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By Deepak B. Deshpande

This paper enumerates various difficulties encountered in the design and construction of deep caisson foundations for the Second Bassein Creek Bridge constructed over a creek with very difficult site conditions. The designer of the bridge had anticipated the problems associated with the construction of large diameter floating caissons and limited the maximum size of caisson to 12.5m O.D. facilitated by the means of Shock Transmission Units (STUs). This is the first road bridge in India where STUs are installed to distribute seismic horizontal loads among piers installed with fixed and unidirectional bearings. Besides the usual difficulties of tilts, shifts, and sinking in the construction of floating caissons, the paper also describes a novel methodology used to retrieve a circular 12.5m O.D. caisson which had been swept away during a storm and stuck into the creek bed.

Jan 1, 2002

By Frederic Masse

With widespread acceptance in the market place, many engineers are choosing ground improvement techniques to provide suitable foundation subgrade at sites that would have traditionally required deep foundations. This paper discusses the Controlled Modulus Columns (CMC) ground improvement technique and some case histories highlighting the use of this technique for retail development sites. CMC are a sustainable and cost-effective ground improvement technology that transmit load from the foundation to a lower bearing stratum through a composite CMC/soil matrix. The CMC installation is also an attractive option from an environmental perspective because it utilizes reverse flight augers, which displace the soil laterally. This installation technique achieves two goals: it densifies the soil around the CMC, which improves load transfer into the element and avoids spoil and its disposal. Through the introduction of two cases histories, we will present the key benefits of the CMC technology. Each case history will clearly illustrate how a CMC solution can reduce the overall cost of a project when compared to a more traditional type of deep foundations. They will also show how the use of CMCs has benefits that relate to the overall sustainability of the project. While CMCs are an attractive financial and sustainable option, they have also demonstrated that the performance of the system is comparable to that of deep pile foundations. Because CMCs are a relatively new technology many potential users are not aware of its benefits. While we discuss the use of CMCs to support buildings in this paper, CMCs also have been used for a variety of other applications including foundations for tanks, mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls, and embankments

Jan 1, 2011

By William J. Rothschild

Ground water at construction sites can be controlled by properly placed wellpoint dewatering systems. Care must be taken in planning cofferdams to have adequate space for and access to pumps, headers and the points. A most important part of dewatering is protection of adjacent structures from movement. A checklist gives items to consider in bidding.

Jan 1, 1984

Jan 1, 2005

By Brian Maroney

In this paper an overview of the California Department of Transportation's (CALTRANS) bridge design criteria is presented. Special emphasis is focused upon seismic design and retrofit criteria. Topics include earthquake load definitions, foundation and structure type selection, structural earthquake analysis, and structure behavioral requirements.

Jan 1, 1993

By Helen D. Robinson

The seawalls that surround Ellis Island were constructed in the early 1900s and now show varying degrees of deterioration. An innovative approach to the structural repair of the seawalls was developed, which consisted of the use of micropiles for stabilization of vertical and horizontal seawall movements. The micropiles were installed through the existing seawalls and penetrated through a thick overburden, consisting of soft alluvial deposits and relatively hard glacial till, and were bonded into Manhattan Schist. Drilling of the micropiles often encountered timber and other obstructions. The selection of micropiles for stabilization of the seawalls offered significant advantages over other foundation systems and over alternative soil improvement techniques. They allowed drilling through a variety of materials without the need for significant retooling or changes to the drilling procedure. This reduced the impact of foundation construction on the sensitive historical landscape and structures, and prevented the need for significant foundation work from the water side of the seawalls. In addition, micropiles offered relatively high installation rates and flexibility to adapt to the varying conditions along the seawalls.

Jan 1, 2008

By Jim Steding

L.G. Barcus and Sons, Inc. recently completed a three-phase project for the expansion of Presbyterian Hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico for McCarthy Construction Co., the Construction Manager for the project. It was a challenge that allowed Barcus to demonstrate many of it's strengths. Safety of people and property, restricted access, low headroom conditions, extensive planning to maintain hospital operations and a tight schedule were all key elements affecting the successful installation of the Augered Cast-In-Place Piles. Phase I began with installing and performing a 450-ton pile load test on an 18-inch diameter Augerpile 65 ft long. The load test was installed and performed directly in front of the Emergency Room entrance. Space was limited and the E.R. had to remain open with uninterrupted ambulance access. The results of the load test were outstanding. In fact the test pile performed so well that some of the job piles were shortened from 75 ft long to 65 ft long. [ ]

Jan 1, 2003

By Federico Pagliacci, Marco Chiarabelli, Salvatore Miranda

The paper describes the adopted technologies and performance controls related to a special geotechnical engineering solution provided within the scope of the Galataport Project, in Istanbul, Turkey. The scheme is the one applied to the new quay of Salipazari, which is a combination of retaining structure and ground improvement, formed by a combi-wall, a reinforced concrete diaphragm wall and a soil improvement by deep soil mixing (Turbojet). The paper highlights the importance of employing cutting-edge technologies within the foundation engineering field and state-of-the-art electronic control devices, in parallel with the essential human expertise, in order to obtain the desired results in this high profile Project. The results of the in-situ and laboratory tests carried out on the improved soil are also presented. Main discussed points are: • History of Galataport and main Project details. • Design principle and soil condition for the new quay of Salipazari. • Difficulties encountered during execution of DSM. • Preliminary field trial tests conducted to establish the operational parameters, with relevant in-situ and laboratory tests executed. • Preliminary tests on material used for DSM (seawater and CEM IV SR). • Electronic equipment mounted on the rig, which allows the automatic execution of DSM columns. • Final QA/QC tests conducted to verify the performance of DSM, mainly consisting in: coring with relevant laboratory tests on samples (UCS + Es), seismic refraction tomography and seismic cross hole tomography. Correlations between UCS and Es, and between Es and Edyn are also presented. • A cross section of the executed treatment could be inspected on site during excavation. Photos and considerations are also presented.

Jan 1, 2018

By Tom A. Armour

Different variations of soil nailing techniques have been used in the United States since the late 1970's. Such techniques owe their origins to French developments, which began in the early 1970's as a spin-off from European tunneling excavation support practice. The growing demands of urban infrastructure development and rehabilitation and environmental protection have created an active and expanding soil nailing market demand for earth retention and slope stabilization in the United States since its early developmental years. There is a clear need for a fundamental review of the large number of soil nailing techniques that are currently being used in the United States. Following a brief summary tracing the historical development of soil nailing and a generic classification of applications, this paper provides a review of the different recent advances in the design and construction of soil nailed systems. Discussion topics include nail design advances, permanent "top-down", structure support/underpinning, alternative face stability measures, composite systems, hollow bar and fiberglass nails and architectural reinforced concrete/shotcrete facings. Case histories will be presented to illustrate each of these advances.

Jan 1, 2003

By Mauricio Terceros, Martin Achmus, Freddy Lopez

The massive use of deep foundations had a remarkable influence in the building industry in the 20th century. Piles and micropiles made possible to erect thousands of civil structures around the world, changing quintessentially the urban and rural landscapes. Especially in urban areas, the ongoing development requires not only new infrastructure, but also to increase the capacity and/or to extend the serviceability of existing structures (buildings, bridges, etc.). Factors such as the change of use of existing facilities or the requirement to comply with updated building regulations confront Civil Engineers with the question, whether to tear down and build new structures, or to reinforce the existing structures from their foundations. Micropiling has enabled designers to come up with technical feasible solutions to retrofit the existing deep foundations, making the structural reinforcement a real option, even under considerable changes in the loading conditions. The following article presents an overview of an intervention project, where micropiles were designed to reinforce the original pile foundation of an existing building, enabling it to be reused with a different structural function. This paper will focus mainly on the analysis of the interaction between the existing piles and the reinforcing micropiles, especially in terms of settlements’ compatibility. Finally, the adopted solution, with its correspondent design considerations and execution process will be presented.

Jan 1, 2018

By Walter I. Paniagua

Drilled shafts and precast concrete piles were installed for the foundation of several structures in a reconfiguration project of a refinery in Minatitlan, Veracruz, in the Gulf of Mexico. The soils are alluvial deposits of flat land from the Coatzacoalcos River, which are embedded with layers of sand, soft clay, and peat. As part of a QC/QA program, load tests, both static and dynamic, axial and lateral, were performed. In this paper results of 32 axial tests are presented, in which typical load-displacement curves were measured at the top of the foundation elements; from the interpretation of these plots, data were recorded for ultimate side shear and in some cases for end bearing capacities, which are compared with the theoretical results of the final stage of the foundation design. The comparison shows that under allowable loads, side shear determines the bearing capacity of piles, even when the tip is embedded in a hard layer. Underestimation of the side shear is evident; therefore design criteria, as well as the methods used for obtaining soil parameters, should be reviewed.

Jan 1, 2007

By Maurice Bottiau

The recent evolution of the piling market clearly shows a growing demand for screw piles with soil displacement. The recently developed Omega Screw pile ful-fill these new expectations, combining the advantages of vibration-free systems and the behaviour of a displacement pile. The paper describes recent experience and new applications with this very promissing pile. Full-scale load tests were carried out in different countries as U.K. or Sweden. A very attractive and innovative piled embankment is also described, using geogrids in order to transfer the loads from the superstructure to non-reinforced Omega-piles.

Jan 1, 1996

By Edmund J. Cardoza

WELCOME TO THE DEEP FOUNDATIONS INSTITUTE 26TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WELCOME ESPECIALLY TO THIS SEMINAR ON NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF DRILLED SHAFTS, PRESENTED BY MEMBERS OF THE DFI DRILLED SHAFT COMMITTEE. MY NAME IS ED CARDOZA; I AM A VICE PRESIDENT WITH THE MILLGARD CORPORATION, A DRILLED SHAFT CONSTRUCTOR FOCUSING PRIMARLY IN THE EASTERN HALF OF THE UNITED STATES.

Jan 1, 2001

By James Weaver

During the past 16 years, the authors have successfully used high-capacity rock anchors installed inside open-ended pipe piles, driven to bedrock, to provide uplift and overturning resistance for various structures including piers, bridges, power plant components and commercial buildings. These systems were ultimately used on the projects due to a combination of high uplift forces or overturning moments on the structures and the relatively poor subsurface conditions present at the sites. Other, foundation systems such as rock-socketed drilled shafts and spin fin piles were considered but were found to be economically prohibitive or not technically feasible.

Jan 1, 2011

By N. Charue

An international prediction event was carried out within the framework of a 30-pile testing program organized in a sandy soil in Belgium (Limelette). That program called upon sev­eral testing methods: static load tests, Statnamic testing, and dynamic testing. This paper provides a summary of received predictions and results obtained from the static pile load tests, which were carried up to failure of the instrumented piles. The comparison between predictions is made using load-settlement curves with reference to the results of the static load tests. The predictions are based on a geotechnical approach using an extensive soil investigation program and a dynamic approach using the dynamic load test data.

Jan 1, 2002

By A. Garassino

A pile design was performed for a thermal power station in Egypt and more than 4000 piles were to be driven. Technical economical reasons suggested the choice of driven composite LACOR piles designed for very high specific loads. Some uncertainties on the behaviour of the pile soil system suggested to perform a test on an instrumented pile. Scope of the test was to verify the possibility of developping the required bearing capacity within the range of the allowable pile settlements values and the effect of the pile joint enlargement on that portion of skin friction to be developped by the upper pile section.

Jan 1, 1991

By Sanjeev Malhotra

The American Petroleum Institute (API) method of predicting pile capacities in sands is reviewed. Factors that influence pile capacity such as soil parameters, pile parameters, loading effects and installation effects are listed. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of physical phenomena such as grain crushing, pile shaking, stress-redistribution and plugging add to the uncertainty in the prediction model. To better understand the method of prediction, each parameter and the associated uncertainty is revisited. It is evident that these factors are inter­related and sometimes compensating. This discussion also draws attention to the influence that pile installation procedures can have on pile capacities and highlights the need for field experience with various pile installation procedures for designers. In summary, the strength of the method lies in its simplicity and ease of application, but the possible savings generated by an improved method are too substantial to ignore.

Jan 1, 2000

Jan 1, 2003

By Graeme McWhirter

This paper discusses the Installation of a Vibwall for the Cardiff Bay Barrage Project Wales, UK, by Kvaerner Cementation Foundations. Only the second use of the technique in the UK the wall was successfully placed to a depth in excess of 20 metres, in unique and challenging conditions. The installation of the Vibwall was a technical success, but not a financial one. The use of the technique was at its "limits" and this paper recommends some of the controls essential in the carrying out of such work in the future.

Jan 1, 2000

By Elizabeth M. Smith

The kcICON design-build project in Kansas City, Missouri includes widening the existing roadway, improving interchanges and grade separation bridges, and replacing the Missouri River Bridge. The Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) typically utilizes steel H-piles and steel pipe piles as driven pile support for bridges. After bidding the kcICON project, the cost of steel rose significantly and the design-build contractor used an innovative approach to reduce foundation costs without significantly affecting the project schedule. The kcICON team conducted a value engineering evaluation of alternative foundation types for use at four grade separation structures. The result of the value engineering evaluation was selection of precast, pre-stressed concrete (PPC) piles as the preferred foundation alternative. Terracon developed a test program to evaluate the performance, capacity, and suitability of PPC piles at the site using a PDA and CAPWAP analyses. This paper presents the value engineering design, rationale for selection of PPC piles, results of the pile test program, and findings during production pile driving. The collaborative approach to the project by MoDOT and the kcICON team, combined with testing and a site-specific design approach, resulted in substantial savings for the design-build contractor.

Jan 1, 2009