, Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd. developed an unique process for selectively sulfating and recovering nickel, copper, and cobalt from their nickeliferous pyrrhotite, which recently has been described in an excellent paper by Thornhill.3 One of the unique features of the Falconbridge process is that the feed is introduced into the fluidized roasting furnace in a manner such that the feed slurry is broken up into droplets and the droplets lose their moisture before contacting the surface of the fluidized bed. The dried droplets do not tend to cake or fuse, but rather remain as discrete agglomerates of concentrate particles and roast without significant degradation. St. Joseph, aware that Battelle Memorial Institute had participated in the development of the Falconbridge process, obtained permission from Falcon-

Jan 1, 1962

By AIME AIME

THE meeting of the Petroleum Division at Houston, Oct. 10-12-headquarters, Rice Hotel-was preeminently a technological success. Two hundred and twenty-five attended the Thursday morning session and approximately 200 attended the sessions on Thursday and Friday afternoons and Saturday morning. Harry Power, Chairman of the Division, in his opening remarks, credited Paul Weaver and M. Albertson, respectively chairman and vice-chairman of the local committee, with working long and prodigiously in organizing the program. The theme of the initial session was indicated by Mr. Albertson in a statement relative to the estimation of developed petroleum reserves. He said that the problem of securing more accurate estimates of developed petroleum reserves existed prior to curtailment of production. With curtailment, however, the problem became an acute one. Mr. Albertson gave some of the more important reasons for this situation. Since the decline-curve method became inapplicable, the volumetric method has become the chief one used. It depends on the factors of productive formation volume, porosity, saturation, and recovery. He briefly discussed the factors necessary for application of the volumetric method. P. P. Gregory discussed the estimation of petroleum reserves in prorated lime¬stone fields (see his paper in the October

Jan 1, 1935

By Carel Robinson

THE little coal mine at Otsego, in the Winding Gulf field of southern West Virginia was dying. In the history of coal mining thousands of mines have been successful at first, but usually a change occurred and profits ceased. Often be change was so gradual and extended over such a length of time that the fundamental causes did not stand out in sharp relief and their significance was not realized. Studies often reveal that the cause for failure was in the arteries that connect the producing places with the mine entrance. Profits continued so long as the working places were close to the tipple and while the thrill of newness aid ease of access resulted in effective supervision from day to day. The air- way and haulageway, the wire line and manway, may have been sufficient when the distance from the entrance was a few hundred feet, but were inadequate when this was extended for thousands of feet.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. B. Menardi

The history, geology, ore deposits and current mining operations of the Huitzuco district have been described by C. W. Vaupelll and the current mill operations by David Segura.2 This paper completes the story of Huitzuco with a description of the reduction of the flotation concentrates. The predominant ore mineral in the Huitzuco deposit is livingstonite, a rare, mercury-antimony sulphide (HgS.2Sb2S3). Other associated minerals include cinnabar, stibnite and elemental sulphur. The gangue is largely limestone and gypsum. Former operators mined a selected grade of ore, from which the mercury was recovered by an expensive, inefficient operation. A considerable tonnage of rejects and fills, carrying mercury and antimony, was left in the mine. In order to recover both mercury and antimony from these fills and also from newly developed ore, a combination method has been developed, by means of which the livingstonite is concentrated by flotation and the flotation concentrates subsequently reduced to metallic mercury and antimony. An essential part of the flotation treatment, as developed by Segura, is the use of copper sulphate as an activating agent. A typical analysis of concentrates now being produced at the property is as follows: Hg, 7.73 per cent; Sb, 26.40; Fe, 1.20; S, 29.68; CaO, 11.50; MgO, 7.25; SiOz, 1.63; A1203, 0.65. PRocess foR Treatment op Concentrates In the development of a process for treatment of these concentrates, three different methods were investigated: (1) roasting in a Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine with an excess of air; (2) separation of mercury and antimony by distillation in a reducing atmosphere; (3) a third method, which ultimately developed into the present process. The third method involved a slow calcination at a closely regulated temperature with a limited admission of air, which separated the mercury and antimony, the raeroury passing out of the kiln with the furnace gases and the antimony remaining in the calcine or "sinter."

Jan 1, 1944

By P. Bandopadhyay, T. C. Rao

Geologically the Indian coals belong to Gondwana formations. Being of drift origin, these coals contain high percentage of mineral matter distributed in finely disseminated form. Indian coal-preparation plants process prime coking and medium coking coals for use in steel plants. Limited resources of good quality coking coals (Table 1) could not keep pace with the rapid developments of the iron and steel industry in India. This resulted in the introduction of coal-preparation technology and the establishment of washeries in India in the last 30 years or so. The first four washeries were set up during the early fifties at West-Bokaro, Jamadoba, Lodna and Kargali. Next came the first non-coking coal washery at Nowrozabad set up by the Associated Cement Company. In 1961, following the recommendation of Central Coal Washeries Committee (1953-54), Hindustan Steel Ltd. had set up five central washeries at appropriate locations, viz Durgapur, Dugda (2 washeries), Patherdih and Bhojudih, so that the raw coal feed having similar washability characteristics can conveniently come from a number of collieries to a particular washery. Subsequently, to meet the increasing demand of metallurgical coal by steel plants, two more central washeries (at Durgapur and Chasnala) and three pit-head washeries (at Kathara, Swang and Gidi) were installed by 1970. The prime objective of washing Indian coking coal is essentially to reduce the ash content. All the washeries in India, taken together have an installed capacity of about 26 million tons of raw coal input per annum. Details of these washeries in respect of their annual capacity, main washing systems adopted and the nature and size of the products are given in Table 2. It can be observed from this table that (1) bulk of the coal is processed in units like jigs HM baths and HM cyclones; (2) only two of the washeries have cleaning circuits for treatment of fines.

Jan 1, 1980

By Will B. Jamison

Man's material advance from one level of civilization to the next has involved the development of new, more useful tools and the utilization of energy greater than he alone could produce. These two essentials for material progress have developed at an ever increasing rate in the last century. While the first really successful use of mechanical energy derived from burning fuel was in James Watt's steam engine which pumped water from coal mines in Cornwall about 1770, there was still very little use of mechanical energy in mining by 1900 except for pumping and hoisting. Compressed air, having some of the characteristics of steam and which operated engines not unlike steam engines or steam hammers, powered the first attempts to mine coal with energy greater than human muscle could provide. When direct current-powered traction cars replaced horse-drawn transportation cars on city streets, it was natural that direct current locomotives should begin to replace animal and human power in mine haulage. Slowly, trolley and battery locomotives were developed and introduced. With d-c systems being established for haulage, it was natural that improved cutting machines should be developed and powered by d-c motors. Thus began the years of

Jan 5, 1960

By V. H. Wilhelm

In contrast with the previous year's activity, the California oil industry for 1938 showed a decrease in drilling, market demand, and discovery of new oil reserves, although there was an increase in oil production. Although additions to reserves from new fields and extensions were less than withdrawals during the year, reappraisals of discoveries in 1937 added to new discoreries during 1938 amounted to over 300,000,000 bbl. The following comparative statement shows the important changes in various phases of the industry: Throughout the year the storage situation became progressively more acute, owing principally to less Pacific foreign demand, and increased potential from drilling the newly discovered fields and pools (Fig. 1). California storage increased approximately 32,000,000 bbl. during 1938, most of which (approximately 18,000,000 bbl.) was heavy crude and residuum. The market demand for the year was around 600,000 bbl. per day. Because of the trend toward Diesel power for heavy transportation, the non-gasoline-bearing crudes arc fast becoming a drug on the market. New discoveries were instrumental in increasing the potential production of the state from 1,076,000 bbl. per day in January to an all-time high of 1,420,000 bbl. per day at the close of the year; although the indicated reserves of these new discoveries were not equal to the yearly withdrawal of 249,000,000 bbl. As of the end of 1938, the state was voluntarily curtailed about 58 per cent. As a result of prospecting during the year, six new fields were discovered, three fields were extended, and deeper zones were reached in five of the older fields.

Jan 1, 1939

By V. H. Wilhelm

In contrast with the previous year's activity, the California oil industry for 1938 showed a decrease in drilling, market demand, and discovery of new oil reserves, although there was an increase in oil production. Although additions to reserves from new fields and extensions were less than withdrawals during the year, reappraisals of discoveries in 1937 added to new discoreries during 1938 amounted to over 300,000,000 bbl. The following comparative statement shows the important changes in various phases of the industry: Throughout the year the storage situation became progressively more acute, owing principally to less Pacific foreign demand, and increased potential from drilling the newly discovered fields and pools (Fig. 1). California storage increased approximately 32,000,000 bbl. during 1938, most of which (approximately 18,000,000 bbl.) was heavy crude and residuum. The market demand for the year was around 600,000 bbl. per day. Because of the trend toward Diesel power for heavy transportation, the non-gasoline-bearing crudes arc fast becoming a drug on the market. New discoveries were instrumental in increasing the potential production of the state from 1,076,000 bbl. per day in January to an all-time high of 1,420,000 bbl. per day at the close of the year; although the indicated reserves of these new discoveries were not equal to the yearly withdrawal of 249,000,000 bbl. As of the end of 1938, the state was voluntarily curtailed about 58 per cent. As a result of prospecting during the year, six new fields were discovered, three fields were extended, and deeper zones were reached in five of the older fields.

Jan 1, 1939

By K. H. Heino

Two 200 T/da Lurgi Turbulent Layer fluid-bed roasters have been in operation at Canadian Electrolytic Zinc Limited since 1966. Zinc concentrate containing 52-54% Zn, 9-11% Fe,31-33% S is treated to produce calcine containing 60-62% Zn,10-12% Fe, .l-.3% S as sulphide and .8-1.2% S as sulphate. Each roaster train comprises a waste heat boiler, two cyclones in parallel and a two-field electrostatic precipitator. Distribution of calcine collected is 10-15 percent from bed overflow, 55-65 percent from boilers, 20-25 percent from cyclones and 2-6 percent from precipitators. A Monsanto designed contact plant produces acid at a rated capacity of 365 T/da (100% H2304 basis) from roaster gases diluted to 7.0-7.5% S02. The process steps are gas cleaning and cooling by weak acid scrubbing, acid mist removal in electrostatic precipitators, gas drying in 93.5-96.5% H2304, conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide in a four-pass converter containing vanadium pentoxide catalyst, and absorption of the sulphur trioxide in 98.1-98.3% H2S04. Product acid is 93.2% H2S04. Conversion efficiency is 97-98 percent and overall sulphur recovery from concentrate is 87-90 percent. The adjacent fertilizer plant has a capacity of 135 T/da of P205. The products are 54 percent phosphoric acid, run-of-pile triple superphosphate, and diammonium phosphate. The plant is of Ugine-Kuhlman design and consists of an air-cooled multiple tank reactor, a tilting pan filter, and a forced circultation vacuum evaporator. Triple superphosphate is made on a continuous belt and partially cured in a rotary dryer. Diammonium phosphate is produced by ammoniating phosphoric acid in a single stage reactor. The slurry of ammonium phosphate is granulated in a blunger and dried.

Jan 1, 1970

By F. Z. Schellenberg

A recent visit with the engineering students of the Western University of Pennsylvania to the Keeling coal-mine on the south side of Pittsburgh furnished interesting matter to communicate, as may be the case, however, with regard to the striking features of any of our well-arranged larger collieries; for every mine surely appears unique as a whole, though description fails to give that impression, except in particulars.

Jan 1, 1900

Cooperation will be the keynote of the meeting of the Institute that will be held in New York on February 17 to 20. Arrangements are being made for two joint sessions with the Canadian Mining Institute, on the same day, which therefore will be known as Canadian Mining Institute Day. On the afternoon of Wednesday, February 19, there will be a joint session with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Besides, we will receive six or eight papers through the National Research Council, four of which will be presented at the National Research Council Session. In March, at the next meeting, of the Canadian Mining Institute, there will be an American Institute of Mining Engineers Day. The plan is to have the same subjects discussed at both meetings, but by different speakers. One speaker on each subject will represent the Canadian Mining Institute, and one speaker the American Institute of Mining Engineers. The Canadians and the Americans who will speak in Canada are expected to attend the discussion in New York. In addition the discussion at the New York meeting will be sent to Canada in printed form, so that the Canadian discussion will be a continuation of the former. At the joint session with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, there will -be presented six very important papers on the subject of Electric Welding, one by the Chairman of the Electric Welding Research Committee of the National Research Council, another by the Chairman of the Metallurgical Sub-committee of that same Committee, and a third by Comfort A. Adams, President of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and Chairman of the Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. We will receive six or eight papers through the National Research Council. These papers are results of recent investigations and represent the last word in their respective subjects. The excursion on Thursday, February 20, will be to Newark Bay to visit the Federal Shipyard where the first, electric-welded ship is being built. Philip W. Henry is chairman of the excursion committee of arrangements.

Jan 1, 1919

By Henry Rawdon

THE METHOD of demonstrating the structure existing in a metal or alloy at high temperatures, by etching a polished sample after it has been heated to the desired temperature, is quite familiar to metallographists. The usual procedure1,2 is to heat the specimen, previously polished for microscopic examination, to the desired temperature, in a neutral atmosphere (hydrogen or nitrogen), then admit the etching gas. (chlorine, hydrochloric acid or similar gas) for. a few seconds, and finally, after flushing out the etching gas with the neutral one, cool the specimen in the neutral atmosphere. The pattern produced by etching at a definite temperature is usually taken as a record of the microstructure prevailing at that temperature. It has frequently been pointed out that changes in composition of the surface metal occur during the preliminary heating in the neutral atmosphere, so that the appearance produced' by the etching at high temperature may not exactly represent the condition of the interior of the specimen. To overcome this uncertainty, the heating has sometimes been done in vacuo,3 the etching gas being ad-mitted when the desired temperature was reached, then pumped out and the specimen cooled in vacuo.

Jan 2, 1920

By A. Faber du Faur

At the request of some of the members to whom I have shown a collection of specimens of sulphur from southern Utah, I herewith present some notes relating to the mines and the method of extracting the sulphur from the ore. In preparing these notes I have borrowed from a paper by Prof. G. vom Rath, published in the Neue Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, vol. i., 1884, dated Salt Lake City, December, 1883. The Cove Creek sulphur-bed, now worked by the Dickert & Myers Sulphur Co., is in Beaver county, near the line of Millard county. It was first discovered by Mr. Ferdinand Dickert in 1869 ; other beds in the same neighborhood mere found by him from 1872 to 1875, making altogether 22 mining claims. The want of railroad communication prevented the early development of these claims; but in 1883 Mr. F. Dickert put up a plant for extracting sulphur from the ore, which proved a perfect success; and in 1885 the property was transferred to a stock company organized under the laws of Utah. The railroad station nearest to the Cove Creek mines is Black Rock, on the Utah Central Railroad, 204 miles south from Salt Lake City, and about 26 miles west of the mines. The road from Black Rock to the mines passes through desert and lava-bed, to the road leading from Kanosh to Beaver, which latter road it joins near Cove Creek fort, a square stone enclosure, erected by the Mormons for protection against the Indians. Cove Creek fort is situated near the eastern limit of a plain bounded on the west at a distance of about 12 miles by the Mineral range, and on the east by the Sulphur mountains, forming part of the Tushar mountains. To the northwest the plain runs into the Sandy desert. About 3 miles from the fort rises a solitary hill about 1000 feet above the

Jan 1, 1888

By W. B. Tucker

UNUSUAL interest has recently centered in the Mojave mining district of California, owing to new discoveries of gold ore at the Silver Queen mine, and subsequently at other neighboring proper- ties. These finds have proved that opportunities exist for the prospector even in old mining districts, where careful search may still be rewarded. The Mojave district is characterized by a group of small hills centering around Soledad Butte, four to six miles southwest of Mojave, in Kern County. This butte is 1250 ft. higher than the surrounding desert and 4000 ft. above sea level. Four miles west of Soledad Mountain are the so-called Middle Buttes, a group of flat-topped hills. Gold was first discovered in the district in 1894, and the following productive mines developed: Queen

Jan 1, 1936

By W. M. Small

From the one producing well in Austria, 7000 bbl. of heavy oil was produced and sold in 1933. This well, owned by the Raky-Danubia, was completed late in 1932 in the formation called Flysch (Upper Cretaceous or lower Eocene) near Zistersdorf north of Vienna. Two wildcats drilling in the vicinity have not yet reached the producing beds. Near Vienna, the European Gas and Electric Co. drilled five shallow wells for gas, three of which were failures. One gas well was completed for 8 million cu. ft. capacity at 260 meters depth and with a pressure of 570 lb. Another is being tested following blowouts. One gas well and one dry hole were completed in the pool in 1932. In Upper Austria, the same company abandoned one wildcat at 679 m. and is drilling at 280 m. on a second. No gas was sold during the year, but a line is being completed to supply fuel to boilers of the Vienna Electric Works. Hungary No deep drilling was done in 1933. Oil and gas concession was granted by Parliament to the European Gas and Electric Co. on Trans-danubia. Active geological and geophysical investigation is in progress. Czechoslovakia In the Gbely and Hodonin shallow fields, some 26 wells were drilled of which three were reported as failures. The total production of the fields was 111,736 bbl. of oil and 40 million cu. ft. of gas used as fuel in the field. At Vacenovice, where there were already two small gas wells, a third producer was completed at 420 m. This pool markets a small amount of gas, which is compressed and used to light railway carriages. Wildcat wells were reported drilling at about 300 m. depth at both Jasina and Telnice. One 700-ni. wildcat near the Hodonin field was abandoned. Another failure was reported completed and abandoned at 820 m. near Holic.

Jan 1, 1934