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By Meredith Johnson

THE year 1924 saw little change in the production of oil and gas it either Pennsylvania or New York. In the early months of the year the price of Pennsylvania crude oil, $4.00 to $4.50 a barrel, was sufficiently high to cause operators to lay plans for rather extensive drilling opera-tions. But when, in August, the price dropped to $2.85 a barrel, there was no inducement for new work and drilling was curtailed. In spite of the curtailment, however, the combined production of the two states for the year showed a slight increase over 1923, the production being 8;859,000 bbl. in 1923, and 8,901,000 bbl.1 in 1924. The increased production was due entirely to. the continued development of flooding operations in the Bradford field, all other oilfields showing a decline for the year. TABLE 1. Production of Crude Oil in Pennsylvania and New York for the Last Ten Years a Production, Barrels Production, Barrels Year Year Pennsylvania I New York Pennsylvania I New York 1915 7,838,000 888,000 1920- 7,438,000 906,000 1916 7,593,000 874,000 1921 7,418,000 988,000 1917 7,733,000 880,000 1922 7,425,000 1;000,000 1918 7,408,000 809,000 1923 7,609,000 1,250,000 1919 8,137,000 851,000 1924 7,535,0006 1;366,0006 a U. S. Geological Survey figures. b Estimated. Much of the drilling in the southwestern part of Pennsylvania was done in search of gas. Natural gas in Pennsylvania is fast being recognized at its true worth and the increased prices allowed 'the gas companies for their product induced quite a bit of new work. The relative importance of natural gas compared with manufactured gas is shown in Table 2.2

Jan 3, 1925

(Separates of all the Pamphlets published within the last three years (starting with No. 1469) are available, with few exceptions, at Institute headquarters. Separates of all the Technical Publications are also available. All the papers are on file in public, university and technical libraries, and when so indicated in the list, may be found either in the TRANSACTIONS or in the special volumes issued by the Institute.] METAL MINING TRANS. PAMPHLET VOLUME NUMBER TITLE AUTHOR MEETING AND PAGE'S 1033 Relation of Air Pressure to Drilling H. W. Seamon New York 66, 743, 756 Speeds of Hammer Drills Feb., 1921 1034 Time Factor in Depletion of Mines J. W. Roberts New York 66,711 Feb., 1921 1035 Calculation of Ore Tonnage and Grade J. E. Harding New York 66, 117, 122 from Drill-hole Samples Feb., 1921 1038 Discussion of Papers Presented in 1920 1041 Run-off and Mine Drainage H. N. Eavenson New York 66, 624,630 Feb., 1921 1043 The Health of the Underground Worker A. J. Lanza New York Feb., 1021 1045 Dust-ventilation Studies in Metal D. Harrington New York 66, 272, 289Mines Feb., 1921 1046 Discussion of Papers Presented at New York Meeting, 1021 1072 Breakage and Heat Treatment of Rock- B. F. Tillson New York 66,1758 drill Steel Feb., 1921 1073 Discussion of Papers Presented at New York Meeting, 1921 1076-M Analysis of Some Drill-steel Testa F. B. Foley New York 66, 789 Feb., 1921 1077-M Application of Magnetic. Analysis to C. W. Burrows New York 66, 796 Rock Drills Feb. 1921 1078-M Heat Treatment of Rock-drill Steel G.H. Gilman New York 66, 779_ Feb., 1921 1080 What is the Ideal Drill Steel? F. H. Kingdon New York 66,807 Feb., 1921 1051 Rock Drill Steels, etc. - W. T. Ober New York 66,814 Feb., 1921 1082-C Underground Mine Development, Its J. B. Dilworth Wilkes-Barre 66,715, 7.21 Definition and Valuation Sept., 1921 1084 Drill Steel from Hollow Ingots P. A. E. Armstrong New York, 66, 809 Feb., 1921 1088 Authors' Replies to Recent Discussion 1092 Heat Treatment of Rock Drill Steel A. E. Perkins New York 66,811 Feb., 1921 1096-M Octagonal Ventilation Shaft. of Davis- J. L. Bruce Wilkes-Barre 66, 252, 268 Daly Copper Co. Sept., 1921 1100-C Determination of Electrical Equip- G. Bright Wilkes-Barre 66, 580, 605 ment for a Mine Hoist Sept. 1921

Jan 1, 1927

By C. D. Hunter, I. B. Browning, N. W. Shiarella

During the year 1936 improvement in the oil industry in Kentucky continued at about the same rate as shown by that of the year 1935 over the year 1934. The development of several new pools in western Kentucky and the increase in the application of repressuring methods to the old fields of eastern and to a lesser extent of western Kentucky increased the total production to 5,481,227 bbl., as compared to 5,175,054 produced in 1935. The principle sources of this increased production are the Livermore field and the new Bates Knob field in McLean County, in western Kentucky, and the result of repressuring operations in the " Corniferous" pools of Lee, Powell, Wolfe, Morgan and Estill Counties and the "Weir" sand (of Mississippian age) fields of Magoffin, Lawrence and Johnson Counties in northeastern Kentucky. The last named fields have a producing sand especially adaptable to these methods. Drilling No new fields were opened in eastern Kentucky during the year. All new drilling was codned to pressure wells and new oil wells to complete patterns around the intake wells. Owing to the relatively low "initial" or flush production of the wells in this section—even though the ultimate recovery per acre is as large—higher prices for crude will have to prevail before extensive search for new fields is begun; as in northwestern Kentucky, where active exploratory work has been carried on as in the several preceding years, resulting in numerous new and prolific, although comparatively small fields. In this section approximately 500 new oil wells drilled in the Owensboro field, embracing several pools in Ohio, Hancock, Daviess, McLean, Henderson, Webster and Nuhlenberg Counties in the northwestern part of the state. The total oil production for this field during 1936 exceeded by many thousand barrels the 2,821,722 bbl. produced in 1935. In these fields the producing sands range from the middle Missis-

Jan 1, 1937

By F. W. C. Boswell, R. L. Cunningham, H. M. Weld

Chemical analysis shows the partition of the magnesium addition between the metal and the graphite is independent of whether the graphite is in the form of nodules or flakes. The bright central spot observed in nodular graphite polished sections is shown to be due to the structure of the nodules. DURING the past few years numerous papers have been published on the production1-7 and heat treatment" of nodular cast irons. However, very little information is available on the structure of the nodules and the reason for their formation. It would appear that an explanation of the phenomenon of nodulation must await a detailed knowledge of the nature of the nodule. Disagreement exists among various workers on such a fundamental point as to whether or not a nodule actually contains a microscopically visible, nongraphitic nucleus.9-11 Work was initiated with a view to obtaining definite information on this and other aspects of the problem. Chemical Separation and Analysis Microscopic appearance had indicated9-11 that a nongraphitic core might exist in nodules (Fig. 1). It appeared that a chemical comparison of separated nodules and flake graphite would be profitable, for if the core is nongraphitic a relatively large amount of certain elements would be found in the nodules as compared to the flake. This comparison could best be made by obtaining nodules and flake from the same melt of cast iron, part of which had been in-noculated with a suitable addition reagent for the formation of nodules. A 300 lb melt was produced. About half of this was innoculated in the ladle with an Fe-Si-Mg alloy to produce nodules and cast into keel blocks; the remaining half of the melt had silicon added in an effort to compensate for the silicon in the innoculant used in the other half of the melt and this was cast into similar keel blocks. The analyses of the resultant irons are given in Table I. Nodules and flake were chemically extracted from 2 kg samples of metal as described in the appendix. While this method dissolved the iron and chromium carbides, it did not dissolve the titanium, vanadium, and molybdenum carbides. These latter carbides could have been removed by nitric acid, but in other experiments it was found that it attacked pools of metallic iron entrapped in the nodules which had, until the nitric acid treatment, been protected from the attack of the sulphuric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acids. It will be shown in the next section that entrapped iron exists in nodules but not in flake. On microscopic examination many tiny irregular particles were observed to accompany both the nodules and the flake. These were identified by tabling a sample of nodules from which a sufficient fraction was obtained for X-ray analysis. A good pattern of titanium carbide was obtained indicating that this was the predominant compound present. Since it was not possible to determine how completely the carbides could be removed mechanically and since their removal from flake is much more difficult, it was decided not to resort to any separation as this would render further comparisons more difficult. The samples were ashed in a combustion

Jan 1, 1953

By J. R. Morison, M. P. O’Brein, J. W. Johnson, S. A. Schaaf

The force exerted by unbroken surface waves on a cylindrical object, such as a pile, which extends from the bottom upward above the wave crest, is made up of two components, namely: 1. A drag force proportional to the square of the velocity which may be represented by a drag coefficient having substantially the same value as for steady flow, and 2. A virtual mass force proportional to the horizontal component of the accelerative force exerted on the mass of water displaced by the pile. These relationships follow directly from wave theory and have been confirmed by measurements in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley. The maximum force exerted by breakers or incipient breakers is impulsive in nature, reaching a value much greater than that produced by unbroken waves but enduring for only a short time interval. This impulsive force represents the ultimate development of the accelerative force and is produced by the steep wave front and large horizontal acceleration at the front of a breaker. This impulsive force greatly exceed. the drag force computed from the particle velocities of the breaker. The reader is cautioned that these preliminary results are applicable only to single piles without bracing and are likely to be modified somewhat where multiple piles are driven, one within the influence of the other or where multiple piles are connected by submerged bracing. This paper is essentially a preliminary report submitted at this time because of the current importance of wave forces in the design of offshore structures. An extended series of additional experiments is planned for the near future. Theoretical Relationships For the sake of simplicity of treatment, the theory will be developed from the equations for waves of small amplitude. The horizontal displacement of a water particle is described by the equation 2p cosh — (d + z) H L 2pt X =----------------------sin ----- . , (1) 2 2pD T sinh------ L The horizontal component of the orbital velocity is obtained by differentiation with respect to time as 2p cosh — (d + z) pH L 2pt u = ------------------- cos— .... (2) sinh- L The acceleration of the water particles at any position is obtained by again differentiating with respect to time as 2p cosh — (d + z) 9 u -2vH L 2pt -----=----------------------------sin ----- . . (3) 3 t T2 2pd T sinh------ L where H = wave height — ft L = wave length — ft d = still water depth — ft z = depth below the still water measured negatively downward — ft. T = wave period — sec t = time — sec The force exerted on a differential section, dz, in length is pD2 s u pD 1 dF= [CM (p/4) st + Cn/2 u2] dz • • (4) where D = pile diameter — ft p = water mass density — slugs/ft3 C, = coefficient of mass C,, = coefficient of drag Substituting for a s u/s t arid u2 from Eqs. (3) and (2), the force per unit length at any position z is dF p2 pD H2 &apos; / = — [- fM sin ? ± fD cos2 ? ] . . . (5) dz 2T2 fM D fD 2pt Cm = pA/H:CD = A2;? = T [+ cos2 ? for 0 < ? < p/2 cosh— (d+z) 3p L — < o < 2p Sin L -cos2 ? for p/2 <? <3p/2 The sin 9 term (inertia) i- negative for 0 < 0 < p and positive for p < ? < 2p. Values of A and A&apos; appear in Fig. 1

Jan 1, 1950

Canada&apos;s newest low-grade porphyry copper mine, Gibralter Mines Ltd. (N.P.L.), has reached production. The subsidiary of Placer Development Ltd., located at Williams Lake in the Caraboo District of central British Columbia, began open pit mining in mid-June on reserves estimated at 358 million tons assaying 0.373r: Cu and 0.016C; MoS,. Each of four separate zones will be mined in a predetermined sequence, in one or more stages, and with a throughput of more than 36,000 tpd. The sequence and stages of mining the zones have been determined by computer calculation and economic analysis and are designed to maximize recovery and minimize cost. At the very least, the mine is off to a promising start. Development costs leveled off at $67 million. 9&apos;; below the anticipated budget.

Jan 7, 1972

By N. A. Gokcen, J. Chipman

Aluminum and oxygen dissolved in liquid iron were brought into equilibrium with pure alumina crucibles and atmospheres of known H2O and H2 contents to study the reactions: 1—Al2O3(s) = 2 Al + 3 0; 2—Al2o3(s) + 3H2(g) = 2Al+ 3H2o(g); and 3—H2(9) +O = H2O(g). Aluminum strongly reduces the activity coefficient of oxygen and similarly oxygen reduces that of aluminum. Values of the product [% All" • [% O]3 are much smaller than those found in previous experimental studies and are of the order of magnitude of the calculated values. ALUMINUM is the strongest deoxidizer commonly A used in steelmaking, but the extent to which it removes dissolved oxygen has been debatable. The relationship between aluminum and oxygen has not been determined reliably not only on account of the usual experimental difficulties at high temperatures but also because of uncertainties in the analyses of very small concentrations of oxygen and aluminum. The earliest experimental attempt of Herty and coworkers&apos; was followed by a more systematic study of Wentrup and Hieber.&apos; These authors added aluminum to liquid iron of high oxygen content in an induction furnace and considered that 10 min was sufficient to remove the deoxidation products from the melt. Parts of the melts thus obtained were poured into a copper mold and analyzed for total aluminum and oxygen (soluble plus insoluble forms), assuming that the insoluble parts were in solution at the temperatures from which samples were taken. It is conceivable that the furnace atmosphere in their experiments, consisting of mainly air at 20 mm Hg pressure, was a serious source of continuous oxidation and therefore that their oxygen concentrations were correspondingly high. Scattering of their data was explained to be well within the maximum inaccuracy of 10°C in the temperature measurements and errors of ±0.002 pct each in the oxygen and total aluminum analyses. Maximum and minimum deoxidation values, i.e., values of the product [% All&apos; . [% O] differed by factors of 10 to 15; mean values of 9x10-11 and 7.5x10-9 ere reported at 1600" and 1700°C, respectively. Hilty and Craftsv determined the solubility of oxygen in liquid iron containing aluminum, using a rotating induction furnace. Pure alumina crucibles used in their experiments contained the liquid iron which in turn acted as a container for slags of varying compositions consisting mainly of Al2O3, Fe2O3, and FeO. The furnace was continuously flushed with argon, and additions of aluminum and Fe2O3 were made in the course of each experimental heat. The inner surfaces of their alumina crucibles were covered with a substance other than pure Al2O3, containing both iron oxide and alumina. Although frequent slag additions can change the composition of slag in the liquid iron cup formed by rotation, the inner surface of the crucible must depend upon the transfer of oxygen or aluminum through the liquid iron for any adjustment in composition. It is not clear that their metal was in equilibrium with the crucible wall, but it is clear that it was not in equilibrium with Al2O3. Their deoxidation product, [% A].]" • [% O]3, varied by a factor of more than 50; the average values of 2.8x10- and 1.0x10-7 were selected for temperatures of 1600" and 1700°C, respectively. Aside from the experimental determinations, attempts have been made to calculate the deoxidation constant for aluminum indirectly from thermody-namic data. Schenck4 combined the thermodynamic data for Al2O3 and dissolved oxygen in liquid iron by assuming an ideal solution. His calculated values are 2.0x10-15 and 3.2x10-13 at 1600" and 1700°C, respectively. Later, Chipman5 attempted to correct for the deviation from ideality and derived an expression which led to deoxidation values of 2.0x10-14 and 1.1x10-12 at 1600" and 1700°C, respectively. The errors in these treatments originate mainly from inaccuracies of thermal data and uncertainties regarding the activity coefficients of dissolved oxygen and aluminum. The purpose of this investigation was to study the equilibria represented in the following reactions in the presence of pure alumina: Al2O3(s) = 2Al + 3O K = aAl2.ao3 [1] Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g) = 2Al + 3H2O(g) H2O K2 = aAl2(H2O/H2 ) [2] H2(g) +O = H2O(g) K3 = 1/ao (H2) [3] The experimental method consisted of melting pure electrolytic iron, usually with an initial charge of aluminum, in pure dense alumina crucibles under a controlled atmosphere of H,O and H2 and holding

Jan 1, 1954

By L. Zwell, H. A. Wriedt

X-ray Lattice parameter and bulk density measurements were made at room temperature on solid solutions of nitrogen in purified a, iron, containing from 0 to 0.053 wt pct N. When nitrogen is dissolved in a, iron, the fractional increase in unit cell volume (X-ray diffraction) and the fractional increase in volume per gram of iron (bulk density measurement) are the same within experimental error. The two sets of results when averaged show that the unit cell edge of a, iron increases linearly by 3.2 X 10-2 A per wt pct N dissolved and that the partial gram-atomic volume of nitrogen at infinite dilution in a, iron is the same as it is in nitrogen-martensite, that is, 5.90 cm3. RECENT reviews17&apos; of literature dealing with the lattice parameter of ferritic iron-nitrogen alloys indicate that the dilating effect of dissolved nitrogen on the bcc unit cell of a iron is not known with confidence. Five investigations3-7 either revealed no effect of nitrogen or were inconclusive. Among other investigations, where quantitative data were obtained, the results of Osawa and Iwaizumi8 indicate too large an effect, and those of Eisenhut and Kaupp9 show the lattice parameter of ferrite varying with the nitrogen content at concentrations far beyond the known solubility limit. It is not clear in Burns&apos;10 data what value should be used for the lattice parameter of nitrogen-free ferrite in calculating the dilation. Burdese11 shares with Burns the shortcoming that the iron-nitrogen alloys were solution-treated and quenched with undissolved nitride present. The consequence is that the un- certainties in the solubility limit1 are added to those in the lattice parameter measurements when the variation of lattice parameter with nitrogen content is computed. For a system of such widespread interest, we felt that a new investigation was merited. Both X-ray diffraction and bulk density measurements were used to determine the dilation of the , a iron lattice by dissolved nitrogen. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Material. The bulk density and X-ray diffraction experiments were both made with specimens of a purified iron (denoted as "B iron")- from Battelle Memorial Institute. The impurity contents were as follows: As, C, Cu and Pb—50 ppm; Ag, Al, Co, Ga, 0, Ti-11 to 50 ppm; B, Be, Ca, Cd, Cr, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Ni, S, Sb, Si, Sn, V, W-10 ppm or less. The vacuum-cast ingot was hot-forged and annealed. Pieces of the forged stock were machined and cold-rolled to give strip stock 0.08 and 0.002 in. thick for density and for X-ray measurements, respectively. Preparation of Specimens. Starting with a piece of the cold-rolled iron stock, the general sequence of operations, after an initial recrystallizing anneal, was to measure the density or lattice parameter, nitrogenize, remeasure the property, age or denitrogenize, and again measure the property. Duplicate analyses for nitrogen were made by a modified Kjeldahl method on portions of the actual density specimens and on pieces nitrogenized to equilibrium alongside the X-ray specimens. Annealing of the density specimens was performed by sealing the pieces with the as-rolled surfaces removed by filing into evacuated "Vycor" capsules and treating for 1 hr at 750°C followed by furnace cooling. (TO check the effect, if any, of annealing procedure, a specimen also was

Jan 1, 1962

By Junichi Sato, Takash Suzuki, Tatsuo Imamura, Mamoru Hojo

INTRODUCTION Hitachi Refinery of Nippon Mining Co., Ltd. was constructed in 1911. The refinery began early to recover by-product metals and to manufacture copper products. Today, the refinery recovers gold, silver, selenium, platinum and palladium as by-products of the copper refining process and manufactures copper powder, copper foil, wire bars and chemicals for plating. In 1969, the capacity of the Hitachi Refinery reached 6,000 tons/month. (T/M). Because, at that time, the forecast was for the demand for copper in Japan to increase, planning for the expansion of the Hitachi and Saganoseki refineries was begun. A new 10,000 T/M capacity tank house, a new electrolyte purification plant and a enlarged anode slime treatment plant were planned for the Hitachi Refinery. Construction at the Hitachi Refinery began in December, 1970, and was completed in April, 1974. The development of new machines and processes has resulted in an efficient refinery with a production capacity of 16,000 TIM. This paper is a report on the new anode slime treatment plant at the Hitachi Refinery, and especially on the copper removal process in that plant, the Ferric Leaching Process.

Jan 1, 1976

By Dorsey Hager

The possibilities of finding new oil pools in Oklahoma and Kansas are far from promising. In 1916, the only new pools of importance were the Franchot pool near Bixby, the Garber, and the Billings pools in Oklahoma, and the Virgil and Utopia fields in Greenwood County, Kansas. In the first 8 months of 1917, a small pool of unknown extent was opened south of the Stone Bluff pool in Oklahoma, and a pool near Casey, Paunee County, Oklahoma. In Eastern Kansas, interest has been caused by the sinking of new wells near the old Iola pool, but nothing of magnitude has yet been found. The outlook for new pools is far from encouraging, especially as geological surveys have covered all of Oklahoma and Kansas. There are a few areas where geological surveys throw little or no light on the subject, as exposures are poor, but the chances of finding new pools in such areas are slight indeed, if one can judge from the past history of such areas. So far the geologists have based their opinions largely upon the presence or the absence of geologic structure, such as anticlines, domes, and terraces, but some pools will most certainly be found where no surface structure exists, but where local changes in the sand body favor oil accumulations. However, the possibilities of new pools off structure are small, as fully 90 per cent. of the oil pools are on definite structure. In the past, it is estimated that one test in 150 "wild cats" or new tests has brought in a new field. The writer feels safe in asserting that the proportion will decrease still further, so that but one out of 500 new tests may bring in a pay well in a new area. Prom now on the principal field of work in Oklahoma and in Kansas will consist in developing the present pools. The years 1915, 1916 and 1917 saw the high peak of Oklahoma and Kansas oil production. The Eldorado and the Augusta oil fields present the largest possibilities for continued production in Kansas. These two pools have been scarcely more than one-third developed, and have greater potentialities than any of the present Oklahoma pools. In Oklahoma, pools of magnitude should

Jan 1, 1918

By Coleman D. Hunter, George M. Straughan

Oil and gas development as well as extensive leasing in Kentucky during 1940 has shown a marked improvement over the past three years.$ The most noticeable improvement is the gas development in eastern Kentucky and the deep tests being drilled by major oil interests. In western Kentucky, 406 wells were drilled, of which 173 were oil producers, 12 were gas wells and 221 were dry or abandoned. The number of dry tests was large, because no important, new oil or gas pool was discovered and many of the dry holes could be considered wildcat tests. However, with either oil or gas possibilities from Pennsylvanian formations on through Mississippian, Silurian, Devonian, and Ordovician, this percentage of dry holes seems rather high. Many of the dry tests possibly should have been tested in deeper horizons before being abandoned: namely, Silurian and Ordovician ages. In eastern Kentucky, 213 wells were drilled, of which 113 were gas producers, 61 were oil wells, and 39 were dry holes. Of these wells, 117 were drilled in the most important Big Sandy gas field, in Floyd, Pike, Knott and Martin Counties, and of this number 103 were gas producers, 5 were oil wells, and 9 were dry holes. In the Big Sinking oil field of Estill, Lee and Powell Counties, 70 of the remaining 96 wells were drilled, j6 being oil producers. During 1940, four deep tests were drilled in eastern Kentucky. One test penetrated the Knox dolomite in Knox County and was dry; no St. Peter sand was encountered. Another test in Lee County had some gas in what might be called St. Peter sand, according to the State Department, and also some gas deeper in the Knox dolomite. In Wolfe County, a small oil well was completed in the Ordovician, which was undoubtedly of Trenton age. ilt the present time, four deep tests are being drilled, all of which will go to the Knox dolomite. In Elliott County, on the Burke dome, the Inland Gas Co, is drilling at 3650 ft. In Magoffin County, on the Paint Creek uplift, the Cumberland Petroleum Co. is drilling at 3800 ft. In Clark County, in the Ruckerville fault area, W. 0. Allen is drilling at 1800 ft. In Laurel County, on the Sinking Creek dome, the Globe Oil and Gas Co. is drilling at I750 ft. If production is encountered in the Trenton, St. Peter, or Knox dolomite in any of these tests, eastern Kentucky will experience a marked increase in deep development.

Jan 1, 1941

By George M. Straughan, Coleman D. Hunter

Oil and gas development as well as extensive leasing in Kentucky during 1940 has shown a marked improvement over the past three years.$ The most noticeable improvement is the gas development in eastern Kentucky and the deep tests being drilled by major oil interests. In western Kentucky, 406 wells were drilled, of which 173 were oil producers, 12 were gas wells and 221 were dry or abandoned. The number of dry tests was large, because no important, new oil or gas pool was discovered and many of the dry holes could be considered wildcat tests. However, with either oil or gas possibilities from Pennsylvanian formations on through Mississippian, Silurian, Devonian, and Ordovician, this percentage of dry holes seems rather high. Many of the dry tests possibly should have been tested in deeper horizons before being abandoned: namely, Silurian and Ordovician ages. In eastern Kentucky, 213 wells were drilled, of which 113 were gas producers, 61 were oil wells, and 39 were dry holes. Of these wells, 117 were drilled in the most important Big Sandy gas field, in Floyd, Pike, Knott and Martin Counties, and of this number 103 were gas producers, 5 were oil wells, and 9 were dry holes. In the Big Sinking oil field of Estill, Lee and Powell Counties, 70 of the remaining 96 wells were drilled, j6 being oil producers. During 1940, four deep tests were drilled in eastern Kentucky. One test penetrated the Knox dolomite in Knox County and was dry; no St. Peter sand was encountered. Another test in Lee County had some gas in what might be called St. Peter sand, according to the State Department, and also some gas deeper in the Knox dolomite. In Wolfe County, a small oil well was completed in the Ordovician, which was undoubtedly of Trenton age. ilt the present time, four deep tests are being drilled, all of which will go to the Knox dolomite. In Elliott County, on the Burke dome, the Inland Gas Co, is drilling at 3650 ft. In Magoffin County, on the Paint Creek uplift, the Cumberland Petroleum Co. is drilling at 3800 ft. In Clark County, in the Ruckerville fault area, W. 0. Allen is drilling at 1800 ft. In Laurel County, on the Sinking Creek dome, the Globe Oil and Gas Co. is drilling at I750 ft. If production is encountered in the Trenton, St. Peter, or Knox dolomite in any of these tests, eastern Kentucky will experience a marked increase in deep development.

Jan 1, 1941

By Jeff Steinhoff

INTRODUCTION The Henderson mine utilizes a highly mechanized, continuous, panel-caving, mining system to extract ore from a deep, massive, molybdenite deposit. The mine is located 80.5 km (50 miles) west of Denver, Colorado. The mine surface facilities are located 3,170 m (10,400 feet) above sea level in a steep valley on the eastern side of the Continental Divide. Milling facilities are 24 km (15 miles) west on the western side of the divide at an elevation of 2,804 m (9,200 feet) above sea level. The ore- body is located approximately 3,000 feet south of the valley under Red Mountain. Access to the ore for men and materials is through a 915 m (3,000-foot) deep, 8.5 m (28-foot) diameter, vertical, concrete-lined, service shaft. Access from the mill is through a 15.5 km (9.6-mile) rail haulage tunnel. The mine is ventilated through an additional intake shaft and two exhaust shafts. Mine production at this time is 27,255 mtpd (30,000 stpd). The mine ventilation system supplies 1,038 cubic meters per second (2.2 million cfm) through approximately 60 miles of drifting or 2.7 tons of air per ton of ore mined. There are 130 fans in the mine in fixed locations and in vent lines with 6,900 connected horsepower in the mine. MINING METHOD AND LAYOUT The orebody is divided vertically into two major zones. The upper zone is the 8100-level production area. The bottom zone is the 7700- level production area which is in the early development stage. The rail haulage level at 7500 feet is common to both production zones. Each mine production zone consists of five associated sublevels. The cave undercut level is 16.8 m (55 feet) above the production level. Two boundary cutoff levels are located 44.2 m (145 feet) and 62.5 m (205 feet) respectively above the production level. The fresh-air level is positioned 15.2 m (50 feet) below the production level, and the exhaust vent level is 19.8 m (65 feet) below the production level. Horizontally, each production zone is divided into three panels each, 224 m (800 feet) wide. These panels are caved from south to north. As the caving in one panel nears completion, caving in the adjacent panel is initiated. Development for the caving panels is continuous so that the sublevels above the production level and the production level itself have a combination of development drifting and production-related activities. UNDERGROUND VENTILATION NETWORK The ventilation system is zoned in the same manner as the orebody itself. One major split of 600 cubic meters per second (1,270,000 cfm) ventilates the 8100-level production zone; one split of 100 cubic meters per second (210,000 cfm) ventilates the development of the 7700- level production zone; and one split of 165 cubic meters per second (350,000 cfm) ventilates the 7500 rail haulage level. The haulage tunnel requires an additional 188 cubic meters per second (400,000 cfm) of air. Development-drift ventilation is accomplished by hanging 1.0 m (3.5-foot) diameter steel ducting in the drifts with 40-horsepower, 0.96 m (38-inch) diameter fans supplying 9.4 cubic meters per second (20.000 cfm). The normal maximum length for these systems is 300 m (1,000 feet). The 8100-level production-area ventilation system is especially suited to a high level of mucking activity confined in a small area. Approximately 93 per cent of the mine&apos;s total production is transferred from the drawpoints to ore passes in 10 production drifts. The active area in each drift is 300 m (1,000 feet). Twelve 5-cubic-yard LHD units with Cat turbo- charged 170-horsepower engines are assigned to the area. Under these conditions, more than one LHD is assigned to a particular production drift. Adequate ventilation is maintained by making an air change every 97 m (320 feet) along the production drifts. Fresh air is brought into the production drifts from the fresh-air level through 1.37 m (4.5-foot) diameter raises. Air travels south along the production drift to the ore pass where it is exhausted down the ore pass to the exhaust level. The ore pass is followed by another intake which is followed by an ore-pass exhaust. At the south end of the production area, a series of exhaust fans maintain a southerly air- flow through the production level.

Jan 1, 1981

(This list includes only those who have entered military service within the past month, or whose entry has only recently become known to us; it also includes a few names of those whose titles or assignments have been changed within the month. The last complete list was printed in Bulletin No. 131, November, 1917. A complete Honor List is maintained in the reception room at the office of the Institute:) AARONS, J. BOYD, Captain, 4th Reinforcements, 11th Infantry, Australian Imperial Force. AHBE, F. R., Captain, 33d Engineers. AMBLER, HARRY A., 30th Infantry, Camp Greene, Charlotte, N. C. ALFORD, NEWELL G., Sergeant, Headquarters 84th, 9th Division, Camp Zachary Taylor, Ky. ANDERSON, ALEXANDER, Lieutenant, Royal Garrison Artillery. ANDREWS, CLARENCE W., 1st Infantry Co., Officers&apos; Training Camp, 83d Div., Camp Sherman.

Jan 2, 1918

By R. A. Stauffer

The chief ore of lithium is spodumene, a lithium-aluminum silicate containing up to 3 pct lithium. The preparation of lithium salts from spodumene is costly because of the low concentration of the metal and the difficulty of separating it from the other alkali metals present. Dr. Kroll&apos;s and Dr. Schlecten&apos;s recent paper1 has reviewed various methods proposed for preparation of lithium. It will be seen from this paper that the methods proposed to date have required one or another of the lithium salts as a raw material. The high cost of these salts has been the chief item of expense in the lithium metal produced. This situation has made it interesting to investigate the possibility of producing the metal directly from spodumene. When spodumene is calcined at 1000ºC in the presence of lime, lithium oxide is replaced in the ore as is evidenced by the fact that it may be leached from the reaction mixture with water.2 Free energy calculations suggested that lithium oxide might be reduced with aluminum or silicon and the lithium produced distilled from the reaction mixture by heating-to about 1000ºC in a vacuum. These facts taken together suggested that it might be possible to prepare lithium metal directly from spodumene by heating a mixture of the ore, lime, and a suitable reducing agent in vacuum and distilling off the lithium metal as formed. The Replacement of Li2O in Spodumene A series of experiments were undertaken to determine the ratio of lime to spodumene necessary to free substantially all the lithium oxide Present in the Ore. The spodumene used in these experiments was supplied by Foote Mineral Co. in the form of powder of about 200 mesh&apos; Analysis of the spodumene was as follows: PCT SiO2......................... 62.7 Al2O3........................ 29.9 Li2o......................... 4.9 Na2O........................ 0.89 CaO......................... 0.75 MgO........................ 0.49 K2O......................... 0.44 Lime (cp —200 mesh) was added in various ratios to spodumene and thoroughly mixed in a ball mill. Two hundred gram samples of spodumene-lime mixtures were charged loosely in fireclay crucibles and held at 1000ºC in a gas-fired furnace for 5 hrs. The product in each case was ground to pass 140 mesh and then placed in a thimble in a soxhlet extractor. Extraction with water was carried on for 6 hrs. After this period the extract was reduced in volume by evaporation in order to precipitate dissolved lime and was then filtered and titrated with 1/4 normal hydrochloric acid. After correcting for residual calcium oxide in solution, the alkali present was calculated as lithium oxide. The results of these experiments are shown in Table I and Fig I. At lime-spodumene ratios less than 1.5, the products were invariably fused. At the ratio of 1.5 and above, the product was loosely sintered with little evidence of fusion. When the ratio of lime to spodumene was three, replacement of alkali oxides in the

Jan 1, 1949

By Dorsey Hager

THE possibilities of finding new oil pools in Oklahoma and Kansas are far from promising. In 1916, the only new pools of importance were the Franchot pool near Bixby, the Garber, and the Billings pools in Oklahoma, and the Virgil and Utopia fields in Greenwood County, Kansas. In the first 8 months of 1917, a small pool of unknown extent was opened south of the Stone Bluff pool in Oklahoma, and a pool near Casey, Paunee County, Oklahoma. In Eastern Kansas, interest has been. caused by the sinking of new wells near the old Iola pool, but nothing of magnitude has yet been found. The outlook for new pools is far from encouraging, especially as geological surveys have covered all of Oklahoma and Kansas. There are a few areas where geological surveys throw little or no light on the subject, as exposures are poor, but the chances of finding new pools in such areas are slight indeed, if one can judge from the past history of such areas. So far the geologists have based their opinions largely upon the presence or the absence of geologic structure, such as anticlines, domes, and terraces, but some pools will most certainly be found where no surface structure exists, but where local changes in the sand body favor oil accumulations. However, the possibilities of new pools off structure are small, as fully 90 per cent. of the oil pools are on definite structure. In the past, it is estimated that one test in 150 "wild cats" or new tests has brought in a new field. The writer feels safe in asserting that the proportion will decrease still further, so that but one out of 500 new tests may bring in a pay well in a new area. From now on the principal field of work in Oklahoma and in Kansas will consist in developing the present pools. The years 1915, 1916 and 1917 saw the high peak of Oklahoma and Kansas oil production. The Eldorado and the Augusta oil fields present the largest possibilities for continued production in Kansas. These two pools have been scarcely more than one-third developed, and have greater potentialities than any of the present Oklahoma pools. In Oklahoma, pools of magnitude should

Jan 10, 1917

By George R. Cowan

A number of studies hare been reported of the effects produced in metals subjected to deformation by shock waves with maximum pressures ranging from tens to hundreds of kilobars. On the basis of the equations for the flow of mass, momentum, and energy through a stationary shock front, the macroscopic stress-strain curve for the resulting shock deformation can be calculated within narrow limits from the experimentally determined Hugoniol curve. In relatively weak shocks which are preceded by an elastic wave, the stress rises above the clastic limit only as plastic deformation proceeds cold thus the shock has a long toe. In strong shocks that override the elastic wave a high stress is applied without prior plastic deformation. A more important effect of increasing the shock pressure is the generation of shear stresses, called supercrilical shear stresses, that exceed the strength of the perfect lattice. A change in the mechanism of deformation is expected to result from the onset of supercritical shear. The shock disordering of ordered Cu3Au in strong shocks appears to be an example of such a change. It is suggested that the formation of fine twins in copper and nickel and the formation of structures which enable visible twins to be formed in the rarefaction ware, observed in copper and presumably in disordered Cu3 Au, are related to the occurrence of supercritical shear in shock dcformation. In recent years several studies1,2 have been made of the changes in structural and mechanical properties of metals produced by the passage through the metals of strong shock-compression waves ranging from about 50 to 800 kbar pressure. Recent work involving dynamic measurements of the shock compression "Hugoniot" curves 3-8 of many metals has developed techniques and provided data required to obtain the shock pressure and the (transient! plastic deformation produced in the shock-conlpression experirnents.9 Shock deformation has been found to be much more effective than slow deformation in changing the mechanical properties of metals, when the two are compared on the basis of equal plasti strain, Holtzman and Cowan9 made quantitative estimates of the shearing stress occurring in a shock front in a metal by assuming that the shearing stress is similar to that occurring in a shock front in a viscous, heat-conducting fluid, with the addition of a yield stress. Taylor&apos;s solution9 for a weak shock was used to estimate pairs of values of shearing stress and thickness of the shock front obtained by assumed choices of the ratio of effective kinetic viscosity to thermal diffusivity. It was noted from these values that. unless the shock front is extremely thin. heat conduction has slight effect, and the shearing stress is nearly independent of the mechanism of deformation. This mechanism does, however, determine the thickness of the shock front and the rate of strain. Furthermore, since the maximum possible shearing stress occurring in shocks of moderate strength does not greatly exceed the shear stress occurring in conventional slow deformation, the mechanism of deformation is not expected to be qualitatively different. The greater effectiveness of shock deformation in changing the mechanical properties of metals can be attributed partly to the fact that dislocations, when driven by near-conventional stresses, cannot keep up with the shock front, thus necessitating a higher dislocation density than required for an equivalent slow strain. The fast uni-axial strain occurring in the thin shock front would also be expected to cause a larger number of dislocation intersections to occur. In the upper range of shock pressures that have been studied the estimated values of the shearing stress exceeded the estimated shear strength of a perfect crystal. Under these circumstances it is reasonable to expect that the mechanism of deformation might be considerably different from that involved in slow deformation. Except for the observation by smith1 of twins in shocked copper, the effects of shock waves on metals did not show any obvious or large changes in properties that would indicate the onset of a change in the mechanism of deformation. The recent investigation of the effect of shock waves on ordered and disordered specimens of Cu3Au by Beardmore, Holtzman, and ever" showed a spectacular decrease in the amount of long-range order retained by initially ordered Cu3Au when the shock pressure was raised from 290 to 370 kbar. Since Dr. Holtzman and I suspected that this behavior probably was due to the onset of a shearing stress in the shock front in Cu3Au which exceeded the limiting shear strength of the perfect crystal. it was considered appropriate to examine directly the shock-front equations for a solid. and to obtain a sound estimate of the shearing stress occurring in the front using equation of state data obtained from shock studies. In this paper an estimate is made of the

Jan 1, 1965

By W. F. Vietti

Operations in the Texas Gulf Coast during the past year have resulted in the discovery of a number of new fields arid the extension of a few of the older fields, both by deeper drilling and by lateral development. Twenty-six new oil and gas-producing areas and discovery of oil or gas in three subsequently abandoned wells have been recorded for a total of 29 new fields of varying importance. Producing areas at Conroe, Manvel, Greta, Pierce Junction, Hastings, Dirks, Thompson, Batson, Mykawa, Tomball, Raccoon Bend, Samfordyce arid Saxct have been increased. Primary geologic studies followed by geophysical mapping or straight geophysical prospects have been responsible for the more important discoveries. These methods have further proved themselves an aid to limiting wildcatting to the more prospective areas and as the chief means to discover reserves in the future. Production for 1935 totaled 69,560,720 bbl. as compared with 60,850,-360 bbl. for 1934. Strict proration has been in force throughout the discovery of more oil than has been produced. The number of producing oil wells has steadily increased to 4851 at the end of 1935, as compared with 3858 at the end of 1934, owing in part to the prolonged life, because of proration. There were 1272 oil and gas wells completed during 1935, as against 835 in 1934. New Fields Pertinent data on the new fields discovered during 1935 are includrd in Tables 1 and 2. Hence, the discussion of these discoveries will be limited. Bee County.—Three new gas fields were added during the year: Beeville, discovered by G. M. Church in No. 1 Wood on Sept. 21; Foley, discovered by Dirks Bros. in No. 1 Foley on Feb. 8; and Plummer, discovered by Hynes and Fisher in No. 1 T. M. Plummer on Sept. 2. The three new oil fields added are: Hartzendorf, drilled on fee land by Hartzendorf and completed on May 17 as a small pumper; Ray, southwest of Tuleta, and discovered by Jameson and Burns in No. 1 Campbell

Jan 1, 1936

By W. F. Vietti

Operations in the Texas Gulf Coast during the past year have resulted in the discovery of a number of new fields arid the extension of a few of the older fields, both by deeper drilling and by lateral development. Twenty-six new oil and gas-producing areas and discovery of oil or gas in three subsequently abandoned wells have been recorded for a total of 29 new fields of varying importance. Producing areas at Conroe, Manvel, Greta, Pierce Junction, Hastings, Dirks, Thompson, Batson, Mykawa, Tomball, Raccoon Bend, Samfordyce arid Saxct have been increased. Primary geologic studies followed by geophysical mapping or straight geophysical prospects have been responsible for the more important discoveries. These methods have further proved themselves an aid to limiting wildcatting to the more prospective areas and as the chief means to discover reserves in the future. Production for 1935 totaled 69,560,720 bbl. as compared with 60,850,-360 bbl. for 1934. Strict proration has been in force throughout the discovery of more oil than has been produced. The number of producing oil wells has steadily increased to 4851 at the end of 1935, as compared with 3858 at the end of 1934, owing in part to the prolonged life, because of proration. There were 1272 oil and gas wells completed during 1935, as against 835 in 1934. New Fields Pertinent data on the new fields discovered during 1935 are includrd in Tables 1 and 2. Hence, the discussion of these discoveries will be limited. Bee County.—Three new gas fields were added during the year: Beeville, discovered by G. M. Church in No. 1 Wood on Sept. 21; Foley, discovered by Dirks Bros. in No. 1 Foley on Feb. 8; and Plummer, discovered by Hynes and Fisher in No. 1 T. M. Plummer on Sept. 2. The three new oil fields added are: Hartzendorf, drilled on fee land by Hartzendorf and completed on May 17 as a small pumper; Ray, southwest of Tuleta, and discovered by Jameson and Burns in No. 1 Campbell

Jan 1, 1936

ARTHUR BRICE deSAULLES In the death of, Major A. B. deSaulles at South Bethlehem, Pa., on Dec. 24, 1917, the Institute lost a valued and esteemed member, one of the last few of those who, in May, 1871, at Wilkes-Barre, attended the first meeting of the Institute, in response to a call that had been issued by R. P. Rothwell, Eckley B. Coxe, and Martin Coryell. Major deSaulles was born Jan. 8, 1840, at New Orleans, and was the son of Louis and Armide Longer deSaulles, each of French descent. As a boy he was privately tutored in the South, and then schooled in New England to enter the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he was graduated with honors in the class of &apos;59. Following his graduation he studied in France and Germany for two years, returning to New Orleans in 1861 to enter the Confederate Army, in which he served with distinction- as an engineer throughout the Civil War, rising to the rank of Major and the command of his Corps. After the close of the war he pursued his studies abroad for another year, returning to New York in April, 1866, when be became engineer for the New York & Schuylkill Coal Company, and remained at its plant near Wilkes-Barre until October, 1871, when it was sold to the Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Company.. He then returned to New York where for several years he was engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1869, he married Catharine M. Heckscher, daughter of Charles Heckscher of New York City. Mrs. deSaulles survives him. In 1876, Major deSaulles became superintendent of the Dunbar Furnace Company in Fayette County, Pa., with which company he remained until 1883. As a feature of the Pittsburgh meeting in May, 1879, Major and Mrs. deSaulles entertained the members of the Insti-

Jan 4, 1918