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By Claudia Gasparrini

"Silver occurs in about 200 minerals in variable amount s. Silver ores usually have 5 or 6 and in some instances as many as 10 species of silver minerals. All these minerals may have different flotation and leaching properties and should be correctly identified for successful recoveries. Grain size and host minerals which are critical in gold recovery, are not always as important for silver minerals.IntroductionMineralogical factors affecting the metallurgy of silver are , as for other metals: (i) the silver-bearing mineral s ; (ii) their grain size, and when dealing with very fine sizes; (iii) their host minerals; and (iv) the association they form with the silver-bearing minerals. Of these, the silver-bearing minerals are more often the cause of problems during recovery as opposed to gold whose metallurgy is generally more affected by grain size and host minerals. The problems derive mainly from the complexity of the silver mineralogy: over 200 minerals exist bearing the element in major, minor and variable amounts.As a member of group I-B of the periodic table, silver forms extensive so lid solutions with the other two elements in the same group , copper and gold. It combines with sulphur, tellurium and selenium in covalent bonds and with chlorine, bromine and iodine in ionic bonds. Where the fluid composition, temperature and pressure during crystallization allow it, silver also combines with arsenic, antimony, lead, bismuth, tin, mercury, indium, thallium, and germanium in many instances as a minor element in sulphide , sulphosalt and native element minerals. Cations which silver replaces to a lesser extent than copper and gold are iron, manganese, zinc and probably nickel and cobalt."

Jan 1, 1984

By P. C. Richards

"Future Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants will have superior environmental performance and unmatched efficiency.The Shell Coal Gasification Process (SCGP) is a clean coal technology, which can convert a wide range of coals into clean syngas for high efficiency electricity generation in an IGCC plant. SCGP flexibility has been demonstrated for feeds ranging from bituminous coals to lignites and petroleum coke, and the process is ideally suited for combined cycle power generation, resulting in efficiencies of 42% to 46% (LHV).In the Netherlands, a 250 MWe coal gasification combined cycle plant based on Shell technology is being built by Demkolec, a development partnership of the Dutch Electricity Generating Board (N. V. Sep). The plant is scheduled to start up in 1993. IntroductionBasic ConceptShell's experience with gasification dates back to the 1950s, when the first Shell Gasification Process was commissioned with oil as feedstock. There are now over 140 SGP gasifiers licensed. The experience gained on oil gasification provided a firm theoretical and practical base for the start of coal gasification process development in 1972.At that time, there were serious concerns about the future availability and price of crude oil. Coal gasification (making carbon monoxide and hydrogen by the partial oxidation of coal) was considered to be an important option for refinery applications, because the synthesis gas (syngas) produced can be used as:• a chemical feedstock for making transportation fuels and chemicals;• a source of hydrogen (making use of the water gas shift reaction) for upgrading petroleum products; and• a fuel for heating process streams and/or generating electricity."

Jan 1, 1994

By C. R. Lattanzi, M. J. Davie, L. D. Smith, J. R. Goode

"The feasibility study determines the technical and economic viability of a project at the level of accuracy required by the owner to make an investment decision. The economic analysis usually includes calculation of the discounted cash flow. Key components of the cash flow include the project capital cost, the operating costs, construction schedule, production rate, product prices and financial details.This paper examines the feasibility study for a typical mining project. The paper discusses acceptable methods for the determination of the geological and mineable are reserves. The prerequisites for the development of suitable designs, and the calculation of capital and operating costs for the mine, processing plant, and infrastructure are reviewed. Important features of the cash flow analysis and its interpretation are presented.IntroductionThe commercial development of a mineral deposit invariably requires the investment of capital in preparing the deposit for production. It has always been necessary, therefore, to demonstrate to the investor of capital that production of a saleable commodity is both technically feasible and economically viable. The instrument typically used to make these determinations is the feasibility study .Traditionally, mining companies have been rather conservative in their approach to financial management. Until about thirty years ago, the capital required to develop a new mine was most frequently provided by internal corporate cash now and virtually all of the necessary technical and economic studies were performed 'in house'. Under these circumstances, there was little standardization as to what constituted an acceptable feasibility study, and even less as to what constituted an acceptable measure of economic viability."

Jan 1, 1991

By M. R. Swaan, G. J. Stewart

"ABSTRACTThe application of failsafe techniques to ask the ""What if"" questions about any process has been well established in the chemical industry for many years. The unusual number of fatalities that occurred in Ontario during 1986-87, prompted Inco management to look at the Fail Safe techniques as a method of improving safety performance.INTRODUCTIONOne of the major areas at any time for potentially disastrous accidents is the shaft, where all men and materials must travel. In April 1987, Inco's Thompson Mine's first Fail Safe Team was established to look at its shaft operations. The initial group of eight people was made up of hourly equipment operators, mine foremen, engineering, maintenance and the superintendent. This group took the name of Shaft Risk Analysis Team or SRAT.The many tasks or jobs that are performed in a shaft prompted the team to divide the work under six major headings; slinging, moving men, skipping, dewatering, shaft inspections and moving materials. Each of these areas contained many different tasks which are interrelated. The only way to understand this interrelationship was to flow chart the steps that actually occur in getting any job done.The flow charting is done by the foreman and operators using existing standard manuals and their experience of what actually takes place. In many cases, it soon became apparent that they had been ""working around"" many problems created by their standards. Fine tuning of these flow charts takes place at the weekly meetings, where input from all involved leads to a better understanding of the actual job being analyzed and its potential hazards. Two major points need to be emphasized in getting good flow charting at a mine:I. It must never be blame oriented or you will never discover how the jobs are actually done and hence you won't know what to improve.2 . All team members must have equal voting rights in deciding how to put the charts together so that they have ownership of the finished product. It is far too easy to end up with amanagement view of the way it should be. Many different techniques or methods are being employed to improve the tasks and reduce the risks associated with any job once the basic flow chart is established. The ones found to be the most useful are highlighted."

Jan 1, 1989

By M. Mirnezami, J. A. Finch

The McGill component of the consortium contributed detailed examination of the electrokinetic properties of the constituent minerals, primarily pentlandite and serpentine. Mineral specimens were derived from an ore sample; mineralogical examination showed the serpentine was predominantly clinochrysotile, a fibrous mineral responsible for much of the flotation separation problem. The study included design of a novel sedimentation potential measuring device to classify the surface charge of the ore and electrophoresis measurements on single and mixed minerals which progressively approached flotation conditions. The sedimentation potential measurements provided a general association between surface charge and the visual state of aggregation as a function of pH. The electrophoresis experiments started with single minerals in a background of indifferent electrolyte and progressed to mixed minerals in a background of supernatant derived from an ore sample. The single mineral tests supported the suspected electrostatic interaction, i.e., hetero-coagulation, at flotation pH 9-10. The mixed mineral tests demonstrated this interaction and also revealed hetero-coagulation with Mg(OH)2 precipitates, derived from the supernatant. This interpretation was confirmed by optical and electron beam imaging. A series of agents, CMC, polyphosphate, soda ash, EDTA, were examined to disperse the system. To accommodate the small mass of single mineral available a novel turbidity measurement using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer was introduced. Selected conditions were used in contact angle and small-scale flotation tests.

Jan 1, 2011

By R. C. Wallace

Since the time when Canada's East and West were joined by the railway, and communication was established into the interior, settlements grew on the southern fringe of the great Precambrian area that formed the northern protaxis of the continent during its vicissitudes of growth. They clung precariously to the fringe of that ancient land, for the Precambrian is not generous to those who wish to live by the fruits of the soil, except in those limited areas where the Pleistocene ice-sheet has been profuse in its gifts of clay to cover the hard surface of the Precambrian rock. Later settlements spread westwards over the expanse of Cretacean plains that now form the wheatfields of the Canadian West; but there still remained in northern and western Ontario, in eastern and northern Manitoba, a pioneer race, to whom agriculture had attractions only in so far that it provided the wherewithal to lay siege to the riches of the Precambrian. And they had a vision beyond their time. More than they knew, they had seized the fact that for the complete rounding out of Canadian national life, a8 well as for the establishing of the necessary contributions towards the economic stability of Canada and its provinces, an industry in mining sh01.dd be well and truly built in the hinterland of the central provinces. Failing the winning of mineral from the rocks, and timber from the forests, there would remain between the East and the West an enormous barrier of unproductive country which would not only be an incubus to the agricultural people in their struggle for economic liberty, but would effectively, and for all time, remain an un-populated void across which the aspirations of East and West would be unable to unite.

Jan 1, 1924

Innovation ? In economics a change must increase overall value, customer value, or producer value. ? Innovations are intended to make someone better off, and the succession of many innovations adds growth to the whole economy. ? Innovation may refer to both radical and incremental changes to either products, processes or services.

Feb 1, 2008

By Martin Irving

Adding Value to Canadian Diamonds - A Changing Diamond Industry - Diamond Mining - Diamond Manufacturing - Diamond Jewellery Markets - NWT Diamonds Changing Diamond Industry - De Beers ? privatization - Oppenheimers (45%), Anglo-American (45%), Botswana (10%) ? going retail - LVMH joint venture - New Players ? jurisdictions - Canada ? companies - BHP-Billiton - Aber Diamonds

May 1, 2002

By M. Boussuge

Ceramics and refractories have many common constituents and consecutively exhibit several analogous properties. For example, concerning the thermomechanical properties this paper will focus on, the type of creep that can be observed in both materials is often the same (kinematic hardening). Changes in microstructure (phase transformation, dehydration, sintering, crystallisation,...), induced by heating and/or cooling, can also drastically modify the mechanical behaviour of ceramics and refractories. But the coarse granulates, the porosity and the impurities contained in industrial refractories may lead to specific responses of this material to thermal and/or mechanical loadings. In particular, some differences can be observed with technical ceramics in the main type of damage observed in service : diffuse damage in refractories (microcracking) and localised damage in ceramics (macrocracking). In this paper, the possibilities of transferring a part of knowledge from ceramics to refractories will be discussed, in the field of thermomechanical properties : experimental characterization techniques, mechanical behaviour models. Finally, some problems caused by scale effects and by the integration of thermomechanical properties of refractories in the numerical simulation of industrial structures will be evoked.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. Oliver, B. Wilson, 10

"Red Dog is one of the world’s largest zinc producing mines and a significant producer of lead and silver. While some of the operational challenges relate to the mine’s location in a remote part of Alaska, there are also challenges in the mineral separation process. Recent processing upgrades have included the installation of two M5000 IsaMills to improve the zinc regrind circuit and of one Jameson Cell to improve the pre-flotation circuit. Relatively fine grinding is required to achieve efficient mineral separation at Red Dog, but while fine grinding aids in the production of high grade concentrates, it also creates challenges in the efficient recovery of fine minerals. Over half of the lead lost to the lead circuit tailings, as well as almost half of the zinc lost to the final tailings, is in the finer size fractions (<10 µm). The high pulp density experienced in the pre-flotation and lead rougher circuits also causes significant entrainment loss of lead and zinc to the pre-flotation concentrate and of zinc to the lead concentrate. To help improve fine mineral recovery, Red Dog has recently plant tested and installed magnetic conditioning technology in the flotation circuits. The equipment aggregates fine paramagnetic sulphides and selectively increases their flotation recovery. This paper outlines the testing and positive results at Red Dog.INTRODUCTIONRed Dog is the largest zinc mine in North America and represents approximately 29% of North American zinc concentrate production. The mine is located in northwest Alaska, approximately 100 miles north of the Arctic Circle and 50 miles inland from the Chukchi Sea. The remote location makes the mine accessible only by air or seasonally by ocean-going barges. Red Dog is a partnership between NANA Regional Corporation Inc, the land owner and Teck Alaska Incorporated, the operator of the mine. Red Dog Ore and Mineralogy The Red Dog deposit is a rich sedimentary exhalative (sedex) zinc-lead-silver deposit. The main minerals present in order of abundance are: quartz, sphalerite, pyrite, barite and galena. Production began in 1989 with mining of the Main deposit. Between 1989 and 2012, approximately 55.6 million tonnes of ore with an average grade of 20.5% Zn, 5.6% Pb, and 97 g/t Ag was mined from the Main deposit. Subsequent to the development of the Main pit reserve, two additional open pit deposits were discovered: Aqqaluk and Qanaiyaq. The first blast in Aqqaluk occurred on June 4, 2010. As of December 31, 2014, the Aqqaluk deposit reserve is an estimated 45.7 million tonnes of ore with an average grade of 15.1% Zn, 3.9% Pb and 71 g/t Ag."

Jan 1, 2016

By D. A. Trotter

"Low-pressure sodium light sources have been available for several years, but have not received wide acceptance in underground mining. This is because they are difficult to operate using DC power, they are not an intrinsically safe light where explosive gases may be encountered and they give poor colour rendition.With the need for energy conservation, several Canadian hard-rock metal mines are now changing their lighting to low pressure sodium, as it has the highest efficacy of any light source in terms of lumens per watt. Studies have pointed out several other advantages as well. Glare can be controlled, they penetrate fog well, they are easily maintained, they have a long life and they give the highest visual acuity when compared to other types of lighting. As well, in an underground mine, contrast is much more important than colour for task identification. For close work, the colour problem is alleviated with the use of cap lamps.Case studies are presented from Canadian practice. These show how the lights are modified for underground use, calculations preceding light installation, and how and where the lights are installed in the underground environment. Mention is made of worker reaction to the lights and possible physiological effects.IntroductionThe importance of good underground lighting to the total environment of mining cannot be overemphasized. In addition to the obvious benefits of improved worker morale, available studies show that good lighting practices reduce accident severity and frequency as well as increase production."

Jan 1, 1982

By Deni Côte, Marcel Vallée

"The Guide to the Evaluation of Gold Deposits reviews the successive evaluation steps in the domains of geology, engineering, and economics. The Guide analyzes, in a systemic perspective, the sequence of exploration, development, and evaluation work required to bring a mineral deposit to production. The aim is to identify the metal/mineralization losses and ore dilution that each work step contributes to the evaluation and mining process. The procedure allows one to maximize the income and profits of a mining operation, and to reduce the risks of financial losses tied to investment decisions in the mining sector. For greater efficiency, the criteria of reserve estimation and classification should be integrated with the evaluation steps and methods. At earlier stages of deposit development, when quantitative knowledge is available mainly on the geological axis, the term ""delimited mineral deposit"" should be used. The term ""reserve"" should be used only in an operating mine or in a mining project, when information in the geological, engineering, and economic domains is adequate to ensure technical and financial feasibility. ""Reserves"" are by definition ""mining reserves"". Each category of proven/probable reserves and measured/indicated deposits should be subdivided into two classes to express better the many steps of mineral valuation. The category of ""possible reserves"" shall be replaced by that of ""inferred mineralization"". This system, derived from the Australasian Code, can easily be integrated into current practices of the exploration and mining industry within a short timeframe. The proposal to develop the use of the margins of error of the estimates at a confidence level of90% should be viewed in a longer timeframe. Establishing the precision of the mineral inventories and distinguishing between categories and classes by means of the margin of error will require more work and a longer break-in period.SOMMAIRELe ""Guide d’évaluation des gisements d&apos;or"" analyse, dans une approche systémique, les travaux d&apos;évaluation et de mise en valeur des gisements minéraux dans l&apos;axe de la géologie, dans l&apos;axée l&apos;ingénierie et dans I ‘axe de l&apos;économique. L’objectif est d&apos;identifier la contribution aux pertes de métal et à la dilution du minerai des diverses étapes de l&apos;évaluation et de l&apos;exploitation du gisement. Ceci aid erra à maximiser les revenus et les profits, et ainsi, à réduire les risques départe financière que comportent les décisions d&apos;investissements dans le secteur minier. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, iI est essentiel de relier les critères d&apos;inventorie et de classification des réserves aux méthodes d&apos;évaluation des gisements. Aux stades antérieurs du développement minéral, lorsque les connaissances quantitatives ne s&apos;étendent qu’à l&apos;axe géologique, le terme ""gisement délimite"" sera utilisé. Le terme ""réserve"" ne sera utilisé que dans une mine en exploitation au dans un projet minier, lorsque l&apos;information dans les axes de la géologie, de l&apos;ingénierie et de l&apos;économique sera appropriée pour en garantir la faisabilité technique et économique. Chaque catégories des réserves, prouvée et probable sera subdivisée en deux classes pour mieux qualifier les niveaux d&apos;évaluation du projet. La catégorie actuelle des réserves possibles sera remplacée par celle des ""minéralisations inférées"". Plusieurs essais démontrent que le système propose, qui s&apos;inspire du Code australasien, peut facilement et rapidement s&apos;intégrer dans les pratiques de l&apos;industrie. II pourrait également contribuer à une standardisation des méthodes et des nomenclatures à l&apos;échelle internationale. La proposition d&apos;utiliser les marges d&apos;erreur des estimes au niveau de confiance de90%pour caractériser les estimations se situe dans une plus longue perspective. Cette application demandera des développement méthodologiques additionnels ainsi qu&apos;une période de rodage."

Jan 1, 1992

By R. K. Singhal

"On the mining side the Canadian oil sands industry has become proficient in excavation and disposal of ore and overburden. Nearly twenty years of mining experience is now behind this industry. While local improvements to existing mining systems and practices will continue, it is believed that some further gains in productivity can be achieved by selectively introducing new ideas from other mining and non-mining industries. This type of technology transfer is vital for over-all cost-effective technology enhancement of oil sands mining operations.Discussed in this paper are the issues of mining equipment, equipment sizing, microprocessor and computer based technol¬ogy as applied to mine-wide data management, automation and remote control and a projection of likely mining systems in the year 2000!This paper reviews the ""state-of-the-art"" in selected surface mining systems and attempts to evaluate the forthcoming technology and its application."

Jan 1, 1989

By Fernando Canales

In the last decade a great dealt of attention has been paid to the chemistry of polynuclear gold derivatives with a central heteroatom, not only from the experimental and structural but also from the theoretical standpoint (1). Interesting hypercoordinated species of the type [C(AuPR3)5]+, [C(AuPR3)6]2+, [N(AuPR3)5]2+, [P(AuPR3)5]2+ and [P(AuPR3)6]3+ have been described (2), apart from other complexes with more conventional stoichiometry, and all have in common the presence of gold-gold interactions of ca. 3 Å. Usually, the chemistry of the first row elements of the p-block is known to follow classical rules of bonding, and only in cases of extreme electron-deficiency has the traditional electron count to be reconsidered to account for special types of molecular or solid state structures. Many of these heteroatomcentered complexes are electron-deficient and the gold-gold interactions provide a significant contribution to their stability. The attraction between these closed-shell systems has recently captured the attention in inorganic and organometallic chemistry (1). P. Pyykkö has summarized the available theoretical and experimental evidence of intra- and inter-molecular interactions between heavy metal atoms, such as Au(I) (3). In general, when heavy metals are involved in such interaction, the closed-shell attractions are of metallophilic or van der Waals type, as has been found for d8, d10 coinage-metals, and d10s2 centers. Experimental evidence for the aurophilic Au(I)???Au(I) attraction is available from crystallography, NMR and Raman spectroscopies, and optical spectroscopic measurements of the interaction strength (4). It is manifested in molecular conformations with relatively close Au???Au interactions of ca. 3 Å, whose strength has been estimated at ca. 25-50 kJ/mol (5). These attractions are weaker than most covalent or ionic bonds, but stronger than other van der Waals bonds and comparable in strength to typical hydrogen bonds. The phenomenon cannot be satisfactorily explained by classical theories such as hybridization (3). From a theoretical point of view, the attractions close to equilibrium distances are caused by dispersive interactions together with relativistic effects (6). The attractive contributions are dominated by pair-excitations from the heavy metal, such as gold, strengthened by relativistic effects. In all the cases where there are inter- or intramolecular metal-metal attractions, the correlation effects are essential; if they are omitted, at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level, repulsive interactions are obtained (6). Hence, it is necessary to use at least second-order Møller-Plesset level (MP2) methods for the dispersive forces, which are included in the electronic correlation effects (7).

Oct 1, 2003

By G. M. Hughes

"400 cubic foot Agitair Flotation Cells are in use at Sherritt Gordon's Fox and Ruttan Mine Cu-Zn concentrators. The 4 impeller model No. 120, used at the Fox Mine Operation, appears to offer superior agitation and aeration qualities compared to the single impeller model 120A, in use at Ruttan. The advantages of the model 120 are most significant with ores of high specific gravity and coarse grind.IntroductionSherritt is using 400 cubic foot Agitair flotation machines at both the Fox and Ruttan Mine Concentrators.At the 3000 tpd, Cu-Zn Fox concentrator, 18 model 120 machines have been in operation since May, 1969.The 10000 tpd, Cu-Zn operation at Ruttan utilizes 49 model 120A machines. The plant started operation in May, 1973.The 4-impeller model 120 flotation cell has been marketed by Galigher since the early 1960's but the single impeller model 120A is relatively new.Model 120 Agitair -Cell DataThe Model 120 (Dwg. 1) has floor dimensions of 101 x 10' and a lip height of 2~ to 4 feet to provide up to 400 cubic feet of volume. This machine is shown with a froth crowder and stabilizer plates which are optional.Each motor drives two agitators. 20 HP is recommended by Galigher but 25 HP is more realistic with massive sulphides. The SG of ?ox ore is about 3. 6.The Model 120 can handle up to 600 cubic feet of air per cell at 2 psig which requires 5-6 HP at the blowers. Air volume to each impeller is controlled by a valve from a main header.During the first 3 years of operation at Fox there were few mechanical problems with the 120's."

Jan 1, 1974

By R. A. Gannicott

Trend surface analysis was used to investigate the geochemical dispersion patterns of Si, Ai, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti and Rb in the footwall of the Seneca massive sulphide prospect in southwestern British Columbia. Surfaces for various element ratios were also produced to see if the distributions of the elements are related to each other. Trends developed by the elements redistributed during hydrothermal alteration may be difficult to detect for various reasons, such as too few and widely separated sample points, random analytical errors or local variations in rock chemical composition that are not related to regional trends. Trend surface analysis is useful to distinguish regional trends from local fluctuations. The computer program used in this study is capable of calculating surfaces up to the 6th degree polynomial, but provides for automatic termination when the variables in the equation for successive surfaces become effectively collinear. With the relatively small number of data points used (21 samples) in this study, such termination occurred after the quadratic surface. Results show that, at the Seneca prospect, Mg and K increase, and Na and Ca decrease, toward a common centre which corresponds closely with the best drill-core intersections of ore. The centre is interpreted as a volcanic vent and as the source of mineralization . Quadratic surfaces for element ratios show that K/Ca decreases and Fe/Mg increases away from this vent. Thin-section and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that these variations reflect sericitization of plagioclase and an increase in the Mg content of chlorite near the vent. The mineralization , rock types and element dispersion patterns at the Seneca prospect are similar to those reported for volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits at Bathurst, New Brunswick, and in the Hokuroko district of Japan.

Jan 1, 1979

By P. R. A. Andrews, I. Jackman

"A mineral processing investigation to recover chromite was performed at Lakefield Research, under the guidance of CANMET personnel, on a 70 tonne ore sample from the Bird River deposit in Manitoba. In the laboratory phase a flowsheet was developed which involved grinding, gravity separation and flotation. The gravity concentrates were upgraded by magnetic separation and the flotation concentrates by gravity concentration. Pre-concentration by electronic ore sorting, magnetic separation and heavy media separation also was examined.The developed flowsheet was applied on a pilot-plant scale in the second phase of the testwork to the ore as received, and to ore pre-concentrated by electronic ore sorting and magnetic separation. Ore pre-concentrated by heavy-media separation was treated on a laboratory scale based on the pilot-plant flowsheet.Processing the are as received resulted in 77% recovery of chromite in a concentrate analyzing 30% Cr20 J; processing are pre-concentrated by electronic are sorting resulted in 64% recovery of chromite in a concentrate analyzing 30.5% Cr20J.IntroductionA five-year mineral development sub-agreement was signed between the federal government and the province of Manitoba in 1984. The purpose of the agreement was to establish a work program which would strengthen and diversify the mineral resource industry of Manitoba. Basically, the agreement covers three sectors: Sector A, geoscience; Sector B, mining and minerals technology research; and Sector C, development studies.Project selection involved input from industry, federal and provincial representatives. In the case of industrial mineral s, the selection was initiated at a meeting held at the offices of the Department of Mines and Energy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, in October 1985. One such project was the evaluation of the chromite ore deposits at Bird River, Manitoba."

Jan 1, 1988

By A. G. Pronk, D. M. Burton

"A regional till sampling program in the Upsalquitch Forks-Tetagouche Lakes area, centred some 70km west of the city of Bathurst, has proven an effective method for gold exploration in the heavily glaciated interior of northern New Brunswick. Prospecting activities within this area over the past three years, have led to the discovery of several gold occurences associated with quartz-carbonate alteration in a variety of intrusive rock types emplaced along major fault zonesQuaternary mapping shows that the glacial history is complex. However, the displacement of material is uniform in distance and direction, and the till is generally thin (0.5 m to 2.0 m) and locally derived, making the interpretation of till geochemical patterns relatively simple for the explorationist. Previous studies have shown the the fin e-grained gold is best detected in the -250 mesh (-0.063 mm) till fraction (clay plus silt) and that the C-horizon is the preferred medium for analyses.Samples were collected on a 2 km grid and analyzed f or Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, As, Sb, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, and Cd. Results indicate that concentrations of 10 to 20 ppb Au can effectively delineate areas of anomalous gold in bedrock associated with fault structures, and that a good potential for discoveries exists to the west of the known occurrences, where up to 678 ppb A u has been detected in tills. IntroductionThis paper reports on the result s of surficial geological investigations conducted over the past two field seasons in north-central New Brunswick. The stud y area is located in the Upsalquitch Forks-Tetagouche Lakes map area s (N.T.S. 21 0 19 and 21 0 (10) 70 km west of the city of Bathurst (Fig. I). The area is situated on the margin of the New Brunswick Highlands and has a maximum elevation of 640 m (for a detailed description of the physiography, see Rampton et al. 1984).Historically, exploration in northern New Brunswick has concentrated on base metals within the Cambro-Ordovician Tetagouche Group, resulting in the discovery of man y significant massive sulphide deposits (Brunswick No.6 and No. 12, Heath Steele, Caribou, Armstrong Brook, Orvan Brook, McMaster, Murray Brook, and Restigouche). Auriferous base metal occurrences along the Rocky Brook-Millstream Fault have also been previously investigated."

Jan 1, 1988

By Ron Davidson

"The Utility Mine in southeast Saskatchewan is owned by Saskatchewan Power Corporation and operated by Mana/ta Coal Ltd. Up to 3.3 million tonnes of lignite is supplied annually to Saskatchewan Power's Boundary Dam Generating Station. The coal occurs in two predominant seams which are covered by up to 37 metres of saturated fine-grained overburden. Overburden is removed by two draglines working in two pits. Coal is hauled to the mine mouth power station. Comprehensive drainage and reclamation programs are integral parts of the operation. IntroductionThe Utility Mine is owned by Saskatchewan Power Corporation and operated by Manalta Coal Ltd. It is located in southeastern Saskatchewan, approximately 200 km southeast of Regina and 8.5 km southwest of Estevan (Fig. 1). The climate of the Estevan area is semi-arid with long, cool winters and short, hot summers. The mean annual precipitation is 42 cm and the mean summer temperature is 20°C; mean winter temperature is -10°C. The Utility Mine supplies coal to the adjacent Boundary Dam Generating Station. Increases in the station's generating capacity during the past decade have resulted in an extensive expansion program for the Utility Mine. This expansion program, the geological conditions present in the area, and the mining/reclamation operations will be highlighted in the following sections<1.2). History The Estevan area has a long history of coal mining. In the early years, coal was mined via entries into coal seam outcrops along the slopes of the Souris River valley. Surface strip mining was introduced in the late 1920s and progressed to the point where it totally replaced underground mining by the 1950s. Surface mining methods are currently used exclusively by all of the Estevan area operators."

Jan 1, 1985

"These guidelines have been prepared to assist the Qualified Person(s)in the planning and supervision of exploration programs which will be reported under National Instrument 43101. The Companion Policy of NI43101 references the guidelines and states that issuers and Qualified Persons should follow them.Exploration Best Practices GuidelinesPreamble: These guidelines have been prepared to assist the Qualified Person(s) in the planning and supervision of exploration programs which will be reported under National Instrument 43-101. Such exploration programs must be under the supervision of the Qualified Person who will be responsible and accountable for the planning, execution and interpretation of all exploration activity as well as the implementation of quality assurance programs and reporting. These guidelines are also recommended for use in the planning and execution of exploration programs which will not be reported under NI 43-101. This set of broad guidelines or ""best practices"" has been drawn up to ensure a consistently high quality of work that will maintain public confidence and assist securities regulators. The guidelines are not intended to inhibit the original thinking or application of new approaches, that are fundamental to successful mineral exploration.Results should be summarized and reported in a Technical Report of good professional quality in accordance with the National Instrument 43-101 and Form 1 contained in that instrument. All exploration work from which public reporting will ensue must be designed and carried out under the supervision of a Qualified Person (""QP""). A QP is defined in National Instrument 43-101 as an individual who is an engineer or geoscientist with at least five (5) years' experience in mineral exploration, mine development, mine operation or project assessment, has experience relevant to the subject matter of the project or report and is a member in good standing of a recognized professional association."

Jan 1, 2003