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By C. F. Frey, P. J. Ahern, J. F. Wallace

THE high affinity of molten titanium for oxygen and nitrogen has resulted in considerable difficulty in developing a satisfactory melting procedure. It has been found necessary to perform melting operations either in a vacuum or inert atmos-phere, and failure to obtain a satisfactory crucible material has necessitated the use of special melting techniques. These techniques have included cold-mold arc-melting utilizing both consumable and nonconsumable electrodes, skull-melting, drip-melting, and levitation melting.' It has been recognized generally that the melting of both titanium sponge and titanium scrap would be expedited by the use of induction-melting procedures but the lack of a crucible capable of containing molten titanium without objectionable contamination thus far has prevented the use of induction-melting procedures. An extensive investigation: which included the common refractory materials was not successful in developing a satisfactory crucible for induction-melting. Some success in induction-melting has been attained with the use of a graphite crucible material, but in all instances sufficient carbon contamination was encountered to cause an appreciable reduction in the optimum mechanical properties of the titanium or titanium alloys. These investigations"" report an increase in the carbon content from approximately 0.3 to 1.0 pct. A serious reduction in the tensile and forming properties has been observed as a result of this carbon contamination. The development of a satisfactory induction-melting procedure for titanium without undue contamination undoubtedly would have considerable economic significance. Such a process would be particularly useful in melting the large quantities of low-cost scrap now available that can only be reprocessed at considerable expense and difficulty by the more elaborate techniques referred to previously. In addition, the process could provide a satisfactory method of melting and alloying of bri-quetted sponge for forging ingots.

Jan 1, 1959

By G. B. Misra

Though resistance to flow offered by mine airways supported with timber sets has been an object of study over the last half century, no accurate relation has yet been established from which prediction of the resistance coefficient of a projected timbered airway can be made. Zenofontowa et al. developed an empirical relation, but this relation has not been found to satisfactorily correlate experimental data obtained by Sales and Hinsley. This led the author to develop a set of simple theoretical relations between the resistance coefficient of timbered airways and the various parameters affecting it, such as the type and spacing of sets as well as the shape and size of members forming the set. Experiments were designed with the help of a laboratory model airway to verify the validity of the relations developed. With the experiments conducted so far with 4, 3 and 1-piece sets of 3.4 x 3.4, 2..5 x 2.5, and 4.5 X 4.5-cm square-section timbers in a 45.8 x 38-cm model airway, the theoretical relations have been shown to hold.

Jan 1, 1972

By R. J. Brison, W. C. Bleimeister

The International Salt Company has long been interested in finding an efficient process for the removal of impurities from rock salt, and particularly from the rock salt produced at the Detroit mine. Methods which have been used previously at the Detroit mine included both hand sorting and differential crushing in a Bradford breaker with rejection of the oversize. Neither of these methods was adequately effective. The development of a new process for removal of impurities from rock salt has been described in the preceding article." Basically, the process consists of exposure of crude rock salt to radiant heating which selectively heats the impure particles. Subsequently the heated particles are removed by adhesion to a heat sensitive-coating on a conveyor belt. This method was found to be effective in improving both the quality and appearance of rock salt by the rejection of the dark, impure particles.

Jan 8, 1960

By Royal Jackman

Two comprehensive papers have appeared regarding the forms of copper that occur in smelter slags, one by Frank E. Lathe1 and the other by C. G. Maier and G. D. Van Arsdale.2 These authors comment on other published results and draw conclusions from their own investiga-tions. The development of X-ray examination of minerals and improve-ment in high-power microscopic methods make it possible today to get additional evidence by means that were not available to earlier investi-gators. The present work was confined to reverberatory slags obtained from five different plants. Some definite conclusions were reached regarding the forms of copper present in these slags. In most cases these agree with some of the findings of Maier and Van Arsdale but new methods of attack were used in the investigation.

Jan 1, 1933

By C. F. Kaiser, T. J. Roberts, I. A. Thomson

The Broken Hill Pty. Co. Ltd. grate-kiln pelletizing plant located at Whyalla, South Australia, produced a total of 250,000 tons of fluxed pellets during 1970. More than 180,000 tons were exported to Japan, while the remainder was used in B.H.P. Co. blast furnaces. The pellet plant treats high grade hematite ore fines and has a nominal capacity of 1.5 million tpy. The induration equipment includes a grate 12-ft 2-in. wide by 164-ft 1-in. long, a kiln 18-ft 6-in. diam by 118-ft 8-in. long, and a rotary cooler 50-ft mean diam by 7 ft wide. Operating problems encountered in the production of fluxed pellets are detailed. The most significant aspect of the trial was the increased production, from about 5100 tpd up to a maximum of 7100, brought about by the addition of artificial magnetite to the plant feed. Laboratory evaluation of fluxed pellets showed that pellets having a basicity ratio (CaO to SiO2) in excess of 1.2 have excellent physical qualities. Reducibility and compressive strength after reduction were both higher for these fluxed pellets than for normal acid pellets. Although it was not possible to publish blast furnace operating data, blast furnace trials on fluxed pellets indicated that production was higher and dust losses substantially lower, compared with similar operations on acid pellets.

Jan 1, 1973

By W. G. Matteson

I. Introduction...................................................... 436 (a) Extent of the Gulf Coastal Plain. (b) History of Important Gulf Coast Oil Pools. 1. Corsicans, Tex. 2. Spindletop, Tex. 3. Sour Lake, Tex. 4. Jennings, La. 5. Saratoga, Tex. 6. Batson, Tex. 7. Humble, Tex. 8. Caddo, La. 9. Vinton, La. 10. Naborton, La. 11. Red River, La. 12. Edgerly, La. 13. Goose Creek, Tex. 14. Damon Mound, Tex. 15. New Iberia, La. (c) Favorable Features of the Gulf Coast Pools. 11. General Topography and Physiography of the Gulf Coastal Plain.....440 111. General Stratigraphy of the Gulf Coastal Plain West of the 90th Meridian......................................................441 IV. Structural Types and their Characteristics.........................446 (a) hnticlinal Structure. (b) Structure of Salt Domes. 1. Domes of the Coast Prairie. 2. Domes of the Wold Region. 3. Recapitulation of Dome Structural Characteristics. V. Methods of Surveying and Prospecting............................. 454 VI. The Development of Salt Domes................- .................458 VII. Origin of Salt Domes...............4.............................461 (a) The Volcanic-plug Theory of Hager. (b) The Contemporaneous Sedimentation Theory of Norton. (c) The Theory of Upward Pressure Exerted by the Force of Growing Crystals, as Developed by Harris. VIII. Source of the Oil in the Gulf Coastal Pools.........................465 IX. Petrolific Value of the Salt Domes of the Wold Region..............467 X. Future Outlook.................................................. 467

Jan 1, 1918

By William B. Phillips

This paper was prepared at the request of Capt. A. F. Lucas, Chair man of the Institute's Committee on Petroleum and Gas; as a pre1iminary.discussion of the fuel oils which are used in the Southwest, giving their composition, uses, prices, etc. Should it afterward be found desirable, these observations may be extended over a larger area. In this connection, I suggest that samples of all kinds of fuel oils, including various tars, from all over the country, be collected and sent to some testing laboratory for examination. We would be glad to extend the facilities of the laboratory of the Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology, at the University of Texas, for this purpose, and to do the work free of all expenses. After such examinations are made and the results classified and studied, it would be possible to suggest specifications under which fuel oils should be purchased, and to arrive at some conclusions respecting the uniformity of such specifications, with due allowance for climatic and other more or less local conditions. While such specifications do not now depart from a common standard anything like as much as specifications for illuminating oils do, yet there are discrepancies which should not exist. Some of these discrepancies are of lessening importance, due to the pronounced tendency to distill every crude oil that can be distilled with profit, and to send residues into the market for fuel oil. Residues from the refineries are of a more uniform chemical composition and physical nature than many of the crude oils that go direct into the fuel market. The lower flash-point oils are disappearing from the fuel trade and in place of them we are getting oils that do not flash below 220" F., nor burn under 320" F. In the Southwest, it has not been long since we had fuel oils that flashed as low as 110" F., and the average flash point over a considerable period was 151" F. Now we are using oil that flashes at about 30" lower than the former burning point, which was 258" F. In other words, the flash point has risen, on the average, 100"; and the burning point about 75".

Jan 1, 1915

By Charles A. Ashburner

At the Philadelphia meeting of the Institute, held in February, 1881,I had the honor of reading a paper on "A New Method of Mapping the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania."* At that time the State appropriation for the Second Geological Survey had just expired, and, as a new appropriation was not assured, no detailed plan had been adopted by Professor Lesley, State Geologist, for the practical examination of the mines, and the solution of the geological structure of special localities, or the representation in sections, vertical and columnar, of the general structure of the coal basins and coal beds. I had merely proposed a plan of mapping, as the material for the construction of maps was most available, and it was at that time uncertain what money the Survey would have to enable it to extend the surface and underground explorations, in order to make the examinations complete. After a continuation of the Survey was authorized until January, 1884, by the legislature, in May, 1881, the Anthracite Survey was regularly organized, and a plan adopted for a systematic and exhaustive geological and mine examination of the region. This plan provided for such work, other than that of mapping, as was necessary for a complete and practical geological and mining survey of a coal field. To do any geological work, of however general a character, it was absolutely. necessary that the members of the Survey Corps should obtain unrestricted access to all the mining records of the operators, which have been made with great care and accuracy and at an enormous expense during the past thirty years and more. The unanimous and generous support of the individual and corporate coal operators, of the plan of carrying on the Survey, was promptly assured, on condition that the results should be of such a character as to render them of practical utility to the property-owners and those directly interested. It was hoped

Jan 1, 1883

By Wido Tilmann

13.6-1. Importance. In Germany there are large tertiary brown coal reserves, most of which are located close to the surface. Therefore, brown coal has been recovered for many years by means of opencast methods. By utilizing a high degree of technology, a rational operation has been achieved, and as a result, the mining techniques have become renowned all over the world. After the war, all the dredgers and overburden spreaders, as well as the means of conveyance, had to be redeveloped for adapting this equipment to the changing conditions of the deposits. Numerous auxiliary machines were adopted from the American earth moving industry and altered according to the different requirements. As a result of such technical developments, the output per man and per shift was increased remarkably in spite of the deterioration of the geological conditions. In the whole of Germany, the total reserves of brown coal amount to 100 billion metric tons, of which 60 billion tons are situated in the Federal Republic of Germany. In the latter area, 8.5 billion tons will be recover- able by opencast means, of which 3.5 billion tons are already developed. The annual output reached 102 million tons in 1965. This total figure comes from four different mining districts: Rhineland, Helmstedt (town at the border of the Soviet occupied zone), Hesse, and Bavaria. The production figures (1965) are as follows: [ ]

Jan 1, 1968

By Frederic Dewey

HAVING shown1 the difficulty of assaying so-called cyanide bullion and the extreme variations often found in the results, an investigation was undertaken to discover if possible the causes of these variations by a series of tests upon the specific action of various metals during cupellation. Zinc.-In order to test the effect of zinc, 48 assays were made in sets of 6, 2 rows of 3. The charge for the middle cupels consisted of 500+ mg. Au, 1,125 mg. Ag, 10 mg. Cu. To the end cupels 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg. Zn were added, and a set of each proportion was cupelled with 4 and 8 grants Pb. The cupels were assayed and showed the following gold contents in milligrams, the figures being arranged as the cupels stood in the muffle: TABLE 1 50 Mg. Zn 75 Dig. Zn 100 Mg. Zn 125 Mg. Zn 4 grams, Pb 0.2S 0.25 0.2S 0:29 0.27 0.34 0.33 0.28 0.41 0.31 0:30 0.36 0.30 0.33 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.35 0.37 0.42 0.41' 0.34 0.38 8 grams, Pb 0.40 0.43 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.43 0.35 0.34 0.41 0.33 0.37 0.37 0.54 0.17 0.59 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.57 0.38 0.46 _ In many instances the zinc does not appear to affect the cupel gold, but various exceptions are apparent, generally in the cupels in the back row. With 100 and 125 mg. Zn, in some cases the Zn burned with its characteristic flame before it could alloy with the other metals. Also, less fusible oxidized lumps were observed during the cupellation and some cupels showed a scum. In order to lessen the premature burning out of the Zn, an alloy of 2 parts Ag to 1 part. Zn was used. A uniform charge of 500,+ mg. Au,

Jan 7, 1917

On the following pages are abstracts of papers published by the Institute during the year 1934 as TECHNICAL PWLICATIONB, CONTRIBUTIONS, m bound volumes and in MINING AND METALLURGY. For abstracts of papers that appear In bound volumes in 1934 but that were published as TECHNICAL PWLICATIONS m 1932 or 1933, see the TRANSACTIONS for 1932 and the YEAR BOOK dated January, 1934. Many of the TECHNICAL PWLICATIONS have been reprinted In bound volumes Information regarding this disposition, and number of pages in each paper, may be found m the list beginning on page 92 Volume numbers are given as listed at the beginning of the index, page 99 The abstracts are grouped as follows:

Jan 1, 1935

By Richard H. Mote

The endlessly changing pattern of mineral supply and demand offers opportunity to the alert and can bring disaster to the unwary. The discovery of ore bodies, the invention of extractive processes, the provision of new transport facilities, the political stabilization of underdeveloped areas, and many other changes can increase supply dramatically. Such new outpourings of mineral wealth from ore bodies bring fortunes to their developers, and consumers frequently find their competitive positions decidedly improved by new and cheap sources of supply. On the other hand, operators of marginal properties can find competition from newly opened high-grade mines intolerable. Consumers that have depended on the products of nearby, high-cost mines may find new, remote, low-cost supplies advantageous only to their competitors. The invention of new prospecting methods can have spectacular effects. Shortly after World War I the discovery rate of petroleum pools began to decline. The leading prospecting technique of that day, the projection downward of surface reflections of geologic structure, was proving less rewarding. Prophets foretold an oil shortage in the near future. But at that very moment scientists were perfecting the application of seismic waves to reveal underground oil-bearing geologic structures. As these geophysical methods were put into commercial use the whole outlook changed-the problem of the 1930's became how to cope with the surplus from discovery, not how to meet the ever rising demand. Many lead mines were being abandoned as unprofitable about this same time because the penalties charged by smelters for the zinc in the ores and concentrates more than counterbalanced the payments for lead and silver. Then selective flotation (at the time called differential flotation) appeared,

Jan 1, 1964

By J. D. Prater, H. R. Spedden, E. E. Malouf

With the expansion of copper leaching of the various mine wastes at the Kennecott properties, additional copper recovery facilities have been required. A research and development program has been pursued to determine a suitable economic approach to the processing of the additional leach solutions contemplated. lnvestigations on laboratory and pilot plant scales covered electrowinning, solvent extraction, launder and vat type cells, activated launders, precipitation drums, and precipitation cones. This paper contains information on the development and use of a new precipitation-cone-type copper recovery plant, which provides many advantages over older systems. The application of research findings to the old art of leaching copper from copper-bearing mine waste has resulted in a significant contribution of copper to over-all copper production. For example, at the completion of the current expansion program at the Kennecott properties in the United States, copper produced from waste dump leaching will amount to about 25% of the total production. Formerly only 2% was derived from this source. This planned expansion of copper leaching focused attention on the problem of developing more efficient methods for the recovery of copper from greatly increased volumes of copper-bearing solutions.1 The detailed investigations which have been made in laboratory pilot plant and plant tests for the recovery of copper from copper-bearing solutions have included electrowinning, solvent extraction, ion exchange and cementation with iron in launders, precipitation drums, activated launders, and precipitation cones. The results of these investigations have led to the development of a new precipitation cone-type copper recovery system providing many advantages over older methods. ELECTROWINNING OF COPPER FROM COPPER-BEARING SOLUTIONS The direct electrowinning of copper from relatively dilute solutions of copper-bearing mine water, namely solutions containing 10 to 20 lbs of copper per 1000 gal, has always been an attractive possibility.2,3 By this method, high-purity copper powder can be recovered with a power consumption of 3.5 kwh per Ib of copper. However, once the solution strength de-

Jan 1, 1967

By J. A. Kitchener, J. P. Anfruns

Measurements have been made of the rate of capture of single particles of strongly hydrophobic, surface-methylated, quartz, of sizes ranging from 12 to 40 µm diam., by single rising bubbles of diam. 0.5 to 1.1mm. The results agree closely with the theoretically calculated hydrodynamic collision rates, indicating that, in this system, every collision results in capture and retention of a particle.

Jan 1, 1976

By Arthur B. Foote

Ore production from the property of the Miami Copper Co. began early in 1911. Until 1925 this ore came from the so-called high-grade orebodies, which contained a little over 2 per cent. copper. This ore was mined by the following methods: 1. Top slicing after mining the peaks by square setting, which produced 4,524,347 tons, including ore from square setting. 2. Shrinkage stoping with sublevel caving of the pillars, which produced 2,230,577 tons. 3. Undercut caving with hand tramming, which produced 15,427,672 tons. Estimating December tonnage, the total ore mined to the end of 1929 will amount to slightly more than 43,000,000 tons. The first method was described by E. G. Deane' and the second by D. B. Scott,' and the third, together with a general description of the mine, by J. H. Hensley, Jr.' The geology of the district has been worked out by Dr. F. L. Ransome.2 The author acknowledges also the assistance of R. W. Hughes, assistant mine superintendent, E. V. Graybeal, chief mine engineer, A. J. McDermid and S. R. Burdick, engineers of Miami Copper Co., Miami, Arizona. Factors Influencing Selection of Mining Methods The mining method described herein was selected primarily with a low mining cost in view and was developed to avoid as far as possible dilution of the already very low-grade ore. In 1924, with the exhaustion of the high-grade orebodies in sight, it was decided to develop the low-grade orebody, which at that time contained 36,000,000 tons of ore assaying 1.06 per cent. copper, and had an area of 50 acres with an average thickness of 206 ft. overlain by an average thickness of 320 ft. of barren capping.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. S. Malicsi, I. Iwasaki

Differential flotation of bulk sulfide concentrates from Duluth gabbro into copper and nickel concentrates could be implemented by first destroying the hydrophobic coating with ozone and then by recovering the copper concentrate with a copper-selective collector. A number of parameters involved in the use of ozone, such as the sequence and the conditioning time of ozone treatment, the pulp pH, and the level of xanthate addition, were investigated.

Jan 1, 1986

By L. H. Levenson, Charles S. Barrett

Plastic flow in metal crystals and the changes in orientation resulting from it are generally understood to take place by the following fundamental mechanisms: (1) slip on crystallographic planes, (2) homogeneous crystal rotation resulting from the slip, (3) bending of the 1attice between the planes of slip, and, under certain circumstances, (4) twinning. This paper and a preceding one on iron subjected to uniaxial compression1 concern two additional processes that must now be added to this list: (5) the formation of deformation bands, and (6) the bending and rotation of these bands. The present investigation yields a new understanding and definiteness to the common terms so loosely used when speaking of cold-worked metals —('grain fragmentation," "elongated grains," and "deformation twins," "deformation bands," "etch bands," or "X-bands." Bands have been noted on the polished and etched surfaces of cold-worked metals by various investigators for more than 25 years, ‡ yet their nature and their significance have been so little understood that they are not treated in the most comprehensive modern texts on the deformation of crystals. The experiments in this series show that they are one of the fundamental processes in the deformation of metals, of importance in the development of preferred orientations, in work-hardening (since they have the effect of reducing the effective grain size and interfering with slip), and in the recrystallization process. The present experiments were performed on the same stock of material that was used in the earlier compression experiments1—hydrogen-purified mild steel in which the carbon content had been reduced to the limit detectable under the microscope and in which single crystals could be grown by a strain-anneal treatment.2

Jan 1, 1939

By Charles S. Barrett, L. H. Levenson

Plastic flow in metal crystals and the changes in orientation resulting from it are generally understood to take place by the following fundamental mechanisms: (1) slip on crystallographic planes, (2) homogeneous crystal rotation resulting from the slip, (3) bending of the 1attice between the planes of slip, and, under certain circumstances, (4) twinning. This paper and a preceding one on iron subjected to uniaxial compression1 concern two additional processes that must now be added to this list: (5) the formation of deformation bands, and (6) the bending and rotation of these bands. The present investigation yields a new understanding and definiteness to the common terms so loosely used when speaking of cold-worked metals —('grain fragmentation," "elongated grains," and "deformation twins," "deformation bands," "etch bands," or "X-bands." Bands have been noted on the polished and etched surfaces of cold-worked metals by various investigators for more than 25 years, ‡ yet their nature and their significance have been so little understood that they are not treated in the most comprehensive modern texts on the deformation of crystals. The experiments in this series show that they are one of the fundamental processes in the deformation of metals, of importance in the development of preferred orientations, in work-hardening (since they have the effect of reducing the effective grain size and interfering with slip), and in the recrystallization process. The present experiments were performed on the same stock of material that was used in the earlier compression experiments1—hydrogen-purified mild steel in which the carbon content had been reduced to the limit detectable under the microscope and in which single crystals could be grown by a strain-anneal treatment.2

Jan 1, 1939

For the seventh consecutive year, the value of nonfuel mineral raw ma¬terials produced in the US set a new record, reaching almost $20 billion-up 12.7% from the previous year, according to the US Bureau of Mines. The Bureau reported that this mineral production was the basis for about $200 billion worth of processed materials of mineral origin.

Jan 5, 1979

By C. E. Shoenfelt

Jan 1, 1942