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By J. O. G. Sanderson

THE Brazeau river is a relatively short foothills stream in western Alberta and its drainage area is limited to approximately 2,400 square miles. It rises near the head of the North Saskatchewan river, about two-thirds of the way from Banff to Jasper, and is confluent with the North Saskatchewan at a point about 40 miles north of Rocky Mountain House. It is not the purpose of this paper to describe the geology of all of this area. Only the central portion, which lies east of the outer limestone ranges and takes in the outer folds of the foothills belt, will be dealt with. This area is shown on Figure 1. A small portion of the area described lies in the drainage basin of Pembina river, which flows into Athabaska river. The area to be discussed may conveniently be termed the 'Brazeau area', since Brazeau is the name of the river basin referred to above, of an out-lying limestone range, and of the only large settlement or community in the region, the mining town Brazeau. One of the first Factors of the fur trading post of Rocky Mountain House in the early years of the nineteenth century was Louis Brazeau. Coal mining during the past 25 years, and more recently exploratory drilling for oil, have brought the district into some prominence. The Brazeau area was visited by D. B. Dowling for the Geological Survey of Canada in 1906 and 1907 (1). His traverses and reports dealt mainly with the Kootenay coal deposits. It is doubtful if he traversed the outer foothills area with which the present paper deals. His reports on rich coal deposits in the Bighorn Basin area attracted commercial interests, and in 1908 large tracts were leased as coal lands. James McEvoy mapped and studied the coal seams in that year, and G. S. Malloch, of the Geological Survey of Canada, made a complete survey of the whole of the Bighorn basin. His report (2), published by the Survey in 1911, describes the stratigraphical geology and names the formations. Further references to the geology of the district, mainly in relation to coal, are made by D. B. Dowling (3) and by J. S. Stewart ( 4). In the period between 1913 and 1920, the area was traversed by private interests in search of likely oil structures. A well was started in 1914 along the Saskatchewan river about 19 miles west of Rocky Mountain House, and drilling was undertaken by Imperial Oil, Limited, in 1921 at Coalspur.

Jan 1, 1939

By F. L. Thompson

MAN has been using lubricants of one type or another for at least four thousand years, and probably for a much longer period. We have learned from the inner wall of the tomb of Tehuti-Hetep, on which is a decoration illustrating the method of moving a great stone statue, that as early as 1650 B.C. lubricants were used to facilitate the movement of heavy loads. The Egyptians had available nearly every animal oil and fat, as well as at least thirteen vegetable oils, of our time, all used for food products and in the arts. Examination of the deposit on the axle of a chariot from an Egyptian tomb of 1400 B.C. showed it to consist of animal fat, quartz, sand, iron, and compounds of aluminium and lime-indicating a manufactured lime-soap grease made with lime-soap and possibly tallow. This would not be a bad lubricant for the axles of chariots which had to travel over sandy soil in hot weather. As to the method of grease application, it is remarkable that, from the time wheels were first used in the far distant past up to the present day, no one has ever thought it necessary to design a seal to keep the lubricant in and the dirt out. While time certainly marches on, we have today, in waggons throughout the world, exactly the same form of lubrication as was used in the earliest chariots. From the early days of the chariot until shortly before 1800 A.D. (when the steam engine was introduced), the main heavy equipment required for mining purposes, for machines of war, etc., was made of wood. The bearings were rough, but usually they had metal in the lower half. Light machinery was made of bronze, brass, or iron. Large clearances and poor alignment, plus the fact that speeds were much below present-day demands, combined to provide conditions that were quite satisfactorily met by the lubricants available. These were often produced locally by the machine operator. In northern countries, lard oil, prepared from the fat of hogs, was the universal lubricant employed in machine shop, as a belt and leather dressing, and for cutting operations. Sperm oils were used for light machinery, whereas beef and mutton tallow were more generally employed for the largest bearings. For the early steam cylinders, a slug of heated beef tallow was injected wherever the cylinders gruntingly complained of a lack of lubricant. Southern countries, however, resorted to the use of vegetable oils-olive, cocoanut, etc.

Jan 1, 1940

By R. A. King, B. G. Hunt, C. E. T. White

"This paper reviews the history, occurrence, properties, and uses of indium, and describes the commercial production and fabrication of that metal by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited (Cominco), at Trail, B.C'. Indium is produced commercially at Trail from dross retreatment furnace D.R.F.) slag, a complex by-product of the lead smelting operations. Furnace feed prepared from this slag is smelted with coke and limerock in an electric furnace. The e1ectric furnace bullion is parted electrolytically, producing a market-able lead-tin alloy containing about 8 per cent tin, and leaving the indium in the anode slime. Recovery of indium from the anode slime involves roasting the slime with sulphuric acid, followed by leaching with water, purifying the leach solution, recovering the indium by sponging with zinc or aluminum, and re-fining electrolytically. This process yields standard grade (99.97+ per cent) indium which is either sold or refined •to high purity ( 99.999 per cent) indium for special uses requiring higher purity metal."

Jan 1, 1959

By Arthur M. Whiteside

Discussion of the laws bearing upon the economics of mining in this province at once resolves itself under three headings: (a) The rights and obligations of holders of mineral bearing lands; (b) Taxation of mines; (c) Regulation of methods adopted in financing mining operations. Titles: The law relating to titles is contained in the Mineral Act, Placer Mining Act and Coal Mines Prospecting Act. Origin: Mining laws in force in this province and elsewhere on the continent had their origin in the rule-of-thumb regulations adopted by prospectors themselves, when, far from the centres of civilization and the seats of the courts of justice, they found it necessary, for mutual protection, to fix the conditions of possession by right of location, and to prescribe the duties to be performed in order to enable the individual to maintain his ground against all comers. These regulations have been codified and added to by legislatures, until we find adequate protection and safeguard to property in the laws of this province.

Jan 1, 1924

By B P. Scott

Podsol soil horizons developed on Pleistocene glacial sediments overlying the Coronation Mine orebody were analyzed for copper and zinc spectro-photometrically, using biquinoline-isoamyl alcohol and dithizone carbon tetrachloride reagents. Copper and zinc are concentrated in the A. and C horizons, whereas the A1, A2 and B horizons are leached. Of economic significance is the fact that the C horizon contains a copper anomaly, in excess of 100 times back-ground, directly over the orebody. Due to the erratic distribution of high copper concentrations in the Ao horizon with respect to the orebody, that horizon is not considered as a reliable prospecting datum. U NDER certain conditions, metallic ore deposits are accompanied by primary halos of trace elements in unweathered rock surrounding the orebodies or by secondary halos in weathered rock, alluvium, soil, or vegetation above or near the mineralized zones. Where such halos occur, chemical analysis, as applied to the detection of trace elements, is a valuable prospecting aid, permitting the detection of mineralization of possible economic value.

Jan 1, 1965

By S. Yano, S. Takagi, Y. Nagaya, T. Akai, T. Ishida, Z. Bennour, T. Suzuki

"It is often reported that the concept of single-plane-fracture is not sufficient to account for the productivity from shale gas/oil wells. Many researchers introduce the concept of the stimulated reservoir volume to describe observed production behaviour. However, the characteristics of the stimulated reservoir volume are not well understood. In this study, to investigate the characteristics of fractures and surrounding region induced by the hydraulic fracturing, a devised hydraulic fracturing experiment was conducted using the cylindrical shale specimens in the laboratory.Two resins were prepared as the fracturing fluid for the experiments: cyanoacrylate, an instant glue, mixed with a fluorescent paint (resin A), and methyl metaacrylate, a thermosetting acrylic resin, mixed with a fluorescent paint (resin B). These resins were able to fix within the specimen after fracturing. This is because the present study aimed to only detect fractures induced by hydraulic fracturing. Cut sections of the specimens were observed under ultraviolet light irradiation. It is expected that the hydraulically induced fractures and the surrounding regions will be detected because the induced fractures filled with the resin should emit light, while the other parts will not.The specimens, which were collected from the Kushiro Coal Mine in Hokkaido, Japan at the depth around 275 m, were roughly 85 mm in diameter, 170 mm in length, and cored normal to the sedimentary planes. An injection hole with a 10-mm diameter was drilled onto the center of the specimen parallel to the sedimentary plane to simulate hydraulic fracturing in shale gas development. The experiment was conducted under a uniaxial loading condition of 3 MPa and the fracturing fluid was injected into the sealed injection hole at a constant flow rate using a syringe pump.After the fracturing experiment, the resins were fixed in the specimens and then the cut sections were observed under ultraviolet light irradiation. As a result, the hydraulically induced fractures, which were filled with the resin, are clearly observed. Detailed microscopic observations show that the main fractures are tortuous and are accompanied by many thinner ramified fractures. Additionally, fractured regions where the resin penetrates significantly are observed around the main fractures in the specimens fractured by the resin B. These induced fractures and fractured regions are considered to be the stimulated region in which permeability is improved. The necessity of estimation on the features of fracture tortuosity and ramified fractures is indicated for more accurate understanding of the well production and the stimulated reservoir volume."

Jan 1, 2015

By W. Petruk

"D. Doyle How large is the beam to which you referred? Are we considering Watts, Griffis the probe of a 1 micron sized particle?& McOuatReply Yes. The beam would be about 1 micron. We could enlarge or reduce it depending on the current in-put.D. Doyle Then chemically bound material we might not see. If you are restricted to 1 micron then you would not be able to separate things smaller than this. Is this not so?Reply We won't be able to analyse it but we will see it as the scanning electron microscope has a resolution down to about 0.1 microns. We should be able to get the general composition of such a grain plus its surrounding grains. We feel we can then make a reasonable estimate if it were as small as 0.1 microns. An accurate analysis would be achieved with grains of 3 and 4 microns.D. Doyle Would this have an application in the hydrocarbon field?Reply The lowest atomic number would be sodium. We wouldn't be able to go below that atomic number. Anything with sodiumor a larger atomic number would enable us to analyse the carbon.M. Fairwether Do you have any policy relating to priorities. For instance areCominco companies going to be limited in the amout of samples permitted to give everyone a chance because quite frankly our company, and I'm sure all base metals companies can hardly wait for the installation of this equipment. I can forsee two years back-log of work in the first month.Reply Quite frankly, I haven't looked at this. At the present time the work is under the START program but I suppose we will have to look at possible changes. Anything under the START program has first line priority.B. Thorndycraft Will the briquetting of samples be automated as well? Pinson MiningReply No, not at this point. Our polish section laboratory is first-class and can turn out 18 polish sections a day which is more thar we can handle.B. Thorndycraft With the capability of this machine to operate in a hands-off manner perhaps it could start to look for the 5 micron gold particle in tailings?Reply I have such a program using a wave-length spectrometer rather than the energy dispersive. The wave-length spectometer is about 10 times as sensitive and would scan the section much faster. A one inch diameter polished section would be scanned in about 7 hours for anything 1 micron or larger."

Jan 1, 1984

By D. Bronkhorst, J. Rheault

"Backfill practices at the Williams mine have evolved significantly since underground mining began in 1986. The use of conveyors as a means of transporting fill material to stopes has been discontinued in favour of load-haul-dump equipment. The method of adding binder to the fill product has been refined along with the placement technique. Slurry preparation has been fully automated and flyash is now included as a binding agent. Surface preparation of the fill product has evolved substantially with the quarry operation coming into full operation and the construction of pennanent crushing, screening, and storage facilities. Company personnel have replaced all contracted labour involved in backfill operations. Some changes have been made to achieve a higher standard of quality control while others were implemented as a matter of cost reduction. BackgroundThe Williams mine is one of three mines operating at the Hernlo gold deposit, located 40 km east of Marathon, Ontario, along the north shore of Lake Superior. Daily production at the mine is 6000 Ud yielding an annual gold production of approximately 500 000 oz. The orebody extends from surface to a depth of 1300 m dipping north at 70 degrees. The average orebody width is 25 m, but varies from 45 m on the eastern boundary to about 10 m at the western probable limit and at depth. Proven and probable reserves currently stand at 32 million tonnes grading 6 g/t.The Williams orebody has been divided into four separate mining zones: the A-zone, the West-of-Dyke zone, the B-zone, and the C-zone (Fig 1). Ore production originally was from the A-zone open pit operation while the A-zone and B-zone underground workings were being developed. The mining method employed underground is blasthole open stoping with delayed rockfill. Mining block dimensions are nominally 20 m along strike by 25 m high. Stope extraction is sequenced to achieve a relatively short pillar life and 100010 ore recovery. Pillars are extracted as soon as the adjacent primary stopes are two cycles ahead. Primary stopes are filled with consolidated rock fill after mining. This allows pillars to be blasted right against the consolidated fill, but also requires that the fill be self supporting to a height of 30 m.The Williams mine places approximately 1.4 million tonnes of rockfill and 50 000 tonnes of binding agents each year, with about three quarters of the fill placed being consolidated. The consolidated fill placed at the Williams mine contains Portland cement and flyash as binding agents."

Jan 1, 1994

By T L. Horsley

This paper deals with the drilling and blasting methods employed at the Cassiar mine, which is located just south of the B.C.-Yukon border. It covers both the "pit" and "peak" mining operations. Specific problems, such as working in frozen ground, are discussed, and the breaking characteristics of the various rock formations are outlined. The paper concludes with a brief mention of the equipment used in the operation, as "~ell as an outline of the breaking costs. Introduction T HE Cassiar asbestos mine is located just south of the British Columbia -Yukon border high on a spur of McDame mountain. Chrysotile asbestos fibre occurs in a faulted enlargement of a serpentine sill lying conformably be-tween a series of sedimentary beds and volcanic flows which dip at 45 degrees into the mountain. One end of the orebody is eroded by a cirque in which a layer of permanently frozen ore and waste talus lies at the end of the mining benches. The topography at the mine is steep, with no flat areas. Roads, dumps, and areas for crushing,

Jan 1, 1965

By G. Shen, W. R. Tyson

In most fracture toughness test standards, such as ASTM E 1290 and BS 7448, crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) is measured by using three-point bend (SE(B)) or compact (C(T)) samples with deep cracks. The loading mode and crack depth in these tests sometimes are different from that of pipelines. Pipelines usually have shallow defects and experience tensile loading when the supporting ground moves. As a result, the CTOD measured by these samples is lower than that of pipeline in tension. Recent researches suggest using single-edge-notch tension (SE(T)) samples to measure fracture toughness for pipelines. In the present study, shallow and deep SE(T) samples under fixed grip loading were analyzed by using the finite element technique. An equation to relate the CTOD to the area of the load/plastic crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) is proposed. With this equation, the CTOD of a SE(T) sample can be evaluated by measuring the area under the load/plastic CMOD curve of a SE(T) sample.

Jan 1, 2005

By N. Afrin

The microstructure and tensile properties of AZ31B-H24 magnesium (Mg) alloy after friction stir welding (FSW) were evaluated. The grain size was observed to increase from approximately 5 µm to about 9 µm after FSW. The obtained Hall-Petch type relationship showed a strong grain size dependence of the hardness values. While the FSW led to about half of the yield strength of the base magnesium alloy, the ultimate tensile strength after FSW could reach about two thirds of that of the base alloy. The hardening capacity of the FSWed samples was about twice of that of the base alloy. The strain hardening exponent of the base alloy was found to be about 0.1 whereas it became larger than 0.3 for the FSWed samples. After yielding the base alloy showed a high initial and almost constant work hardening rate, corresponding to linear hardening stage II, followed by stage III with a decreasing hardening rate. Stage II linear hardening was observed to be absent in the FSWed samples.

Jan 1, 2007

By S. Minamiguchi

Grain refinement is effective to enhance strength and ductility of metallic materials. However this advantage has not been utilized fully for magnesium alloys in industry because microstructure control through thermomechanical treatment is difficult owing to their poor deformability. The authors proposed a high-speed heavy-reduction rolling for production of Mg alloy sheets. It was found that the deformability is significantly improved at high speed and that the thickness can be reduced 60% by one-pass operation even at room temperature without fracture at the rolling speed higher than 1000 m/min. In this study, commercial AZ31B sheets were rolled at 2000 m/min between room temperature and 350°C, and quenched immediately after the rolling. The sheets rolled at 200°C show the finest recrystallized microstructure with the mean grain size of 2.2 Rm. They show outstanding mechanical properties with the tensile strength of 293 MPa, and the elongation of 25%. It is concluded that high-speed rolling is very advantageous for grain refinement and improvement in mechanical properties as well as deformability and productivity.

Jan 1, 2006

By Ken Wood, Luc Duval

"The development and operation of the milling circuits treating the different Selbaie orebodies are discussed in this paper. The project is reviewed from metallurgical evaluation through construction to present operating status. The current flowsheets are described, with discussion of some unusual features.IntroductionThe Selbaie concentrator commenced initial production in August 1981, treating underground B zone copper ore in a single 1500 t/d circuit. Throughput was increased to 1650 t/d in 1985. The mill was expanded in 1986 to treat ore from the A-I zone open pit; an independent circuit was added to selectively treat 5000 t/d of copper-zinc ore. Current total mill throughput through both circuits averages 7200 t/d with the production of approximately 270 t/d of copper concentrate and 230 t/d of zinc concentrate.This paper describes the stages involved in bringing the project from initial laboratory testing to its current status as one of the most important producers of silver, copper and zinc in Quebec and a major employer in the region."

Jan 1, 1990

By W. H. Hastings

Introductory In the amount of her coal reserves, Saskatchewan ranks third among the provinces of the Dominion, with a total, as estimated by D. B. Dowling, of 59,812,000,000 tons. All the coal so far discovered in the Province is lignite, and it would appear unlikely that bituminous or higher grade coals exist. General Occurrence of the Coal The location of the coal-bearing formations in Saskatchewan is shown on the accompanying map. It will be seen that the areas lie principally in the southern part of the Province. The more darkly shaded areas indicate locations where development is taking place, or where coal-seams are known to occur, either through outcrops in valley-sides or through having been encountered during boring operations. The coal-seams are not necessarily continuous throughout the shaded areas, but in all pans of these there are coal possibilities. It is quite possible that small outliers of the coal-bearing formations may occur further north in the Province, but, generally speaking, coal is not likely to be found outside the shaded areas.

Jan 1, 1929

By P. J. Dunlop

THE object of this paper is to present a brief survey of the work done and the results obtained in controlling dust at the Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines milling plant. The plant includes all primary and secondary crushing, grinding, and treatment operations. The major items of equipment are: (1) Underground Crusher Plant 1 48 in. by 60 in. jaw crusher, crushing run-of-mine ore to minus-6-in. Rate: 420 tons per hour (2) Surface Crusher Plant 3 No. 772 gyratory crushers 3 4 ft. by 16 ft. trommel screens 4 No. S gyratory crushers Reducing ore to rninus-172-in. Rate: 420 tons per hour (3) Roll Plant 5 sets of 62 in. bJ: 24 in. rolls 7 5 ft. by 10 ft. v1bratrng screens Delivering a minus-3/16-in. finished product Rate: 420 tons per hour (4) Grinding Plant 4 7 ft. by 15 ft. low discharge grate ball-mills 4 12 ft. reciprocating rake classifiers Rate: 4,800 tons per 24 hours Maximum capacity: S,800 tons per 24 hours

Jan 1, 1939

By Peter A. Witt

Highland Valley Copper is a conventional truck-shovel mining and flotation concentrator operation located some 75 kilometres southwest of Kamloops, B.C. (Figure 1). The ore is within a porphyry deposit and is mined at a rate of 135,000 metric tonnes per day from two separate open pits. The nearby mill produces concentrates containing 375 million pounds of copper and 5 million pounds of molybdenum metal yearly. Head grades are roughly 0.40% Cu at a 0.23% Cu equivalent cut-off. The strip ratio currently sits at 0.55:1 with waste quantities made up of separate rock and unconsolidated overburden units. From the mill, concentrates are trucked to nearby Ashcroft and then hauled by rail to ocean port facilities in Vancouver. The mine employs 950 persons and is planned to operate until 2009. The operation is a partnership between three owners: TeckCominco (61.4%), BHP Billiton (33.6%), and Highmont Mining (5%). Management is shared by the two principal owners and directed by an appointed committee.

May 1, 2002

By A P. Powell

This paper deals with the power plant at Cassiar Asbestos Corporation Ltd., Cassiar, B.C. It discusses the units installed in the plant, the distribution of power and the costs involved. The efficiencies and economics of this power plant are considered to be somewhat better than average. Introduction C ASSIAR Asbestos Corporation's power plant had its inception in 1952 with a 15-by 15-ft. log cabin containing two International Harvester diesel generator sets of 50 kw. total generating capacity. Over the years, it has grown to its present size -an 80 by 82 ft. by 35-ft.-high rigid-frame Butler building housing eight 2,300-volt diesel generating sets, a 2,300-volt distributing switchboard, a 550-volt auxiliary panel, three air compressors, six heat exchangers and other related equipment. The units in the power plant, numbered according to their order of placement, are rated as shown in Table I. The total generating capacity of the plant is 3,673 kw. All of the generators are of the open vertical design except that on No. 7 engine,

Jan 1, 1965

By Owen Owens, W. P. Armstrong

The process of arriving at the size and grade of: (a) a newly-discovered body of mineralization, (b) a potential ore resource, (c) an orebody proposed for mining, or (d) the ore reserves in a mine, requires fundamental geological, and geometrical determinations as well as physical and chemical analyses. This paper outlines geological and geometrical features considered critical, in the authors' experience, in realistic reserve determination. These are discussed under the headings "The Four Cs". They include the Character, type or nature of the mineralization; the Continuity of various types of mineralization in the deposit; various key concerns in the Calculation besides the mathematics; and the Classification section which refers to basic considerations in classifying a mineral estimate. It is suggested that the responsibility for the calculation of a Resource or Reserve should be that of a geologist experienced in the ore type under review. Further, it should be the responsibility of the board of directors of the company owning the deposit to ensure that a sufficiently experienced person is chosen to carry out the process.

Jan 1, 1993

By Peter A. Witt

Highland Valley Copper is a conventional truck-shovel mining and flotation concentrator operation located some 75 kilometres southwest of Kamloops, B.C. (Figure 1). The ore is located within a porphyry copper deposit and is mined at a rate of 135,000 metric tonnes per day from two separate open pits. The nearby mill produces concentrates containing 375 million pounds of copper and 5 million pounds of molybdenum metal yearly. In the Valley pit, head grades are roughly 0.40% Cu at a 0.23% Cu equivalent cut-off. The Valley pit strip ratio currently sits at 0.55:1 with waste quantities made up of separate rock and unconsolidated overburden units. From the mill, concentrates are trucked to nearby Ashcroft and then hauled by rail to ocean port facilities in Vancouver. The mine employs 950 persons and is planned to operate until 2009. The operation is a partnership between TeckCominco with a 63.9% interest, BHP Billiton holding 33.6%, and others 2.5%. Management is shared by the two principal owners and directed by a management committee.

May 1, 2003

By J. L. Wilson

"Many modern concentrators with VSD driven SAG mills still rely on the control room operator to manually adjust the speed in reaction to increasing bearing pressure. All too often, the problem with this strategy is by the time the operator reacts with a sudden speed increase, the SAG Mill is likely already on its way to loading up. To assist the new operators, the SAG Mill at B2Gold’s Fekola Mine in Mali needed a robust control that could handle load changes and unmeasured disturbances with minimal operator intervention. With modern Distributed Control Systems (DCS) powerful enough to run advanced control, they often have Model Predictive Control (MPC) blocks built in or available as an “add-on” license, and thus MPC can be readily implemented within the modern concentrator with a relatively low added capital cost. This paper discusses an implementation of two single output MPC controllers to control the SAG Mill at Fekola. This was implemented using the existing signals and advanced control blocks available to the installed DCS.INTRODUCTION Many modern concentrators with VSD driven SAG mills still rely on the control room operator to manually adjust the speed in reaction to increasing bearing pressure. All too often, the problem with this strategy is that by the time the operator reacts with a sudden speed increase, the SAG Mill is likely already on its way to loading up. The next step the operator may take may be to cut back the feed rate, or production until the SAG is once again stable. With this sudden reaction comes an abrupt change in SAG rotational speed and power consumption that sends a surge of material down the circuit as the mill suddenly ejects more pulp. Furthermore, choosing a higher rotational speed can lead to higher than normal liner wear as the cataract overshoots the toe of the charge and impacts the liners. After start-up at B2Gold’s Fekola Gold Mine in 2017, the SAG mill was being controlled manually. The SAG rotational speed was adjusted manually by the operator in step changes depending on whether the SAG bearing pressure was increasing, decreasing or stable. During this time of manual control, the SAG fresh feed rate was also adjusted to a tonnage setpoint with a PID controller. Generally, the SAG fresh feed rate setpoint was kept at a target value, but then the feed rate was throttled back if the SAG mill or grinding circuit showed signs of overloading. The extra challenges were that the operators had limited experience and were concurrently learning how the plant operated. Also, they were also occupied with managing situations in the rest of the plant. Often their attention was drawn away from the SAG mill and during that time, the SAG Mill would load up before they could react."

Jan 1, 2019