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By Mario L. Villa

Another increase in production and the discovery of new pools arc the outstanding developments of the year 1937. Production in 1937 totaled 16,354,706 bbl., compared to 15,457,953 bbl. in the previous year, an increase of 5.8 per cent, of which 5 per cent was due to the Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (Argentine Governnlent Oil Fields) and 0.8 per cent t,o private companies. Table I shows that the most important gain in output was obtained in zone B of Comodoro Rivadavia, partly offset by a 5.7 per cent decrease in the Neuqu6n district. The fields of Salta and Mendoza show an increase of 4.4 and 39.1 per cent, respectively. The determination of bottom-hole pressures was started by Yaci-mientos Petroliferos Fiscales (Y.Y.F.) in Comodoro Rivadavia and

Jan 1, 1938

The personnel of the. Naval Advisory, Board on Inventions, of which Thomas A. Edison is to, be Chairmen, has- been announced. by' Secretary of the Navy Daniels, as follows: W. R. WHITNEY L: H. BAEKELAND American Chemical Society. FRANK JULIAN SPRAGUE, American Institute of Electrical Engineers. B. G. LAMME ROBERT SIMPSON WOODWARD ARTHUR GORDON WEBSTER American Mathematical Society. ANDREW MURRAY HUNT American Society of Civil -Engineers. ALFRED CRAVEN MATTHEW BACON SELLERS American Aeronautical Society. -HUDSON MAXIM PETER COOPER HEWITT Inventors' Guild. THOMAS ROBINS . HOWARD COFFIN ANDREW L. RIKER J American Society of Automobile Engineers. WILLIAM. LAWRENCE SAUNDERS American Institute of Mining BENJAMIN BOWDITCH THAYER Engineers. ? JOSEPH WILLIAM RICHARDS American Electrochemical Society. LAWRENCE ADDICKS WILLIAM LE. Roy EMMET American Society of Mechanical Engineers. SPENCER MILLER HENRY ALEXANDER WISE WOOD American Society of Aeronautic ¬ELMER AMBROSE SPERRY Engineers. ?

Jan 10, 1915

By F. B. Eiseman

IT is desired -to determine the effect of the extent of bank repairs on the final slag volume in acid electric steel-melting practice. It is understood that the repairs stud- TABLE I-Summary of Effect of Bank Repairs on Slag Volume [ ] ied here are necessary and the amount of sand added is that needed to maintain hearth and banks in a satisfactory condition. In this way the effect of repair materials on the amount of slag tapped would be found with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Ten heats were made for this study with careful attention to a uniform charge. The steel was the usual grade B and melting was carried out in a 3 1/2-ton top-charge Lectromelt furnace. Melting practice in all cases was the same-complete oxidation, with recarbonization by means of low-silicon pig iron.

Jan 1, 1947

PERSONAL (Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during. the period May 10 to June 10, 1915: Robert M. Keeney, Somersville, Conn. C. A. Moffett, Birmingham, Ala. Emilio Mosonyi, San Salvador, C. A: A. W. G. Wilson, Ottawa, Canada. Junjiro Nagazumi, Fukuoka, Japan. G. H. Glover, Jr., Short Hills, N. J. Francis R. Pyne, Elizabeth, N. J. R. W. Brock, Vancouver, B. C. F. C. Alsdorf, Los Angeles, Cal. J. L. W. Birkinbine, Philadelphia, Pa. W. J. Loring, London, England. Roy H. Allen, Jamesburg, N. J. R. A. Bull, Granite City; 111. Francis Andrew Thomson received the degree of Master of Science from the Colorado School of Mines at the recent commencement exercises. The subject of his thesis was Stamp Milling and Cyaniding.

Jan 7, 1915

By William M. Courtis

While assaying some copper carbonate ore from the Frazer claims, Similakameen, B. C., I noticed that on parting the gold button a deep orange solution was formed. The button gave off pink bands in the nitric acid, which became deep orange at a short distance from it; and as it traveled over the surface of the porcelain dish, it left a deep orange track behind. As the button brightened in the cupel, it appeared to have a bronze color; but I have since found that when amarillium is in large excess of the gold, the button is a very dark gray. The button parted easily. To the orange solution I added a salt (NaCl) solution, shook in a silver testbottle, and filtered. With H2S I obtained a precipitate, which I supposed due to platinum. However, on further tests, it did

Jan 1, 1903

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names f those persons who became members during the period of Dec. 10, 1917, to Jan. 10, 1918. ARLUCK,- A. A., Headquarters Co., 66th Artillery Brigade, 41st Division, Care Postmaster, New York, N. Y. BUCK, LEONARD J Park & Prospect Ave., Bethlehem, Pa. BULL, FREEMAN N., Min. Engr., Robert W. Hunt & Co., 310 Wall St., Joplin, MO. BURGESS, ELISHA PAYNE JEWETT, Pres. & Mgr., Montana Consolidated Copper Co., Care Clark Dodge & Co., 51 Wall St., New York, -N. Y. CAMPBELL, THOMAS E Governor of Arizona, State House, Phoenix, Ariz. CARTWRIGHT, F. 0., Asst. Chief Clerk, The Braden Copper Co., Bancagua, Chile. CASH, FRANK E., Engr. & Asst. Supt. of Mines, Alleghany Ore & Iron Co., Lignite, Botetourt Co., Va. CRITCHLOW, EDWARD B., Pres., Conkling Min. Co., 307 McCormick Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 2, 1918

Discussion of the paper of J. IV. GWINN, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 98, February, 1915, pp. 239 to 247. GIRARD B. ROSENBLATT, Salt Lake City, Utah (communication to the Secretary*).-The storage-battery locomotive certainly has its place in metal mining and I an) glad to note that it is now receiving the recognition that is its clue. It is, however, not a panacea for all conditions of mine haulage. There are places where it will not work to advantage and cannot compare with` the trolley-type locomotive in cost of operation or in cost of maintenance. On the one hand, there are places where it clearly outshines the trolley-type locomotive. Much depends on the headroom available in the drifts and on the condition of the roof. For short hauls with moderate-

Jan 5, 1915

By A. D. Wilkinson

A CROSS-SECTION of the converter aisle through one of the converters and reverberatories is shown in Fig. 5. The aisle is 280 ft. long by 60, ft. wide by 681 ft. to the roof trusse, which have a 63-ft. span and are us )ported by steel columns spaced at 2b-ft. centers. Two 80-ton electric trails, supplied by the Welman Smith .Owen Engineering Co., with 20-ton auxiliary lifts, serve this building. Matte shells and converter-slag shells are dumped into heavily con¬structed flat-bottom bins located on the south side of the converter aisle and 1.0 ft. above the floor. The material is broken by ball and by hand, shoveled off into ladles for unloading on to the reverberatory charge floor, and charged into the furnace as previously mentioned.

Jan 1, 1934

By John Chipman

The concentration of a solute in a dilute ),zetallic solution may be measured by any of several parame- ters including weight percent, atom fraction, atom ratio, and lattice ratio. The ratio of filled to unfilled interstitial sites is useful for interstitial solutes. A variable 2 proportional to this ratio is used as a measuve of concentration. For component 2 irz a bitzary solution z2 = n2/Ym - nz/b) where b is the numberber of interstitial sites per lattice atom. For a t~lul-ticortzporzent solution this becomes zz = n2/(nl + Cvjnj) in which Vj = - l/b for an interstial solute and +1 for a substitulional solute. In the infinitely dilute solution the activity of an interstitial solute 2 is proportional lo z2. At finile concentration the departure from this limiting law is expressed us an activity coefficient, his coefficient is a function of concentra1io)z expressed as tevactiolz coeffcient 8; is analogous to the jark~iliar e£ bul is found to be independent of concentvation in certain solutions for which data are available. It is found that the same equations may be used to express the activity of a nonmetallic solute, sulfur, in liquid solutions of iron containing other solutes, both metallic and nonmetallic. For a nonmetallic solute or for one which strongly increases the actiuity of sulfur, it is convenient to assign arbitvarily a value vj = — 1. When this is done the derivative is found to be constant in each of the ternary solutions studied. The activity coefficient of sulfur in a complex liquid iron solution may be expressed as where nk is a second-order cross product determined in the quaternary solution Fe-S-j-k. The equation is used to calculate tlze activity of sulfur i)z three sevetl- component solutions. IN thermodynamic calculations concerning dilute solutions it is unnecessary to invoke laws and relations which extend across the concentration range to include concentrated solutions. In most binary metallic systems, as arkeen&apos; has recently pointed out, there exist two terminal composition regions of relatively simple behavior, connected by a central region of much greater complexity. When the solute is a nonmetal there is only one such region and in many systems the concentration range is extremely limited. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest a method for the calculation of activities in such a terminal region in which one or more solutes are dissolved in a single solvent of predominantly high concentration. HENRY&apos;S LAW In the usual textbook statement of Henry&apos;s law, concentration is stated in mole fraction. This has the advantage that it makes Henry&apos;s law thermodynamically consistent with Raoult&apos;s law. Since all measures of concentration at infinite dilution are related by simple proportion it follows that mole fraction, molality, atom ratio, weight percent, or any other unit of concentration can be used with the appropriate constant. At finite concentrations, however, calculations based on the law depend upon the unit employed. Deviations from Henry&apos;s law at finite concentrations depend upon the composition variable employed. They are evaluated in terms of activity and interaction coefficients2 which have become familiar features of metallurgical thermodynamics. It is the purpose of this paper to propose a measure of concentration for metallic solutions containing interstitial or nonmetallic solutes by means of which the calculation of activities in complex solutions may be simplified. The discussion will be restricted to free-energy interaction coefficients3 typified by Wagner&apos;s c|a BINARY SOLUTIONS The several measures of concentration which are to be considered are shown in line a of Table I. The corresponding activity coefficients are in line b and the deviation coefficients, sometimes called self-interaction coefficients, are in line c. Henry&apos;s law simply states that the activity coefficient approaches a constant value at infinite dilution. By adoptihg the infinitely dilute solution as the reference state and defining the "Henrian" activity as equal to the concentration in this state, the activity coefficient is always unity at infinite dilution. This convention is far sim~ler and more useful in dilute solution than emploiment of the &apos;Raoultian" activities and it will be used in the following discussion. The several definitions and equations of Table I will be referred to by means of their coordinates in the table. Early observations of deviations from Henry&apos;s law in metallic solutions were shown graphically4 rather than analytically. For the case of sulfur in liquid iron5 the slope of a plot of logfs vs (%S) was constant in the range 0 to 4.8 pct S, indicating constancy of eh2&apos; in Ic. He was proposed by wagnerz and has been widely adopted. The a function of IIIc recently employed by ~arkenl was designed specifically for dilute solutions. Darken has shown that the value of a12 remains essentially constant for many binary solutions within a substantial range of compositions. The atom ratio is directly proportional to the molalitv.<, a conventional measure of concentration. IVb and C served as the basis for smith&apos;s6 classic studies of

Jan 1, 1968

By H. E. Cline

Calculations of the formation and growth of faults caused by a variation in lumellar widths were made for a two-dimensioml three-plate problem. The angle between the a-ß boundary and the growth direction was allowed to vary and the time evolution was studied using a quasisteady state approach. At spacings smaller than a critical spacing given by X V = AO variations in the larrlellar widths grow in time to produce faults that coarsen the structure, while at spac-ings larger than this critical spacing, variations in the lamellar widths decay in time. If small plates are introduced into the structure they may grow only at large spacings to refine the structure. The time evolution and shape of faults were calculated for the three plate-problem and then the three dimensional problem and rod-like eutectic were qualitatively discussed. UNDERSTANDING of the mechanism by which the spacing of directionally solidified eutectics is determined may allow one to control their structure better. Steady state solutions for the growth of lamellar structures have been found for a range of lamellar spacings A and growth velocities V. To obtain a unique solution for the isothermal growth of pearlite, Zener1 assumed that growth occurs at a maximum velocity, while Tiller2 assumed that a eutectic alloy, grown under an imposed velocity, will choose a spacing corresponding to minimum undercooling. These assumptions are equivalent and have been referred to as "extremum growth". The extremum condition predicts the observed relation between velocity and spacing as given by V = constant [I] but does not provide a mechanism for changing the lamellar spacing. Jackson and Hunt3 calculated the interface shape by using solutions to the diffusion equation for a planar interface and a relation of the interface composition to the local curvature. If the spacing is much larger than the extremum spacing, the interface breaks down catastrophically to form forked plates. However, the catastrophic breakdown cannot account for the small adjustments in spacing that must occur in practice..3 Direct observations during the growth of organic eutectics4 and the Pb-Sn eutectic5 show that spacing changes occur by the formation of faults. A fault in a plate-like eutectic is the edge of a plate. Once the faults form, they may move to make small adjustments in the spacing.6,3 The motion of faults intersecting the growing interface was shown by an approximate analysis to give Eq. [I].6 A perfectly regular lamellar structure should be able to persist over a range of lamellar spacings. However, during growth small perturbations in the structure may occur. If the amplitude of the perturbation increases in time the structure is unstable, while if all possible perturbations decrease in time the structure is stable. In a previous paper7 variations in the shape of the solid-liquid interface were considered, while this paper considers only variations in lamellar widths while maintaining a macroscopically planar solid-liquid interface. Previously, theories of lamellar growth1"3 have artificially contrained the growth to give a regular periodic structure. To allow for a variation in spacing, the three phase intersections and groove angles were allowed to change with time as determined by assuming local equilibrium. THREE-PLATE PROBLEM Since the spacing changes in eutectics by local formation of faults,4&apos;5 it is suggested that local variations in spacing are responsible. The interaction between neighboring plates will be greatest because they have the smallest diffusion distance. For simplicity, as a nearest neighbor approximation, a three-plate problem will be considered, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The structure consists of a periodic array in which all the plates are allowed to vary in width. As in steady state growth it is assumed that the average composition in the solid remains constant. A variation in plate widths, that maintains the composition in the solid, was introduced by making the first a-phase plate thinner by an amount A, keeping the width of the second B-phase plate constant, and increasing the width of the third a-phase plate. If the structure were not perturbed, as in the regular two-plate problem previously described,&apos; then the groove angles at the three-phase junctions are the equilibrium angles, 0, and ? B, and the solid-solid boundary is normal to the interface. In the three-plate problem with a variation in plate widths the phase boundaries are assumed to be related to the three-phase junction by equilibrium angles, but the a/B boundaries may be rotated by an angle 0 from the growth direction. The angle H be-tween the tangent to the a/B boundary and the growth direction may vary during growth and determine the —> — — —.A_ Q-0 / 0 x, X2 Fig. 1—Schematic of the three-plate problem showing a variation in the spacing and the effect on the angles at the three phase intersections.

Jan 1, 1970

By Howard N. Eavenson

DURING the past year, as in the preceding ones, prices continued to fall, production to decrease, and more mines were closed. Much attention is being given by the industry to suggested plans for betterment of its position, and if the scheme recently brought out for consolidation of sales agencies into district agencies is loyally carried out, it cannot but help to improve conditions. The progress in the anthracite industry is shown in the report of its chairman, E. H. Suender; changes in coal preparation are outlined in the report of J. B. Morrow, chairman of Committee on Coal Preparation, while increased mechanization of the western mines is described by Eugene McAuliffe, chairman of the Committee on Machine and Strip Mining. In spite of the depression, interest in the Coal Division has been increasing, its meetings have been well attended, and its committees are active and have been doing excellent work.

Jan 1, 1932

By Guy N. Bjorge

HOMESTAKE&apos;S mining methods today are of necessity controlled to a considerable extent by that which has been done in the past. This may be shown by the fact that our two main operating shafts now, the B. & M. and Ellison, were begun in 1878 and 1896 respectively, so that-the loca-tions of shafts, locations of all the drifts on the upper levels, and a great deal of sloping was done before any of us now connected with the mine had anything to do- with it. Anything that I may say is not to be construed as criticism of those who have gone before for it would be a sad commentary indeed on us if we had not learned something from their experience. The levels down to the 1100 in the Homestake mine are spaced at 100-ft. intervals, and below that at 150-ft. intervals. The general plan of develop-

Jan 1, 1934

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons Who became members during the period July 10, 1918, to Aug. 10, 1918. ARCHER, EUGENE G., assayer and Chem., Granby Cons. Min. Smelt. & Power Co.,Anyox, B. C., Canada. BAKER, ROBERT C Mech. Engr. and Draftsman, Moctezuma Copper Co., Nacozari, Son., Mexico. BARNES, EDWARD A Supt., Fort Wayne Works, General Electric Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. BARNHART, EDWIN Engr. of Tests, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrow&apos;s Point, Md. BENSLEY, MAURICE D Pres. and Mgr., Frontier Brass Foundry, Inc., Niagara Falls, N. Y. BRADLEY, JOHN C Met., The American Brass Co., Waterbury, Conn. BRAGG, C. T Works Mgr., Michigan Smelt. & Refin. Co., Detroit, Mich. BRYMER, GEORGE W Min. Engr., 922 Union National Bank Bldg., Scranton, Pa. CHIVVIS, NORMAN Met. Engr., More-Jones Brass & Metal Co., 3144 North Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. CRAWFORD, R. D Prof. of Mineralogy & Petrology, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

Jan 9, 1918

By AIME AIME

DESPITE the fact that its membership is spread over every continent of the globe, the Petroleum Division was able to report a very substantial attendance at its meetings. Careful planning on the part of its chairman, J. B. Urnpleby, and his associates resulted in the presentation of a program that was of timely interest -and led to discussions that will unquestionably prove to be of major value to the petroleum engineer and to the oil industry in general. Scheduling of meetings so as to avoid all conflicts made it possible to obtain a higher average attendance at the several sessions* than in previous years, and gave everyone a chance to hear all of the papers that he was interested in. The chairmen of the various meetings are to be congratulated especially for their skill in handling them so that at .no time was there the least indication of lagging interest.

Jan 1, 1930

By C. H. Mathewson

EXCEPTING the joint sessions on gases in metals held during the day on Tuesday, the Institute of .Metals opened its activities with a division dinner at the Commodore on Tuesday evening, with Sam Tour, retiring chairman, presiding. W. M. Corse, secretary-treasurer, outlined the financial status of the division and stated the investment fund is becoming large enough so that in the near future it will be possible to pay all expenses of a foreign lecturer once in two years and not rely on an extended speaking tour to cover expenses. W. B. Price reported on his attendance at the Zurich, Switzerland, meeting of the International Society of Testing Materials and gave a graphic account of his visit to the Grand Salon, his meeting with Mussolini, and his audience with the Pope. Buffalo was announced as the place of the fall meeting, to be held during the week of Oct. 3.

Jan 1, 1932

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period of Septa 10, 1917, to Oct. 10, 1917. ALDER, ALFRED 1020 Kansas City St., Rapid City, So. Dakota. AUBEL, VERNE WALLACE, Night Supt. of Works, Broken Hill Proprietary Co., Ltd., Newcastle, N. S. W., Aust. BAKER, ROBERT EARL Works Mgr., Keokuk Electro-Metals Co., Keokuk, Iowa. BALLAMY, JOHN H., Min. Engr., Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Co,Scranton, Pa. BRADLEY, ALLEN PALMER, Met., American Smelting & Refining Co., Murray, Utah. BRIGGS, WALTER M Pres. Regal Mines Co. Dedham, Mass. BRONSON, EDMOND B., Pres., Bagdad Copper Co., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y. BROOK, NILES WINFIELD, District. Mgr., Cleveland Min. Co., 625 Bank & Insurance Bldg., Dubuque, BUSKETT, EVANS 1V., Assayer, Custom Assay Office, 620 Joplin St., Joplin, Mo. CAMPBELL, JOHN HATES, Chem. Engr., Robert W. Hunt. & Co., 2200 Insurance Exchange, Chicago, Ill.

Jan 11, 1917

By David H. Y. Tang, Syd S. Peng

In general, the strata sequence of the immediate roof in the under- ground coal mine openings can be divided into three types. They are: (A) each stratum deflects independently, (B) some stratum (or strata) loads on the underlying stratum, and (C) each stratum loads on its underlying stratum. The flexural behavior of the immediate roof which is made up of multiple strata not only depends on the material property, geometry, and external loading of rock strata, but also on the strata sequence. A computer program based on the beam-column theory is written for determining the bending stress and deflection for the generalized immediate roof. The flexural behavior of the immediate roof in various strata sequences are investigated for the following effects: roof span, horizontal stress, thickness and Young&apos;s modulus of the lowest stratum. In addition, some of the results are compared with the results of the finite element method.

Jan 1, 1983

Elected Died 1895 ABBOTT, AI ATTHUR 1908 1882 ABBOTT, ARTHUR V 1906 1905 ABE, MASAYOSHI 1909 1903 ADAMS, CHARLES C. 1905 1903 ADAMS, HARRY C 1917 1906 ADAMS, JOHN C. 1913 1917 ADAMS, LLOYD D. 1918 1905 ADAMS, WILLAMS 1909 1903 ADAMS, W. EDWARDS 1910 1884 ADDY, MATTHEW 1896 1906 AFFLECK, WILLIAM A. 1911 1889 AKERS, WILLIAMS A. 1906 1905 ALABASTER, RUPPERT C. 1911 1899 ALBERGER, LOUIS R. 1911 1895 ALLAN, THOMAS A. 1894 ALLEN R B 1896 1905 ALLEN, R. SCOTT 1906 1886 ALLISON, ROBERT 1916 1874 AMIOT, H. 1892 1886 AMSLER, CARL 1894 1898 ANDRSON, JOHN W 1905 1895 ÅNGSTROM, CARL 1901 1887 ARCHBALD, JAMES 1910 1900 ARLETT, GEORGE H 1906 1895 ARMSTRONG, JOHN F 1898 1905 ARNOLDS, LEO F. 1917 1882 ARNOLDS, HUGO 1886 1875 ASHBURNER, CHARLES A 1889 1872 ASIIBURNER, WILLIAM 1887 1883 ATKINS, C M , JR 1885 1875 ATTWOOD, GEORGE 1912

Jan 1, 1923

NEW YORK SECTION Executive Committee DAVID H. BROWN, Chairman JOHN H. JANEWAY, Vice-Chairman F E. PIERCE, Secretary, 35 Nassau St., New. York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer LEWIS W. FRANCIS BENJAMIN B. LAWRENCE At the meeting of the New York Section held at the Machinery Club on Dec. 8. 1915, the subject was "The Engineer in Modern Warfare, with Especial Reference to the Present European Conflict." Dr. Henry S. Drinker, who is Chairman of the Institute committee on the Engineer&apos;s Reserve Corps movement, opened the evenings&apos; talk with a short statement of the aims and advantages of the Students&apos; summer military camps, fostered by the Society of the National Reserve Corps, he being a member of the Advisory Committee of University Presidents. The speakers of the evening were Col. William M. Black and Col. John Biddle, both of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Col. Black is the

Jan 1, 1916

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Aug. 10. 1918, to Sept. 10, 1918. BATCHELOR,. HARRY D., Laboratory Director, National Carbon Co., Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. BROWNING, C. P., Gen&apos;I Supt., Britannia Min. & Smelt. Co., Ltd., Britannia Beach, B. C., Canada. COMSTOCK, GEORGE F., Met., Chg. of Physical Test Laboratory, Titanium Alloy Mfg. Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. CONCKLIN, BERT M Chief Engr., Arthur lron Mill. Co., Hibbing, Minn. COWAN, W. A., Asst. Chief Chem., National Lead Co., 129 York St., Brooklyn, N. Y. DAVIDSON, PHILIP Met., Scovill Mfg. Co., Waterbury, Conn. DAVIS, Louis L., Mgr. & Treas., Commonwealth Min. Co., 911 Foster Bldg., Denver, Colo. DAY, P. W Chem. Engr., Western Cartridge Co., 207 E. 12th St., Alton, Ill. DECKER, HAROLD DEBIT, Co. A, 27th Engineers, A. P. 0. 714, A. E. F., Care Postmaster, N. Y.

Jan 10, 1918