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By Hiland G. Batcheller

HISTORY shows that the nation which makes the most steel is the most likely to win wars. Today the course of war shows that the nations which get there first with the most steel of the right kind will be the ones to win. Not only the most steel, mind you, but the right kind. Adequate production, which was enough for victory before the days of totally mechanized warfare of 1943, must now be accompanied by still better quality as well as more effective distribution. Further, both production and distribution must be flexible enough to permit rapid shifts from one weapon to another for use in varying elements in varying geographical areas. Thus the problem of making enough steel of the right kind at the right time in the face of changing requirements dictated by experience has been and will remain highly complex. This does riot permit us to ease our restrictions on nonessential use. War is a complex business, like the job of making steel for war. Each time we solve one problem, another pops its head up. Yet we are making some progress.

Jan 1, 1943

"The mountains of Utah contain one of the largest deposits of high grade bituminous coal in the world. According to the United States Geological Survey, there are 13,130 square miles of land known to contain workable coal, and these extensive fields contain 196,000,000,000 tons of coal. More remarkable than the extent of the coal fields is the thickness of the coal beds. Over three-fourths of the output of coal in Utah is recovered from beds ranging from 8 to 17 feet in thickness, as compared to one-eighth of the output of the entire country from such beds. In 1917, Utah mined one-third of its coal from seams at least 16 feet thick, compared to one-half of one per cent of the total bituminous output of the country from like seams.Coal at Wales, in Sanpete County, and in the vicinity of Coalville, Utah, was, it is reported, the first discovered by white men in the state. Wales claims the distinction of having produced the first coal mined in Utah. Two men, who had been coal miners in Wales, learned of the coal from an old Indian chief who called it ""rock that would burn."" In 1857, the town of Wales was founded and coal mined, and in 1858 some coke was manufactured and hauled by ox team to Salt Lake City. South of Wales is Castle Valley, in Wasatch Plateau field. From 50 to 60 miles of the Old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Monterey, California, lies in Castle Valley. The coal in this field may or may not have been known at the time the trail was used extensively. The first published reference to this coal, however, was made by a party of the Corps of Topographic Engineers in their journal for October 11, 1853.After the completion of the Union Pacific railroad in 1869, mining on a commercial scale was attempted. In 1876 the Utah and Pleasant Valley railroad commenced operations between Scofield, in Carbon county, and Springville, Utah county, and following the year 1878, when the Rio Grande Western railway began construction through the Carbon county field, development increased until in 1900, when large smelters commenced operations in Salt Lake valley and gave coal mining in Utah an impetus that first carried it to an annual output of a million tons. During the past fifteen years many new mines have been opened, and with the construction of the Utah railway, an exclusive coal road, from the properties of the United States Fuel company in Carbon and Emery counties to connect with the Union Pacific system at Provo, the state reached a maximum production of 6,005, l 99 tons in 1920."

Jan 1, 1925

By Wm. A. Haven

As soon as the likelihood of American participation in the war was established, and in spite of the fact that we can produce almost as much as all other countries combined, the demand for prompt deliveries of iron and steel products from American factories began to exceed their utmost capacity, and, after fifteen months of practically full operation, has continued to do so. Therefore, it would seem worth while to review some of the aspects of the supply and demand for steel as well as the efforts that are being made to bring them into balance. It is still being debated as to whether the situation should be defined as a real shortage that will persist through the emergency period or as a temporary one than can be relieved by less drastic measures than a Government-sponsored program of expanding existing plants and building new ones.

Jan 1, 1942

By Robert I. Jaffee, Bruce W. Gonser, Eugene M. Smith

There has been little investigation of the gold-germanium binary alloys. Haughtonl does not mention any work on the system. In a review article commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of germanium, E. Einecke2 mentioned a gold-germanium eutectic at 24 atomic per cent Ge (10.4 weight per cent) melting at 359°C., but did not give the source of his information. From measurements of electrical conductivity, J. 0. Linde3 estimated that at least 0.6 weight per cent germanium is soluble in gold. The recent availability of germanium in this country in commercial quantities has led to interest in its properties and its alloys. This study is part of a program of investigation on germanium alloys; work on ternary alloys involving germanium and gold will be reported later. In this investigation, the composition and melting point of the Au-Ge eutectic reported by Einecke has been found to be substantially correct. Eutectic composition has been placed at I2.0 per cent germanium, however. An alloy of 10.4 per cent Ge, Einecke's value, was found to have a few gold dendrites in it. The cutectic temperature has been determined as 356.0 6 ± 0.5°C., slightly less than the temperature of 359°C. reported by Einecke. The liquidus curves and the solid solubility of ger- manium in gold have been determined, and are shown in Fig. I. Materials and Alloying The germanium used in this investigation was prepared by the Eagle-Picher Lead Co. from pure germanium oxide, by reduction in clay crucibles with sodium cyanide. The regulus is quite pure, assaying over 99.9 per cent Ge. High-purity gold obtained from Handy and Harmon was used. Alloying was carried out in graphite crucibles in an atmosphere of purified hydrogen. The temperature was brought up to 1050" to iioo°C., and the metal was allowed to freeze in the crucible. Prepared in this way, the gold dendrites in hypoeutectic alloys were somewhat segregated at the bottom and sides of the ingot, and on the hyper-eutectic side the lighter primary germanium tended to gather at the top. Most of the alloys were made from virgin metal. Low-germanium heats were made by alloying pure gold with the eutectic. Melting losses were consistently a few milligrams or less, and the composition could safely be taken from the intended analysis. The 30 per cent and 50 per cent germanium heats for thermal analysis were made in part from remelted higher germanium heats, and they may be OR composition as much as one per cent. Because of the high cost of materials, the weight of heats for thermal analysis were 15 to 20 grams and heats for metallo-graphic, X-ray, and hardness specimens were 2 to 4 grams.

Jan 1, 1945

By J. R. Stone, G. D. Storm

Design features and operating methods of ASARCO's new unit for the continuous melting and casting of tough pitch copper at Perth Amboy are described. Preliminary studies made for determinitzg economic feasibility and design details are also presented. Cathodes are preheated with oil and melted in an electric furnace at 40-ton per hr rate, from whence the molten copper is fed simultaneously to the wire bar casting wheel and the continuous casting of cakes and billets. In the early 1950's the copper refining furnaces at ASARCO's Perth Amboy plant reached a point where major expenditures would have to be made for replacement of the furnaces and the auxiliary equipment. The problem was whether to continue with the standard reverberatory furnaces or to consider continuous melting in electric furnaces. Reverberatory furnaces have been used for years in the copper industry and for some 50 years at the Perth Amboy plant. Reverberatory melting practice, however, imposes certain restrictions. First, labor costs are high, usually requiring three shifts per day. Secondly, they operate on a batch basis, the conventional operation being a 24-hr cycle including

Jan 1, 1961

By Guy N. Bjorge

HOMESTAKE'S mining methods today are of necessity controlled to a considerable extent by that which has been done in the past. This may be shown by the fact that our two main operating shafts now, the B. & M. and Ellison, were begun in 1878 and 1896 respectively, so that-the loca-tions of shafts, locations of all the drifts on the upper levels, and a great deal of sloping was done before any of us now connected with the mine had anything to do- with it. Anything that I may say is not to be construed as criticism of those who have gone before for it would be a sad commentary indeed on us if we had not learned something from their experience. The levels down to the 1100 in the Homestake mine are spaced at 100-ft. intervals, and below that at 150-ft. intervals. The general plan of develop-

Jan 1, 1934

By Don Masson

MUCH has been written and many prophecies made on the subject of plastics as a replacement for metal, and the extent to which these materials will compete with each other for peace- time markets. (Metal is used in a broad sense to include all types.) But although certain synthetic resin materials have made considerable headway in war production, this change to plastics can hardly be regarded as a serious threat to the mining and metallurgical industries. Even today, the total yearly tonnage of plastic materials is approximately only 1 per cent of that of steel, and only a small fraction of this might be considered as actually replacing steel. However, these figures must not be taken as indicating that the importance of plastics in fields hitherto considered exclusively the territory of metals is negligible-far from it. Considering the comparatively minute tonnage of plastics now being produced in comparison to the output of metals, the number of applications where plastics have augmented or aided the sale of metals is considerable.

Jan 1, 1944

By Robert C. Paddock

INTRODUCTION A way of producing 3,000 tpd from the El Mochito Mine was needed. Of this production, 2,000 tpd must come from the San Juan orebody. The original sub-level stoping method did not give satisfactory results due to ground instability, and the highly irregular ore/waste contacts encountered . The experience gained from the initial system helped guide research into the ground instability problem. Results from this work, combined with knowledge gained about the orebcdy configuration, defined constraints that were previously not fully appreciated. These constraints, and others, combined with objectives, were considered together to develop a new mining method. No single technique was found to be suitable, so a hybrid mining system was developed. A combination of ramping, cut and fill, and vertical crater retreat, with an option to use top heading and benching was developed. To complement the mining system, the type of equipment needed was decided upoun. Also, to support the mining system at this expanded rate of product ion, major modifications of existing infrastructure were required. THE EL MOCHITO MINE The El Mochito Mine, of Rosario Resources Corporation, has been in continuous product ion since 198. The mine began operations in April of that yeas at a rate of 100 tpd. The reserves in 198 were 100,000 tons of silver ore assayed at 1,250 grams per tonne. As of the end of 1979, the El Mochito orebodies have produced over 5.6 million tonnes of ore averaging 516 grams per tonne silver, 6.8 lead, and 7.8% zinc. Present ore reserves are about 7.9 million tonnes, averaging 138 grams per tonne silver, 4.6% lead, and 8.7% zinc, with minor quantities of copper, cadmium and gold. An expansion plan to increase mill production two fold to 2,500 tonnes per day is underway. This expansion will require the mine to produce 3,000 tpd. The mine consists of numerous orebodies, all of which have been mined to a certain extent. Of all the orebodies, the San Juan contains 8% of known reserves. This amounts to about 6.7 million tonnes. The significance of the San Juan orebody to the future life of the El Mochito Mine is obvious. If the required mine production of 3,000 tpd is to be sustained, the San Juan must be the source of the majority of that production. Due to the mineability and overall logistics concerned with the other orebodies, the San Juan must be able to reach and maintain a production rate of 2,000 tpd by 1982. GEOLOGY OF THE SAN JUAN OREBODY The El Mochito Mine is a classic example of a chimney replacement deposit in limestone. Similar deposits axe found in Mexico, at the Naica, Providencia, and Santa Eulia Mines. The El Mochito Mine is located at the south- western end of the Sula Valley on the western edge of the Honduras Depression in the Central Cordillera and Central Highlands of Honduras in a setting of Mesozoic sediments. The orebodies occur in a structural basin developed between NNE trending normal faults and apparently hinged on the south end. Topographically, the Mochito Basin lies between the uplifted Santa Barbara mountain in the west and the Palmer Ridge on the east. The San Juan orebody occurs near the intersection of the NE trending San Juan fault and the ENE trending Porvenir fault. The downward continuation of the orebody is controlled by the westward rake of these NW and N dipping structures. The discovery of the San Juan orebody is attributed to analysis of structural evidence of known ore deposits by in-company geologists. The composition of the San Juan orebody is primarily garnet skarn, with local concentrations of hedenbergite and magnetite. The economically important sulfide mineralization consists of (in decreasing abundance), sphalerite , galena, pyrrhotite , and chalcopyrite. There is some indication that a Cu-Ag mineral such as tetrahedrite may also be present. The skarns were formed by replacement of the original limestone by hydrothermal water migrating upward roughly along the intersection between the Porvenir fault system and the San Juan fault system. Textural evidence suggests that the orebody is a composite of several pulses of hydrothermal activity which would explain, in pat, the great irregularity of the contacts and the large horizontal variation in mineralogy. A general pattern of skarn types can be seen in the orebody, partially accounting for the observed lateral variation in grades. This zonation is very generalized, and one or more zones may be missing in any given locality. The orebody is almost invaxiably surrounded by a 2 cm to 25 cm zone of bustamite skaxn with low values. The border skarn is usually

Jan 1, 1981

The mountains of Utah contain one of the largest deposits of high grade bituminous coal in the world. According to the United States Geological Survey, there are 13,130 square miles of land known to contain workable coal, and these extensive fields contain 196,000,000,000 tons of coal. More remarkable than the extent of the coal fields is the thickness of the coal beds. Over three-fourths of the output of coal in Utah is recovered from beds ranging from 8 to 17 feet in thickness, as com- pared to one-eighth of the output of the entire country from such beds. In 1917, Utah mined one-third of its coal from seams at least 16 feet thick, compared to one-half of one per cent of the total bituminous output of the country from like seams. Coal at Wales, in Sanpete county, and in the vicinity of Coalville, Utah, was, it is reported, the first discovered by white men in the state. Wales claims the distinction of having produced the first coal mined in Utah. Two men, who had been coal miners in Wales, learned of the coal from an old Indian chief who called it "rock that would burn." In 1857, the town of Wales was founded and coal mined, and in 1858 some coke was manufactured and hauled by ox team to Salt Lake City. South of Wales is Castle Valley, in Wasatch Plateau field. From 50 to 60 miles of the old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe. New Mexico, to Monterey, California, lies in Castle Valley. The coal in this field may or may not have been known at the time the trail was used extensively. The first published reference to this coal, however, was made by a party of the Corps of Topographic Engineers in their journal for October 11, 1853.

Jan 1, 1925

By C. N. Reid

In the course of annealing studies on molybdenum, it has been observed that a carbide precipitates preferentially on internal and external surfaces. The evidence for this is as follows. Electropolished bend specimens prepared from two grades of commercial molybdenum were loaded in a closed but unsealed tantalum can, and were annealed for 1 hr at 2000°C under a vacuum of 1 x 10-4 torr. The compositions of these materials are summarized in Table I. The samples were then slowly cooled at an average rate of 10°C per min, and were examined when cool. The surfaces of specimens prepared from Molybdenum A were consis- tently clean and featureless, except for thermally etched grain boundaries, see Fig, l(a). On the other hand, Molybdenum B had surfaces containing many needle- and featherlike markings, see Fig. l(b). These features were present in all surface grains, and within a given grain belonged to families

Jan 1, 1965

By Harold B. Goldman, Don Reining

The sand and gravel industry is the largest nonfuel mineral industry in the nation (Drake, 1972), Table 1. In 1970, the production of sand and gravel totaled 944 million tons valued at $1.1 billion. California, which leads the nation with more than 140 million tons, together with Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, Illinois, Wisconsin, and New York, account for 43 % of the total production in the nation. In commercial usage, "sand" applies to rock or mineral fragments ranging in size from particles retained on a No. 200 sieve (0.074 mm openings) to those passing a No, 4 sieve (4.76 mm openings). "Gravel" consists of rock or mineral fragments larger than 4.76 mm, ranging up to 3%-in. maximum size. The construction industry consumes 96% of the sand and gravel produced; the remainder is sand used for specialized products such as glass (see the chapter on "Silica and Silicon"). Utilization The building industry uses sand and gravel chiefly as aggregate in portland cement concrete, mortar, and plaster; the paving industry uses sand and gravel in both asphaltic mixtures and portland cement concrete. Aggregate is commonly designated as the inert fragmental material which is bound into a conglomerate mass by a cementing material such as portland cement, asphalt, or gypsum plaster.

Jan 1, 1975

By Allen Garrison

A PREVIOUS paper1 reviewed some of the properties of clays and shales and presented some data on the nature of the gelling phenomenon. It included a brief discussion of origin of clays and shales, their com-position, structure, retention of water, ionization, base exchange, and the nature of the gelling of water suspensions, Other publications of the Institute2-8 have discussed the properties of clays and their relations to drilling-fluid behavior and control. It is the purpose of this article to present some new data obtained and arranged in a different manner and making possible a better understanding of the chemical reactions involved in the control of drilling-fluid characteristics during the normal drilling operations. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The difficulties involved in the measurements of the flow character-istics of plastic fluids are too familiar to recite, The possible applications of some of the well-known instruments to this problem have been ade-quately discussed by Hobson9 and he has given an excellent bibliography. Although there are many viscosimeters of varied design, none of them appear to fulfill the most obvious demands of accuracy in the measure-ment of clay or shale suspensions, Since the fluid characteristics are dependent on the rate of flow of the fluid, and the viscosity usually falls off very rapidly as the rate is increased, it is clear that the first require-ment is that the instrument shall be capable of a wide variety of speeds. The viscosity of the fluid at any fixed and constant rate of flow is also a function of time, so that the second demand is that the instrument shall be capable of a constant and continuous motion for a prolonged period of time.

Jan 1, 1939

An old philosopher once said, "God grant me the serenity to accept those things I cannot change, the courage to change those which I can, and the wisdom to know the difference." It is time to take stock of how the human race has progressed-whether the trend now points toward greater evils or finer things. It is time that we stop fooling ourselves and put into effect a program of "real" conservation. By this it is not meant that we limit our concept to planting new forests, preserving wild life or preventing soil erosion, but rather taking stock of the expectancy of our resources, expanding human resourcefulness and effecting careful utilization and replacing of, or producing substitutes for, material resources. Man is still dependent upon energy and matter in certain usable forms, despite the fact that energy is inherent in all matter. Until such progress is made that the energy contained in all matter can be controlled, man must continue to utilize the common fuels. Advancement of research in atomic energy has cast a gleam of hope for future use of the tremendous energy contained in the atom. Use of atomic power for industrial pursuits would open up limitless resources of power. This energy, of course, is a two-edged sword, since man's progress and his means of destruction have always evolved parallel to each other. Thus it is estab-

Jan 1, 1950

Question 1—1s Structural Deformation of Some Character Always Necessary for the Migration of Mineralizing Solutions. Especially in Limestone or Other Dense Rocks Discussion by: A. M. Bateman.........120 S. F. Kelly........... 125 C. H. Behre. Jr........118.123 G. B. Langford......... 123 T. M. Broderick.........121 H. E. McKinstry......... 116 R. H. Clarke.......... 123 D. H. McLaughlin........ 118 J. D. Forrester for M. H. Gidel . . 11.4 W. H. Newhouse......... 123 G. M. Fowler......112. 116. 121 R. H. Sales.......... 116 L. C. Graton..........121 Edward Sampson......... 122 R. D. Hoffman.........120 J. 8. Stevenson.......... 117 I. B. Joralemon.........121 L.B.Wright........... 112 Question 2—What Are Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Certain Beds within a Limestone Formation that Determine Their Favorable or Unfavorable Aspects as Reservoirs for Ore and Other Introduced Minerals? Drscussion by: G. W. Bain....... 127 G. M. Fowler....... 131 C. H. Behre, Jr. ..... 131 L. C. Graton....... 128 J. S. Brown. ...... 126 G.. F. Loughlin...... 128 E. L. Bruce ....... 129 R. H. Sales........ 129 R. H. Clarke...... 130 A. K. Snelgrove....... 130 Question 3—Are There Any Criteria by Which One Can Determine When Mining Operations Have Reached the Roots of an Ore Deposit? Discussion by: J. M. Boutwell...... 139 G. B. Langford..... 139 T. M. Broderick..... 138 . G. F. Loughlin...... 135 E. Y. Dougherty..... 137 R. H. Sales...... . 134 G. M. Fowler....... 132 F. A. Thomson..... 136 I. B. Joralcmon...... 132 Edward Wisser:..... 140 General s. F. Kelly................. . ...........145 References...............................146

Jan 1, 1941

Question 1—1s Structural Deformation of Some Character Always Necessary for the Migration of Mineralizing Solutions. Especially in Limestone or Other Dense Rocks Discussion by: A. M. Bateman.........120 S. F. Kelly........... 125 C. H. Behre. Jr........118.123 G. B. Langford......... 123 T. M. Broderick.........121 H. E. McKinstry......... 116 R. H. Clarke.......... 123 D. H. McLaughlin........ 118 J. D. Forrester for M. H. Gidel . . 11.4 W. H. Newhouse......... 123 G. M. Fowler......112. 116. 121 R. H. Sales.......... 116 L. C. Graton..........121 Edward Sampson......... 122 R. D. Hoffman.........120 J. 8. Stevenson.......... 117 I. B. Joralemon.........121 L.B.Wright........... 112 Question 2—What Are Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Certain Beds within a Limestone Formation that Determine Their Favorable or Unfavorable Aspects as Reservoirs for Ore and Other Introduced Minerals? Drscussion by: G. W. Bain....... 127 G. M. Fowler....... 131 C. H. Behre, Jr. ..... 131 L. C. Graton....... 128 J. S. Brown. ...... 126 G.. F. Loughlin...... 128 E. L. Bruce ....... 129 R. H. Sales........ 129 R. H. Clarke...... 130 A. K. Snelgrove....... 130 Question 3—Are There Any Criteria by Which One Can Determine When Mining Operations Have Reached the Roots of an Ore Deposit? Discussion by: J. M. Boutwell...... 139 G. B. Langford..... 139 T. M. Broderick..... 138 . G. F. Loughlin...... 135 E. Y. Dougherty..... 137 R. H. Sales...... . 134 G. M. Fowler....... 132 F. A. Thomson..... 136 I. B. Joralcmon...... 132 Edward Wisser:..... 140 General s. F. Kelly................. . ...........145 References...............................146

Jan 1, 1941

By Fred B. Brost

In 1976, a decision was made to install a conveying system to transport ore 10.3 km (6.4 miles) from the new Eisenhower mine to Twin Buttes. The system, supplied and installed by Cable Belt Ltd., of England, represents a radical departure from conventional conveyor systems. The driving tension is applied through two endless wire ropes while the belt acts only as the carrying medium. Features of the system are a single 2240-kW (3000-hp) drive and a 60° angle bend. Construction was completed in two years and full production was attained alter several mouths operation.

Jan 12, 1979

By Bradley Stoughton, M. Miyake

The importance of magnesium alloys as engineering materials has increased rapidly in the past few years. The most important properties of magnesium alloys are their lightness and strength, which result in their extensive use in aircraft and automobile construction. Recent progress in the metallurgy of magneaium seems to offer hope of the production of the pure metal at a reasonable cost. The use of magnesium would doubtless increase greatly if it could be produced at a cost comparable with that of aluminum. A preliminary survey of the magnesium-base alloys shows that the most promising from a practical standpoint are magnesium-aluminum and magnesium-zinc as binary alloys, and magnesium-zinc-aluminum as ternary alloys. The research reported in this paper is a preliminary study of binary magnesium-aluminum and magnesium-zinc alloys, as an introduction to a series of further investigations. Magnesium-aluminum System The magnesium-aluminum system was first studied by Boudouard,1 who merely determined the liquidus. An accepted constitutional diagram was given by Grube,2 who found a compound A13Mg4 (melting point = 462.7" C.) and two eutectics at 35 per cent. magnesium (451.6° C.) and at 68 per cent. magnesium (440" C.) Between the first eutectic and the compound a solid solution exists. This diagram was checked or supplemented by Pécheux,3 Broniewski,4 Eger,5 Schirmeister,6 Voge17

Jan 1, 1926

By William L. Fink, H. R. Freche

This is the thirteenth paper of a series from the laboratories of the Aluminurrl Company of America presenting the results of investigations of equilibrium relations in aluminum-base alloys prepared from electro-lytically refined aluminum. The ninth paper, on The Constitution of High-purity Aluminum-titanium Alloys,' presented a type of system that had not previously been encountered in aluminum alloys. Subsequent work has shown that there are several similar binary aluminum diagrams including that of aluminum and chromium. The present investigation was limited to the cxtreme alnminum end of the aluminum-chromium system. The first systematic investigation of the aluminum-chromium equilibrium diagram was carried out by Hindrichs.? The resulting equilibrium diagram with some imaginary additions suggested by Guillet3 is shown in Fig. 1. Recently Goto and D6gane4 investigated the constitution of aluminum alloys containing up to 32 per cent chromium, and presented the diagram that is reproduced in Fig. 2. Wide discrepancies in the two diagrams are evident. The following intermetallic compounds have been reported in the literature: A1Crl5,6 AlloCrlzSi,5 AlCr4,6 AlCr3,7 AlaCr.8 Preparation of Alloys and Chemical Analyses With the exception of sample Y4206, which will be described under Determination of Hyperperitectic Liquidus, the alloys were prepared from electrolytically refined alurninum% Of which the analysis is given in

Jan 1, 1933

By Lewis A. Smith

Chromium is one of the new metals, but considerable research has been required to determine an approximate record of its production from 1827 until the present. Its use in the form of pure metal is not extensive; of the chromite mined, about one-half is required for making ferrochro-mium, about two-fifths goes directly into refractories and the remainder is absorbed chiefly by the chemical trades. The industries that demand chromite for such uses are mainly in countries that produce little chromite, while the important chromite-producing countries are not generally consumers. The international flow of chromite is therefore of interest, as well as the political and commercial control of resources of the metal. World Production The first mining of chromite is said to have occurred as early as 1820, at the Roros deposit in Norway, but the first well-established output came from the Reed mine, in Maryland, about 1827. Thereafter the United States led the world in chromite production until 1860, when Turkey took the lead. Russia in turn became the chief producer from 1897 to 1902, inclusive. From 1903 to 1909, New Caledonia held first place, but alternated with Southern Rhodesia from 1910 to 1917, inclusive. In 1918, 1919 and 1920-1921, the United States, India and New Caledonia led, respectively. In 1922 Southern Rhodesia assumed first place and has since continued to be the world's foremost producer by a large margin. Fig. 1 illustrates the production of the leading countries from 1890 to 1929, inclusive. Fig. 2 shows the world production of chromite from 1890 to 1929, inclusive, in long tons and Table 2 gives the production by countries for the same period. The total world production for the 103 years, 1827 to 1929, ipclusive, is estimated at about 7,100,000 long tons, distributed as shown in Table 1. World Trade in 1928 In reviewing the figures for the flow of chromite in 1928, it is evident that the six countries that produce most consume little chromite and

Jan 1, 1931

By AIME AIME

ONE unique distinction can be claimed by the new Chairman of the Coal Division, C. E. Lawall: he is the only A.I.M.E. member also a university president, though several engineering colleges are headed by Institute members. Only last year he was promoted from director of the school of mines to president of West Virginia University, following a term as acting head of that institution of over 3000 students. He was born in Catasauqua, in eastern Pennsylvania, on Nov. 21, 1891, and went to Lehigh, receiving an E.M. in 1914, and an M.S. seven years later. His engineering career began in the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories. After three years there he came to Palmerton for

Jan 1, 1940