Search Documents

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, it gives me great pleasure to welcome you, on behalf of the Council and Administration, to this University and extend to you our very best wishes for a most successful and stimulating symposium. We as a College of the University of N.S.W. were always proud of the excellent support we received from your Institute members and the close association that existed between our organisations. Now we have matured into the University of Wollongong and have to stand on our own feet, we will need all the support we can get from such bodies as yours to ensure that we are not only producing graduates but are also playing a vital role in the community. Although there is no planning for a school of Mining Engineering in the near future, we do look forward to this being a viable proposition eventually and we will then be able to offer to your Institute wider facilities for your activities and ones which will embrace both the Mining and Metallurgy phases. Thank you Mr. President.

Jan 1, 1975

By D J. Robinson, L L. Kuhar

"Regardless of orebody value, at some stage, the pit will reach a depth where the reward for mining wider and/or deeper is not justified by the anticipated returns. ‘Last-blast’ strategies may help to some degree in recovering additional quantities of the resource but when a pit remains, there is often significant value left in the ground. In addition, in many cases, one or many good reasons may dictate why going underground and pursuing the orebody below the pit is also not justifiable. Whereas the company can hopefully move on to other more prospective parts of the orebody, the remaining options for the pit are usually very limited. Typically the pit is either held for potentially more favourable future pit expansion opportunities or it could be used for an alternative purpose, such as tailings or waste storage. This paper will present an alternative option that involves the direct extraction of values using in situ recovery (ISR) methods to recover additional value metals from the walls and/or floor of the pit. ISR involves circulating a fluid through the remaining orebody, solubilising the target metal and subsequently returning the solution to the surface for metal recovery. ISR is not the panacea to all but it has been employed selectively in the minerals industry for some time and the production of metals, such as uranium, rely heavily on this approach. ISR is not yet considered by many operators as an approach to compete with open pit or underground mining, largely because of the perceived limitations of this approach and the perceptions of risk. Rapid recent development of tools and enabling technologies relevant to ISR have made us reconsider the most economic approach to extracting many other metals from known mineral systems, even those currently listed as subeconomic. We suggest that ISR has the potential to make mine operators rethink the end of the pit life and adopt an innovative ISR approach to work toward a more complete recovery of value metals from existing pits.Citation:Kuhar, L L and Robinson, D J, 2016. In-pit In Situ Recovery - a New Approach That May Allow for Increased Value Extraction before Pit Closure, in Proceedings Ninth AusIMM Open Pit Operators' Conference 2016, pp 275–283 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 15, 2016

By M Scoble

This paper addresses the importance of collaborative approaches to resolving future mining challenges. It attempts to provide some insight into understanding the theory, measurement, mapping and management of collaboration. This is related to the design and planning for successful research and educational initiatives. Reference is made to Canadian and global case studies and personal experiences.

Nov 22, 2011

By X Dahe

SLon vertical ring and pulsating high gradient magnetic separators possess excellent mineral processing ability and have been widely applied to process oxidised iron ores. SLon centrifugal separators are applied to clean the SLon magnetic concentrate and remove quartz and other gangue minerals associated with a small portion of magnetite.This paper introduces the application of this technology in Hai Nan, Da Hong Shan and An Shan for processing oxidised iron ores.

Jul 11, 2011

By A N. Danoucaras, S E. Goater, D Hearne, A M. Bansuan

It is globally recognised that existing and emerging mining activities should be conducted in a æsustainableÆ manner for the entire life of mine. Many companies annually publish corporate sustainability reports to demonstrate their actions in accordance with international expectations. This concept of sustainable mining practices also applies to mine water management, with influences often extending beyond site operations, affecting surrounding catchments and community users. This paper explores differences in conceptual and operational terms of æsustainableÆ mine water management within the Philippines. Outcomes of a review of corporate sustainability reports, governance documentation, research programs, and stakeholder knowledge acquired through action-research workshops are presented. The paper aims to inform and support future capacity building exercises delivered by the International Mining for Development Centre (IM4DC), with outcomes tailored to government officials and policy makers of developing countries. The project is funded by IM4DC, which is working with AusAID to identify needs and develop capacity with regard to mining for development; specifically, issues pertaining to governance and regulation, social and environmental sustainability, and operational effectiveness in developing countries.CITATION:Bansuan, A M, Goater, S E, Danoucaras, A N and Hearne, D, 2012. Integrated sustainable water management in mining for development in the Philippines, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 205-226 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

As Pliny commented two millennia ago, The only certainty is that nothing is certain. Despite the many breakthroughs, advances and promises, the way we each live and work remains awash with technological, economic and political uncertainty. The resources sector is no exception in this regard. Mining itself is much more than a complicated process or recipe; it is a complex adaptive system. The way we adopt and adapt new technologies, the way we evolve data into corporate wisdom, the way we make decisions and even the way we view our concept of rationality should each be the subject of intense review. Translating these sentiments into sustainable company growth is indeed the challenge. This is unlikely to be achieved within convention, but through innovation. The game is changing!

May 1, 2010

The brown coal deposits of the Latrobe Valley are ideal for open cut mining and this method has been used since the start of coal winning in 1894. Operations at the main Yall9urn open cut commenced in 1922, but after a few years the main excavators were replaced by German continuous excavators and subsequent developments of Yallourn and the newer Morwell open cut have been based on this type of plant. The reasons for preferring continuous to intermittent excavators in the Latrobe Valley are indicated in this paper.Under the pressure of post-war conditions, and from their long experience and ability, German engineers have recently made substantial improvements in their continuous excavators and these developments have been enhanced by some American innovations. These changes have extended the economic limits of open cut mining and also serve to emphasize the close inter-relation between the nature of coal and overburden deposits, excavator design and methods of operation.As an aid to descriRing recent excavator developments, this interdependence is demonstrated by means of diagrams which show typical methods of operations, together with examples of actual machines using these methods. The types of excavator dealt with are mainly those in use at, or destined for Yallourn or Morwell open cuts, together with additional types used in U.S.A. and Western Europe. For completeness, and also because they will continue in service at Yallourn and Morwell for some years, rail-mounted dredgers have been included in this paper even though in Europe they are now regarded as obsolescent.Explanations are given of how the intrinsic qualities of Latrobe Valley brown coal and overburden have sometimes prevented overseas plants from operating with the full efficiencies and/or in the methods visualized by the manufacturer, and references are made to the modifications and investigations being undertaken to overcome these problems.A compresensive bibliography is given. Dates shown on illustrations are not commissioning dates of the plant concerned, but the year when photographed.

Jan 1, 1960

By R Norris, M Dunne

Mining and mineral processing is expected by society and obliged by law to operate in an environmentally friendly fashion, minimising the impact on and avoiding damage to the environment. Substantial efforts by the industry, as well as by process and equipment designers have resulted in many innovative developments, which show that operating in an environmentally responsible manner can be achieved in a cost-effective way. This paper showcases five emerging equipment best practices in industry including installation examples. Flip-flow screening machines are proven worldwide in the dry classification of coal and other minerals, reducing the size of beneficiation plants whilst reducing energy, water demand and media consumption. They also allow the screening of wet/sticky materials not able to be sized using conventional screens. The belt press filter is a small fraction of the operating and capital cost of alternative dry tailings technologies. This gives operators who must dry their tailings a competitive advantage and makes such ægreenÆ operations much more sustainable. The filtercake is disposed with other plant rejects, eliminating the need for tailings dams to be constructed and thus also often increasing mine reserves. Mining applications include coal tailings, sand tailings, sinter plant waste and power station fly ash. Screen-scroll and vibrating centrifuges are widely used in the coal, potash and salt industries to dewater the product to low surface moistures. Inclined plate Lamella separators are used for toxic water clarification and/or sludge thickening in many downstream metal industries with the underflow often dewatered in a belt filter press. Such low cost, high capacity thickeners could also be used instead of conventional thickeners at smaller mines. The simple and reliable continuous washing upward flow (CWUF) sand filters have been used for treatment of waste water from coal preparation plants and steel works as well as in the worldwide production of potable water. The filtered waste water from mining processes can then either be reused or discharged from site. Other installations include cleaning mine water to prevent the blocking of dust suppression spray nozzles.

Jan 1, 2006

By P C. Miclea

Transportation networks extend every day around the world, requiring safe and well-maintained structures for efficiency and for users’ safety. Due to specific features of the infrastructure, such as longer tunnels, increased traffic and marginal safety rules, fire safety in rail and road tunnels becomes more challenging.The situation becomes more critical due to the global economy and increasing worldwide tourism, with multi-national companies often involved in both design and construction of transportation routes or systems in other countries. Tourism brings the risk of visitors becoming victims in a foreign land; thus, international law becomes more and more applicable to transportation projects all over the world, requiring a consistent approach to safety (UN Economic and Social Council, 2001; US DOT Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 2006; US Transportation Research Board, Committee on the Role of Public Transportation in Emergency Evacuation, 2008; UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 1997).There are significant differences between rail and road tunnels, both in their functionality and safety requirements. Most tunnels over a certain length are equipped with emergency ventilation systems capable to control the spread of smoke by creating an air stream in the desired direction. Besides ventilation, fire-life safety (FLS) includes smoke and heat detection by linear or spot detectors, closed-circuit television (CCTV) and public address systems with prerecorded announcements, as well as evacuation signage and monitoring capabilities (Vägverket – Swedish National Road Administration, 2004).There isn’t a consistent, worldwide approach to the design of emergency ventilation systems for tunnels, with significant differences from continent to continent (US DOT Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 2004, US Federal Transit Administration, Transportation Research Board, 2006). In North America US NFPA 130 and 502 standards for rail and road tunnels, respectively, represent the main criteria, however, they are continually revised and new versions issued every three years. For road tunnels the World Road Association PIARC issues guidelines, but they are not truly enforceable. There are no similar international guidelines for rail tunnels, except general recommendations by the International Association of Public Transport (UITP) (IAPT, 2003).In Europe the Directive #54/EC adopted by European Community Parliament in 2004 requires a minimum level of safety for road tunnels users in all existing and proposed tunnels in the Trans-European road network that are greater than 500 m in length. Authorities having jurisdiction in many other individual countries, such as Australia, Austria, Germany, Japan and others, enforce specific safety regulations (Miclea et al, 2007). While it is impossible to summarise all aspects of this topic in a short paper, a review of the design approach, the existing differences in safety requirements, as well as applicable design solutions to meet safety codes for both rail and road tunnels are discussed below.

Mar 8, 2011

By E Widzyk-Capehart

The mines of the future can be envisioned as complex, large-scale technological systems being operated remotely from few centrally located (major cities) operating centres and skeletal crew stationed at the site. These systems will require remotely located human operators to constantly adapt to new and unforeseen system and environmental demands. In addition, the remote operators will need to match system properties to the changing demands and operational conditions, ie must be able to handle the ‘non-design’ emergencies, because the system designers would not have been able to foresee all possible scenarios of failures and provide automatic safety devices for every contingency. Therefore, it is highly important that the operators’ job, which involves problem solving and decision making at the workstation level, is facilitated by the proper interface designs. This paper argues that decision support systems and thus human-system interfaces for the mines of the future should be developed based on the principles of human-system integration that take into account human information processing and cognitive abilities. The information presented to the operator must support the operator in taking appropriate action through a human-system interface designed according to scientific principles of User Centred Design. A case study is presented where an iterative design process was used by CSIRO researchers as an evaluation method involving users (control room operators) at several stages of the user interface design in order to correct any design inadequacies as they emerged. This process allowed the designers to identify any usability issues before the user interface was fully implemented, which subsequently enabled the control room operators to easily adapt to the new interface and carry out all designated tasks in a timely and effective manner.

Nov 22, 2011

By C J. Pitzer

The prevention of fatal risks is a key objective for the global resources industry, especially considering poor performance with regard to fatality rate reduction and the continued occurrence of mine disasters globally. However, the industry has a credible history, over several decades, of the development and deployment management systems to control potential Serious Injury, Fatal and Catastrophic (P-SIFC) risks. While these systems have had a significant impact on the thinking and approaches to the prevention of fatal risks, fatal accident rates have not shown the desired reduction. Recent fatal and serious injury events in Australia have led to the establishment of several enquiries to further identify improvements that could be considered. Globally, fatal accident rates remain stubbornly high or plateaued in many jurisdictions, and several catastrophic events have occurred, such as tailing dams disasters in Brazil and South Africa, and the recent coalmine disaster in Turkey. Apart from the apparent lack of progress, it is evident that the deployment of critical risk systems has introduced more bureaucracy, slower response systems and additional burdens on already overloaded middle and supervisory levels of management. Organisations are rarely able to effectively tap into the risk source of risk knowledge of the frontline worker and supervisor, for various reasons discussed in this paper. To establish a valid and valuable channel of critical risk information flow from the frontline employee, Debmarine Namibia instigated the development and deployment of a system called SafeSENTRY, where the focus is on the ‘dynamic identification of dynamic risks’. This paper outlines the system, the principles of the design, the range of risk metrics that can be derived from the observations of the frontline operators, and demonstrates how a range of posited shortcomings in critical risk management is addressed how features of the High Reliability Organization (HRO) have been developed.

Mar 29, 2023

By A A. Latscha, D O’Connor

Increasing orebody complexity, restrictions in ground access, and longer lead times for disturbance approvals, have generated the need for the Resource Development Team within Rio Tinto Iron Ore (RTIO), to explore optimised drill design techniques that deliver resource conversion value while maximising program outcomes. In response to this challenge, the Team initiated a case study to produce an AI assisted/designed drill program using a non-machine learning AI. The case study involved the assessment and implementation of an AI generated drill program at one of RTIO’s Pilbara iron ore deposits, located in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia. The Mineral Resource is currently classified as 100 per cent Inferred. Access constraints inherent to topography, and the presence of exclusions zones have prevented adequate drilling coverage, resulting in lower resource confidence and a poor definition of the orebody extents and geometry. The drill campaign, planned in Q1 2023, needs to consider access constraints, complex topology and the limitations related to additional ground clearance, while addressing the requirement of improving orebody knowledge. The drill plan had to address two objectives. The first and main aim of drilling was to upgrade the Resource Classification to allow for possible conversion to Ore Reserve. The input for this objective was a volumetric representation of the areas currently not meeting pre-defined quantitative Resource Classification upgrade criteria. The second objective was to better define the orebody extents and geometry. For the second objective, the input to the drilling optimiser was a volumetric representation (blocks) of the areas of high uncertainty in the mineralisation/waste boundary, which were defined using an indicator conditional simulation technique. The drilling optimiser output was a range of compliant drill plans. A set of KPIs based on economic and orebody knowledge criteria were used to assess the plans and to select the most optimal drill design to be drilled in 2023. The geology and management teams were able to make better informed, objective decisions using the trade-off between cost and orebody knowledge gained. As part of the assessment, the AI generated plans were compared to our current planning practises. The AI assisted plans, when gauged against the project KPIs, showed clear and measurable improvements in both meeting project objectives and in managing operational risk.

May 24, 2023

The Resource Management Act has been in force now for approximately ten months. This Act, and the Crown Minerals Act which accompanied it, have substantially changed the manner by which mining operations and other resource uses obtain access to resources and are subject to controls of their environmental effects. This paper briefly summarises the key elements of the regulatory provisions of the Resource Management Act. It identifies the types of resource consents required, and discusses these and procedural matters in relation to mining in Otago. It addresses the transitional provisions and highlights inconsistencies and difficulties in the implementation of these provisions. This paper identifies potential future developments in the planning and regulatory environment relating to mining in Otago.

Jan 1, 1992

By P Holtham, K Duffy, W Valery, A Jankovic

In the face of increasing energy costs, limited water resources, more stringent legislation, and lower feed grades, the mining industry is searching for more sustainable technologies and practices. Metso Process Technology and Innovation (PTI) is undertaking a research project, ‘improving the resource and eco-efficiency of mining operations’, to help the industry meet these challenges. The project is investigating alternatives in mining and processing that reduce energy and water consumption, minimise emissions and waste, and maximise the value recovered from the deposit. The targets are to reduce energy usage by more than 30 per cent and greenhouse gas emissions by more than 50 per cent compared to current practice.Key areas of interest were identified across mining and processing operations. These were grouped into the following interrelated work areas for investigation: high intensity selective blasting, in-pit crushing and conveying, preconcentration, energy efficient comminution circuits and technologies, coarse particle flotation, and water recovery optimisation. Investigations have included reviews of industrial data, modelling, simulation, and laboratory and pilot scale trials. In some areas industrial scale trials will commence shortly. This paper discusses the investigations and key findings from the project so far; highlighting the possibilities for reducing energy consumption, water usage and carbon emissions. A particular mining process may incorporate any combination of the alternatives identified and requires tailored solutions based on a detailed understanding of the ore deposit, the process and local conditions. The focus is on improving resource efficiency; creating more value with less impact and consequently a better economic return from the available resource. Technologies exist today that can transform mining into a more efficient industry for tomorrow.CITATION:Duffy, K, Valery, W, Jankovic, A and Holtham, P, 2015. Resource efficient mining processes of tomorrow, in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 227–238 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

By Z Li, A Fleming, S Webster, L Snyman

Northparkes Mines is developing the E26 Lift 1 North block cave mine, which is adjoined to the existing E26 cave. This paper presents the challenges and methods used to design the ground support system during the feasibility study. Calibrated numerical simulations were conducted to forecast the levels of rock mass damage and to assist the ground support design. Generally, low to moderate rock mass damage is forecast on the extraction and undercut levels. However, poor ground conditions are expected in sheared and preconditioned zones adjacent the existing E26 cave. This will result in difficult ground conditions during development, undercutting and drawbell establishment. Empirical assessments were conducted to make sure the ground support system is able to handle both the static and dynamic load demand, and to accommodate the deformation values. A safety factor of 1.5 was used for the designs to cover the unknown rock mass conditions and potential for larger seismic events. Learnings from the E26 Lift 1 and SLC, also mining against the E26 cave, are incorporated into the design. Fibrecrete, mesh and resin bolts / mechanical anchors are the primary ground support system used, and cable bolts for intersections with a span of more than 6 m. Following undercutting and during the operating life of the mine, secondary ground support and rehabilitation will be required.

Mar 15, 2021

By C Caris, K Fowle, M Schmid, E van Wyk, D Schofield, A Squelch, M S. Kizil

This paper has been written collaboratively by members of the International Mining VR Group. It is the first of a series of papers. Mining in the 21st century is a high technology industry that strives to reduce risk and improve safety through the use of improved processes and procedures. This risk reduction process is aligned with the innovative use of technologies often developed for other industries. Computer-based visualisation systems and their content are such innovative technologies, in particular the use of virtual environment systems and mixed reality. A primary objective of developing virtual environment systems and the mixed reality content displayed in them for the mining industry is to allow mine workers and operators to practice mine processes and demonstrate competency in tasks that will be encountered in day-to-day mining operations at mine sites. It is anticipated that providing easy access to virtual environment systems will facilitate the avoidance of high-risk situations through improved knowledge, skills, understanding and decision making. Via virtual environment systems mine workers will also be able to practice infrequent or emergency events and maintain preparedness for such events. Day-to-day mining practices can also be evaluated. The rapid pace of technology innovation and the decreasing cost of simulation hardware and software present a plethora of technology to the uninitiated. This can be confusing. In this paper taxonomy is presented that classifies hardware, what it can display and also content that can be included or displayed on the various computer-based visualisation systems. The taxonomy provides insight into where technology can and may be implemented in the future as virtual environments are a dynamic and evolving technology. The taxonomy should also assist in the decision making process when scoping or selecting technology for a particular purpose.

Jan 1, 2008

By T Trott, G Lumley

"The mining industry suffers from a shortage of professional and other workers. Research and analysis has demonstrated a close correlation between high performance in productivity, maintenance and safety. There is also a significant correlation between engagement and performance. It is the hypothesis of the authors that mines can use a strategy of establishing themselves as a high-performance mine to attract and retain high caliber professional people: step 1 is to become best practice in equipment performance (productivity, maintenance and safety) step 2 is to brand the mine as æbest practiceÆ by sharing what has been confidential performance and outcome information with the general industry.Previous research has shown that many professional people are attracted by the prospect of a high achieving site because of the learnings and the support for continually doing better. In addition, a link has been established in previous research between productivity and safety. Operators and drivers are attracted to sites which have fewer dangerous people operating or driving. Good management delivers exceptional performance and a work site which high caliber managers and operational personnel people want to work at. The strategy requires commitment and proper execution but it can work. The strategy needs a specific approach and this paper will discuss this. A case study is provided from a mine which over a nine month period increased dragline performance by 15 per cent and reduced stress on the boom by 30 per cent. This mine paid the employees (professional and operational) $25 000/a less than the major mines but the operators and professional people would not leave; in fact, people were happy to be paid less to work there.CITATION:Lumley, G and Trott, T, 2012. Using best practice operations as a strategy for attracting and retaining professional people, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 35-52 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 20, 2012

By J Knoblauch, D, P J. J Strobos, C Foggo

The Sally Malay Project is located 120 km north of Halls Creek in the eastern Kimberley region. Since commissioning, ongoing improvements on the plant have resulted in recoveries now greatly exceeding the initial design targets. The continual optimisation endeavours of the Sally Malay metallurgy department included an automation project that was done in close collaboration with Mintek. In this team effort, several problem areas were addressed and the FloatStar advance control system was successfully commissioned to stabilise and optimise the flotation circuit. The remote location of the Kimberley Nickel Mines operation, fly-in, fly-out roster and the current mining boom makes the acquisition of experienced flotation staff difficult. The implementation of an automated flotation control system reduces this burden and contributes to the training of inexperienced staff. This paper illustrates not only the process control improvements achieved as a result of the installation of the FloatStarÖ advanced control system, but also how it has assisted operational personnel with their understanding of the process.

Jan 1, 2006

By S Dirdjosuwondo, R Plaisance, L Thoma

PT Freeport Indonesia, a subsidiary of New Orleans-based Freeport McMoran Copper and Gold of New Orleans, operates a large mining complex on the Western half of the Island of New Guinea in Tembagapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The IOZ (Intermediate Ore Zone) mine, one of the underground orebodies, is mined by block caving. The area affected by the cave collects a large quantity of rain and ground waters mixing with fine rock particles. The mixture, commonly called æwet muckÆ, sometimes spills into drawpoints and makes the working environment hazardous to the loader operators. Wet muck is observed in an increasing number of drawpoints in the IOZ mine and remote LHD (Load-Haul-Dump) technology has been implemented to handle the ore. The driving force for this automation project has been the safety of the loader operators. The system has been developed mainly in-house and incorporates state-of-the-art features. Up to eight remote loaders and nine rock breakers are controlled from an underground control room located approximately 400 metres from the active extraction panels. The two underground crushers and nine conveyor feeders are also operated remotely from an adjacent control room. The development of FreeportÆs remote system has taken time and considerable effort. Not only the success of the IOZ mine was at stake but also the fulfillment of environmental commitments pertaining to the mill tailings. Approximately eight per cent of the mill feed must come from underground skarn deposits to neutralise the acid-generating tailings generated by the huge Grasberg open pit ores.

Jan 1, 2000

By H Thanasekaran, M J. Mankosa, J N. Kohmuench, G H. Luttrell

"Fluidised-bed flotation has been demonstrated over the last 16 years as an effective method for improving the flotation recovery of coarse particles. This technology has been successfully deployed into the industrial mineral sector with multiple installations within phosphate beneficiation plants and potash mills. Due to the minimal mineral surface expression required when utilising this technology, more recent studies have centred on the applicability of using this HydroFloat™ technology for the recovery of coarse sulfides and base metals. Multiple approaches have been investigated to determine the best means for implementing this novel coarse particle flotation system into both existing and new plant circuitry. These include the treatment of tailings to recover values that have been lost using conventional technologies and also the direct treatment of a coarse feed, either within the grinding circuit or by use of a separate split-feed flotation approach. Recent applications of the technology will be presented along with data generated from several test campaigns and ongoing research investigations. The benefits of properly applying this technology, such as reduced power consumption and increased mill capacity will be discussed.Citation:Kohmuench, J N, Thanasekaran, H, Mankosa, M J and Luttrell, G H, 2016. The Impact of Fluidised-bed Flotation for Treating Coarse Sulfides, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2016, pp 105–112 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Oct 10, 2016