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By John Postle, Maureen Jensen, Marcel Vallee, Bernie Haystead, Dan Hora, Graham Clow

The Committee's proposed standards establish definitions and guidelines for the reporting of Exploration Information, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in Canada and are identified as the "CIM Standards" and referred to as such hereafter in this document. To provide additional clarification to Qualified Persons (QPs), guidelines have been included with the respective definitions. The CIM Standards are applicable to all minerals including industrial minerals, diamonds and other gemstones. Reserve definitions for bitumen, natural gas and oil are not included in these Standards. The CIM Standards are not intended to cover mineral inventory estimates that will be reported to government agencies.

Jan 1, 2001

By J. Asfahani

"The inverse slope method (ISM) was applied to reinterpret vertical electrical soundings (VES) data from pits at the Al-Sharquieh phosphate mine, in order to demonstrate applicability and suitability of the ISM for interpreting VES data from sedimentary phosphatic environments. The ISM overcomes limitations of the curve matching method and the complexity of lithological sections. The ISM geo-electrical interpretation results correlated well with lithologies of the pits. This method characterized resistivity and thickness of the phosphatic layer, and identified favourable phosphate-prospecting areas using the newly developed thickness/depth parameter. The ISM is recommended for interpreting VES measurements in similar sedimentary phosphatic regions.RÉSUMÉ La méthode d’inversion de la pente (ISM) a été utilisée pour réinterpréter les données de sondages électriques verticaux (VES) effectués dans des puits de la mine de phosphate Al-Sharquieh, afin de démontrer l’applicabilité et la pertinence de cette méthode pour interpréter les données VES dans des environnements de sédimentation de phosphates. Cette méthode (ISM) surmonte les limitations de la méthode de comparaison de courbes et la complexité des sections lithologiques. Les résultats de l’interprétation géoélectrique ISM correspondaient bien aux lithologies des puits. Elle a permis de caractériser la résistivité et l’épaisseur de la couche phosphatique et d’identifier les secteurs favorables à la prospection pour le phosphate en utilisant le paramètre nouvellement développé épaisseur/profondeur. ISM est recommandée pour l’interprétation des mesures VES dans des régions semblables où se trouve du phosphate sédimentaire."

Jan 1, 2016

By John Kostuik

AT the Sladen-Malartic mine, a number of orebodies have been mined, some by shrinkage and others by open sub-level scopes, from which the ore is handled either through a grizzly system or by mechanical loaders. This paper deals with the comparative costs and relative merits of the two handling arrangements. The facts brought out in this comparison have a bearing on the selection of a proper handling method. The mine is in Fourniere township, northwestern Quebec, about forty miles east of the town of Rouyn. It is served by the Rouyn-Senneterre branch of the Canadian National railways. Two vertical three-compartment shafts give access to the present workings. No. 1 shaft, at which the plant is centralized, is the main hoisting shaft, with five levels to 950 feet. No. 2 shaft, 2,400 feet east of No. 1, is under development, with four levels to 725 feet. At the main shaft, the ore is hand-trammed in 1 1/2 tons cars from the scopes to the stations o:i each level and hoisted in cages to surface at a rope speed of 900 feet per minute. Air-operated tipples are used to dump the ore through grizzlies of 14-inch openings into a surface bin of 150 tons capacity. The ore hoisted at No. 2 shaft is trucked from the headframe bin to the mill. Milling commenced in January, 1938, ar a daily rate of 250 tons. Within two months this rate was increased to the unit's maximum capacity of 325 tons. A second unit to treat a further 325 tons daily was installed in April, 1939. The orebodies mined at No. 1 shaft are parts of a silicified zone at the contact between syenite porphyry and greywacke. The zone is ten co sixty feet wide, strikes easterly, and dips to the south at 55 to 85 degrees. The hanging-wall of the zone is marked, though not precisely, by a strong gouge fault. Locally, the boundary of silicification may be as much as twenty feet either above or below the fault, but for practical mining purposes the fault is the hanging-wall of the ore-zone. The footwall roughly parallels the fault, but as an assay wall it is usually irregular in detail. The ore is dense and hard, a siliceous replacement of both porphyry and greywacke, mineralized with fine disseminated pyrite.

Jan 1, 1941

By Harold L. Gibson, David H. Watkinson

"Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Noranda Camp cur throughout the Noranda Shield Volcano but are concentrated and along the margins of the Noranda Cauldron. The deposits are realized along synvolcanic faults that also accommodated subsince and controlled the location of eruptive centres. Deposits within e 3 000 m thick Mine Sequence formed during a period of active volcanism and subsidence coinciding with the onset of two cauldron subsidence cycles. The Noranda Cauldron was a restricted site of 10malously high heat flow and structural permeability that favoured e development of a high-temperature hydrothermal system. Metals may have been derived from leaching of aquifer rocks by convecting a water or directly from a shallow underlying magma chamber, now presented by the Plavrian Pluton, that was at its highest position !thin the crust during cauldron subsidence. The deposits formed rough a combination of sulphide precipitation from exhaled fluid td replacement at and below the seafloor in a manner analogous to ose on the modern seafloor.RESUMESi les dépôts de sulfures massifs volcano gènes du camp minier de ~uyn-Noranda sont présents dans les différentes parties du volcanluclier de Noranda, ils se trouvent concentres toutefois, en plus ·and nombre, sur le pourtour de la caldeira (cauldron) de Noranda. ~s dépôts sont localises le long des failles synvolcaniques qui ont cilite la subsidence et contrôle la position des centres d’éruption.~dépôts situes dans la séquence des mines (3 000 m d’épaisseur) sont formes durant un épisode d' activité volcanique et de subsiden qui coïncide avec l' amorce de deux cycles d' affaissement de la rldera (cauldron) de Noranda. Celle-ci Jut le site exclusif d’unflux : chaleur anormalement élevé et d’une perméabilité d’origine cucturale qui ont favorise le développement d’un système hydrothermal a haute température. Les métaux proviennent soit directement d’une chambre magmatique situee afaible profondeur, so it d’un lessivage des roches de l’aquifère par l’eau de mer circulant par convection. Cette chambre magmatique, représentée maintenant par le pluton de Flavrian, se trouvait à son niveau le plus élevé dans la croute au moment de l’affaissement de la caldeira (cauldron). Les dépôts se sont constitués par un mecanisme combinant remplacement et précipitation de sulfures à partir des fluides exhalatifs, au niveau ou au-dessous du plancher océanique, de la même manière que se forment de nos jours, les dépôts de sulfures massifs au fond des océans."

Jan 1, 1990

By V. J. Southey

HOLLINGER mining operations have required development by 24 vertical shafts having a total length of 28,160 feet. Seventeen of these are sunk from surface and seven are interior shafts. Four surface shafts and three interior shafts are now active and, excepting the recently completed new main ore-hoisting shaft, the remainder are either abandoned, or are used for passes or for ventilation. The new shaft bottoms 60 feet below the 3,050 level, but there is much work to be done before it is placed in service. The term 'shaft practice' is intended to include shaft construction and a general treatment o typical equipment. It is a large subject for an organization the size of Hollinger and this paper is intended only to present the salient features. The writer wishes to thank the management for permission to publish this information and to acknowledge the advice and criticism o A. G. Irving, chief engineer, and the willing co-operation of other members of the Hollinger staff.

Jan 1, 1939

By Derek Perkins

"Brenda Mines Ltd. operates an open pit copper and molybdenum mine located in south central British Columbia. The main economic mineralization is chalcopyrite and molybdenite. Pyrite, galena and sphalerite are also present in varying quantities. The mineralization is present in small veins and fractures in a porphyritic quartz diorite host rock.The mill processes approximately 30,000 tonnes of ore daily. The ore is crushed in three stages and then ground in conventional rod mill - ball mill circuits with cyclone classification. The cyclone overflow is fed to the bulk flotation circuit as a pulp with a density of 50% solids. The particle size distribution is approximately 35% plus 65 mesh. Bulk rougher and cleaning flotation produce a concentrate grading approximately 20% copper and 4% molybdenum. This concentrate is fed to the separation circuit, where the copper is depressed with sodium hydrosulphide and the molybdenum is floated. These products are further ground and then upgraded by column flotation. The molybdenum concentrate is pumped to the leach plant to reduce concentration of lead and copper. It is then washed, filtered, dried and packed for shipment to Europe. The copper concentrate is filtered, dried and subsequently shipped to Japan.Prior to November 1977, the mill flotation control was carried out by the assay laboratory using a Philips PW 1540 sequential x-ray spectrograph. The assay set consisted of twelve samples, analysed on a two hourly basis for copper, molybdenum, lead, iron and silica.In order to provide elemental composition information on a much shorter sampling interval and to produce speedier control analysis for automating process control, an Applied Research Laboratories PCXQ on stream analyser was purchased. The installation of this analyser, reduced the turnaround time of the control analyses from (2) hours to (20) minutes. At Brenda, the following assays are used in the mill control strategies."

Jan 1, 1989

By C. W. Drake, J. H. Walsh

"The Canadian Carbonization Re-search Association was formed during 1965, with seven founding members representing four integrated steel companies, two coal companies and one high-temperature tar processing company. The purpose of this paper is to review the circumstances which led to the formation of this new research association and to discuss its general objectives. Also discussed will be the organization of the Association, the nature of its relationship with the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources in the early stages, and some of the technical programs which have now been initiated."

Jan 1, 1967

By L. S. Beck

"IntroductionThe Beaverlodge District is an important mineralogenic province of pitchblende and occupies about 1300 square kilometres centred on Beaverlodge Lake near the north shore of Lake Athabasca in northwest Saskatchewan (Fig. 1). Uranium City is the main settlement of the area and is serviced by scheduled aircraft from Edmonton, some 700 km to the southwest, and from Prince Albert which lies a similar distance to the south.During the summer, boats and barges supply the area from the railhead to Fort McMurray via the Athabasca River and Lake Athabasca, a distance of about 550 km. For the past few years a winter road has been maintained across Lake Athabasca to Cluff Lake to connect with Highway 155.The topography of the area is typical of the Precambrian Shield with generally low relief and a disorganized drainage of numerous lakes separated by hummocky rock ridges, muskeg and drift-covered areas. Local topography in the area is, however, extremely rugged, particularly south and east of Beaverlodge Lake, where resistant rocks form prominent hills and ridges extending as much as 180 m above lake level. Rock exposures are abundant and form over 50 per cent of the land area.History of Exploration and DevelopmentEconomic interest was first aroused by Tyrrell (1896) who described an occurrence of iron formation at Fish Hook Bay; however, subsequent evaluation of the deposit indicated it to be uneconomic."

Jan 1, 1986

By A. E. McIlhinney, I. E. Puddington, C. E. Capes, A. F. Sirianni

"Two main problems are associated with the removal of pyritic sulphur from coals. The first is due to the fine state of dissemination of pyrite, which requires grindin1 to a very fine size to accomplish liberation. The second problem is caused by the similar surface chemical characteristics of coal and pyrite, which complicates separatio11 methods based on this property. In the work described here, the problem of fine particle size was overcome by using the selective oil agglomeratioa method developed at the National Research Council of Canada. Recovery of more than 90% of the combustible values was possible, even with particles only a few microns in diameter. Experiments using conventional chemical depressants for pyrite met with little success. It was found, however, that pyrite may be rejected during coal agglomeration through treatment with the iron.oxidizing bacteria, thiobacillus-ferrooxidans. The conditions for maximum pyrite separation are described and possible mechanisms by which the bacteria act are discussed."

Jan 1, 1973

By V. Thangadurai

The critical problems in commercialization of the present solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and useful electrical and physical properties of IT-SOFCs electrolytes are discussed briefly. The conductivity behavior of the perovskite-type and perovskite-related structure metal oxides are summarized. Perovskite-type La0.9Sr0.10ao.8Mgo.203_8 (LSGM) exhibits high ionic conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at 800 °C. In order to improve the electrical conductivity of LSGM and the In analogue of LSGM, substitutions have been made at the A-and B-sites. Substitution of trivalent La3+ by isovalent Pr3+ in LSGM and La09Sro ilno.sMgo.202.85 (LSIM), yield new mixed conductors. Among the investigated compounds in the present study, La0APro.4Sro.21no sMgo.2028 exhibits the highest total electrical conductivity of 3.2 x 10-5 S/cm at 200 °C in air with the lowest activation energy of 0.44 eV (200-700 °C). LSIM and Pr-substituted LSGM and LSIM perovskites show p-type electronic conductivity in the oxygen partial pressure range 10-5 ? 0.21 atm at 750 °C. The perovskite-type solid solution SrSn1-xFex03 exhibits compositionally driven phase transitions. For example, compound of the composition x = 0 to 0.3 crystallizes in an orthorhombic GdFeO3-like perovskite structure, where as that of x = 0.4-0.9 crystallizes in simple cubic SrTiO3-like, and that of x = 1 in orthorhombic structure. The electrical conductivity of SrSn1_xFex03 increases with the increasing Fe content and reaches a value of about 10-1 S/cm at 25 °C in air for x = 1. Compounds with low Fe content exhibit both ionic and electronic conductivity, while the higher Fe content 0.5) perovskites are electronic conductors over a wide range of oxygen partial pressure of 10-22? 0.21 atm at 750 °C.

Jan 1, 2005

By P. Tarassoff

Extractive metallurgy is concerned with the winning of metals from their ores and concentrates. It is therefore not unexpected that extractive metallurgy in Canada has always been closely linked with mining. The discovery and exploitation of new orebodies has provided the impetus for the building of many of our smelters and refineries - past and present - and for the development of new metal extraction processes. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of those early metallurgical developments, and to highlight the continuing expansion and diversification of the Canadian metallurgical industry.

Jan 1, 1999

By M. F. Goudge

BRUCITE associated with highly metamorphosed Precambrian limestone was discovered in the vicinity of Rutherglen in northern Ontario by the writer during field work on the limestones of that district in 1937, and later was identified in similar limestone at Bryson and Wakefield, Quebec. The brucite occurs as granules disseminated through the limestone (Figure 1) and comprises from 20 to 35 per cent of the rock. Such rocks may be referred to as predazzites or pencatites, depending on the proportions of the constituent minerals. In this paper, however, the general term brucitic limestone is used to designate limestone containing brucite. In none of the deposits does the magnesia content of the rock approach that of magnesite, and in the deposits near Bryson and Wakefield the magnesia content is only that of dolomite. Therefore, without some method of concentrating the brucite, the deposits would be of little or no more value as a source of magnesia than is ordinary pure dolomite, which is abundant in many parts of Canada. Investigations in the laboratories of the Bureau of Mines have, however, resulted in the development of a method whereby, from certain of the deposits, pure calcined brucite, or magnesia, in granular form can be obtained, apparently at a cost that will enable it to compete in eastern Canada with imported magnesia. The granular magnesia so obtained appears to be highly suitable for use in basic refractories, for making magnesium metal, and for various other purposes for which magnesia is commonly used. Prospecting in the neighbourhoods of the original discoveries has resulted in a number of other deposits being found in each of the three areas, and there is now apparently available s1.dficient brucitic limestone of a grade that will lend itself to commercial exploitation to supply for many years a large part of the present and prospective Canadian market for magnesia and its products. Furthermore, it is expected that additional deposits will be discovered as prospectors and others become more familiar with the appearance of brucitic limestone.

Jan 1, 1940

By Y. S. Sun, Northeastern University, W. B. Li, P. Gao, Z. Y. Zhang, J. W. Yu

"The boron-bearing iron concentrate was extracted from ludwigite ore by the process of magnetic-gravity separation. In order to fully utilize the refractory ore and meet the boron consumption of China, a novel process for separation of boron from iron in boron-bearing iron concentrate was proposed in this paper. In particular, laboratory scale experiments of improving boron reactivity were performed. Fine boron-bearing iron concentrate briquettes were reduced by bituminous coal completely at 1125 °C for 150 min. The effect of sodium carbonate, which was used as an additive in the roasting process, was investigated. The addition of sodium carbonate decreased the boron reactivity and facilitated the volatilization of boron. The influence of diverse cooling methods of the reduced samples on the boron reactivity was studied. The results indicated that boron reactivity could reach up to 80.76% when the reduced samples were cooled by rapid water quenching. In addition, the magnetic material containing 92.71 % Fe with a recovery of 95.11 % and boron-rich non-magnetic material containing 14.51% B2O3 with a recovery 88.85% could be obtained by low-intensity magnetic separation. The magnetic material and boron-rich non-magnetic material were good raw materials for steel-making and borax production, respectively.INTRODUCTION Ludwigite ore is abundant in Liaoning province of China, with 28.43 Mt B2O3 accounting for 57% of the boron resources of the country (Liu et al., 2006). However, it has not yet been utilized on an industrial scale due to its complex mineralogy and fine mineral dissemination (Wang, Wang, Ding, Ma & Xue, 2012). At present, boron-bearing iron concentrate and boron concentrate can be obtained from ludwigite ore using magnetic-gravity separation. The boron concentrate contains B2O3 12%~16%, which can be used as a high-quality raw material for the boron chemical industry after activated roasting, but the B2O3 content in the iron concentrate reaches up to 4%~6%. In order to further separate boron and iron from boron-bearing iron concentrate, a blast furnace and a solid pre-reduction followed by electric arc furnace melting have been proposed (Liu, Cui & Zhang, 1998; Wang et al., 2012). However, both of these two current routes face the same crucial problem that molten boron-rich slag has to be cooled slowly to obtain the alkali-dissolution activity of boron, which affects the yield of boron resource."

Jan 1, 2016

By B. Erdem, N. Çelebi

An important problem associated with tandem dragline systems is that of matching the productive capability of individual draglines in the combination. In this paper, a dependence mechanism among draglines in a tandem system is described, and possible consequential problems in a poorly-matched system are defined. The rate of linear advance and the cost of stripping are determined as two major indications for an efficient operation. The proposed decision criteria and the underlying mechanism to select a synchronous couple are introduced and used in simulating tandem dragline systems. The developed model is tested on a hypothetical strip mine where pullback stripping is applied with a tandem dragline system.

Jan 1, 1999

By D. G. Osborne

"The paper describes current 'tools' available to the coal preparation engineer for carrying out the evaluation of data, process design, selection of equipment and layout and design of coal preparation plants.Laboratory and pilot-scale equipment is widely available and test data can be used to provide valuable design information regarding capacities and sizing for specific applications. Pilot plants, unless they fit closely to the basic design envisaged for the eventual commercial plant, C(In often provide only limited useful information.Computing aids such as equipment simulation, plant modelling, etc. are becoming widely applied for establishing design criteria and investigating flowsheet options . Other computer tools such as computer-aided design systems are taking over some of the time-consuming tasks of detailed layout and design and estimation of quantities, etc. and providing the means for detailed examination of more than a single option.Besides computer modelling there is also physical modelling of plant buildings, plant sites and entire proposed mining areas; the former can be especially useful in finalizing design and threading' pipework and electrical reticulation systems through the plant without the resultant risk of impairment of flow, obstruction or wastefulness. Not the least of the benefits of plant models is the assistance provided for training new operating and maintenance staff."

Jan 1, 1985

By W. D. Haley

The report of the Forestry Committee, presented to the recent Imperial Conference at London, is discouraging in its view of the future of timber resources and supplies. From a review of the forestry situation throughout the world, there is every likelihood that, thirty years from this, a shortage of the soft-woods will be severely felt. In the United States, only about one-third of the present forest area contains virgin timber. This will be cleared at the rate of five and a half million acres a year, so that in twenty-five years it will be about all gone. Canada has only about 27 per cent of her original forests left, and her virgin soft-wood will last but another half century. At the present time, the value of her lumber products is over $300,000,000 annually. During the summers of 1909 and 1910, the Government of Nova Scotia caused an examination to be made of the forest conditions in this Province. The reconnaissance, which was under the direction of Professor B. E. Fernow, of Toronto, involved an examination of the various soils, the rate of growth of the wood, and a general survey of the forest area. The importance to the Province of conserving its forest resources was clearly shown, and a number of recommendations were made, which; however, were never acted upon.

Jan 1, 1927

By Jason Mewis

Do you have it figured out? ? If so, I want to network with you! ? There?s a lot to learn as an industry The more we share the better we?ll all become at dealing with this subject If you don?t have it figured out ? You?re among the majority in the in0dustry ? Project Risk is a broad and complex issue that is dealt with through many processes ? And it?s not intuitive either ? And you don?t want to confuse one process with Another

Nov 1, 2011

By F. J. Alcock

The Appalachian region of Canada comprises the three maritime provinces; Nova Scotia; New Brunswick; and Prince Edward Island; and that; part of the Province of Quebec lying south and east of Logan's fault. This; major thrust runs in a gently curving line from lake Champlain to Quebec; city and thence down the valley of the St. Lawrence to pass between Anticosti; island and Gaspe peninsula. To the northwest lies the St. Lawrence; Lowland division of the Interior Plains geological province; a region underlain; largely by early Palxozoic strata; which for the most part lie horizontal; or with low dips; where faults occur they are predominantly of the normal; type; and only locally are the beds cut by intrusive rocks. To the southeast; on the other side of the fault zone; an entirely different set of conditions is; encountered. There; Lower Devonian and older strata stand at high angles; are sheared and thrust faulted; and are intruded in many places by granitic; igneous bodies. The present paper is designed to outline briefly the geological; and structural history of this geological province and to emphasize; the part that structural conditions have played in connection with mineral; deposition.

Jan 1, 1954

By John A. C. Fortescue

There is a need for better communication between scientists who plan and carry out mineral exploration research in glacial terrain and the exploration geologists who look for mines. In this paper, four ways in which workshops could be used to close this communication gap are described and discussed in relation to the solution of this problem in Canada.

Jan 1, 1973

By Xuehui Xia

Abstract -There are a number of sedimentary exhalative massive sulfide (SEDEX) deposits in the Proterozoic Langshan-Zhaertai rift at the western segment of the northern margin of the North China platform in China, including more than ten large, medium and small deposits located in a belt of 300 km EW by 50 km to 100 km NS, with large Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, and S reserves. In several representative SEDEX deposits in the rift, the mineralizing elements are prominently zoned, horizontally or vertically, with Cu decreasing but Pb increasing from west to east, Cu decreasing but Zn increasing from bottom to top, and Zn restricted to the bottom half. The ore-hosting rocks, characterized by a clear manganese halo, have developed a polymetallic mineralization in positive relation with their carbon contents. Their isotopic aspects are: ?34S has relatively large positive values, fluctuating between +5‰ and +35‰, compared with Pb isotopic compositions which are less variable, with a model age of 1600 Ma to 1800 Ma, showing that they are mantle-derived. The mineralizing materials were associated undoubtedly with the contemporaneously faulting events in the rift. The deposits owe their origin to seafloor exhalation, with sedimentary rocks as their hosts.

Jan 1, 1999