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By David Court, Rab Brown

The paper discusses the work in progress on the construction of the extension of the High Speed Rail line from the Channel Tunnel into the centre of London UK known as the “Channel Tunnel Rail Link” (CTRL), and particularly on contract 250 which involves the construction of two 5.3Km tunnels 7.15m diameter constructed with two EPB convertible tunnelling machines underneath the densely populated area of East London. In addition the paper will look at an innovative Alliance that has been formed between the Contractors and the Client’s Engineer involved in the construction of the London Tunnel Contracts

Jan 1, 2003

By G. Lucas

"Material substitution occurs continuously in response to competitive and economic pressures. Technical development can accelerate or slow substitution by improving the performance of the invading or defending material. The choices are seldom simple and have to be made in the context of continuous commercial change.The development and commercialization of a new aluminum material is examined. The material has been introduced into· several different markets, so it is possible to compare and contrast the degree of success obtained in each.IntroductionAluminum-based materials have been in use for over one hundred years and , therefore, the development of a new family of alloys is rare. In the early 1970s, Dr. L.R. Morris and his coworkers at Alcan' s Kingston Research Centre started work on what was, at the time, something of a scientific curiosity-a family of alloys strengthened by an unusual mechanism.This paper deals with the development and commercialization of what became known as the Alcan 255 alloys"". These alloys have found uses in several markets, usually as improved substitutes for existing materials. Forecasting the usefulness of a substitute material in an existing marketplace is difficult, in part, because even material users are seldom able to specify precisely their requirements. This uncertainty can cause the failure of some substitutions but can also lead to opportunities which were not initially obvious.Technical BackgroundPure aluminum is a soft, weak material. It can be strengthened by the addition of various alloying elements and by work hardening. Alloying elements usually act by forming solid solutions which are stronger than the pure metal or by precipitating during heat treating or aging and so preventing the easy movement of dislocations during deformation. Elements which can perform either role had been investigated for decades and were thought to offer little chance of technical breakthrough in 1970. An outgrowth of the then new and exciting research on directional solidification seemed, however, to offer such promise.Some aluminum-iran-manganese alloys will solidify under certain conditions as 'coupled growth' eutectics (Figs. I and 2). The microstructure shows one phase growing as long rods through the other. This is an uncommon structure and it was investigated to see if it had equally unusual properties. On deformation by rolling the rods were broken up into small equiaxed , evenly-spaced particles (Fig. 3). Materials with this structure were found to be stronger than other alloys with similar amounts of alloying addition, and to resist thermal softening remarkably well. This combination of properties was thought initially to be due directly to the particles by a dispersion strengthening mechanism, but later this was found not to be strictly true."

Jan 1, 1987

The movements of the major continental cratons and the distribution of the principal tectonostratigraphic terranes are reviewed in the Circum-Pacific region during Phanerozoic time. It is concluded that major periods of orogeny and consolidation of accreted terranes in the Circum-Pacific region is best correlated with periods of advance of cratonic blocks over the Pacific Ocean basin combined with relative convergent to transpressive motions between the cratons and the Pacific Ocean plates. Continental collisions and collision of terranes with continental margins has not been a significant geodynamic process in Circum-Pacific tectonic evolution. The permanency of the Pacific Ocean basin throughout 500 MA is remarkable. It appears no continental block or large continental fragment has ever entered or crossed the Pacific Ocean basin since early Paleozoic time. This area where no continent has entered for 500 MA is almost coincident with the present Pacific Ocean basin and seems associated with the 25 to 100 meter geoid high which dominates the present-day figure of the Earth.

Jan 1, 1990

By Bruno Nordberg

THE high cost of coal in Butte and the development of large amounts of cheap electric power from the Missouri river caused the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. in 1908 to make an investigation as to the possibility of adapting this cheap electric power for the operation of their many large hoisting plants. At this time electric power had already been adopted for practically all other power purposes around the mines, such as pumping, compressing air, etc. The map (Fig. 1) shows the location of the mines of the Butte mining district. These mines are located within a circle of approximately a 1-mile

Jan 9, 1913

By W. L. Saunders

IMPORTANCE OF ROCK DRILLING. IT has been estimated that the value of the mineral products of the United States is about $2,000,000,000 a year; that about $25,000,000 is expended. annually for explosives and that about double this sum is paid in wages where blasting is done. The value of the mineral products does not adequately express the importance of the industry involved in the excavation of rock and ore because of the enormous sums of money expended in tunnel driving, in quarries, and in open-cut excavation generally. We know that the Catskill Aqueduct in the neighborhood of New York, which is now nearing completion, has cost some $165,000,000 and that about one-third of this may be rated as rock excavation. These illustrations are given in order to call attention to the great importance of an industry the extension and development of which in our industrial life depend so much upon the economics of rock drilling. Reference has been made to the new Catskill Aqueduct. There are three aqueducts leading into New York, each built at periods separated by some 20 years of time. 'The first one, known as the Old Aqueduct, conveys the waters of the Croton river to New York City in a manner which reminds one of the old Roman aqueducts, the ruins of which are still in evidence. The engineers who laid out these old conduits sought to direct their lines around the hills and into the valleys, at all times avoiding the rock. When it was necessary to cross a river or a deep ravine, a bridge or causeway was constructed. High Bridge, over the Harlem river, is an arched masonry viaduct differing in no essential features from the aqueducts of the Romans. When the second Croton Aqueduct was built, about the year 1890, the art of drilling rock had been so far perfected, and the use of explosives, through the invention of dynamite, had become ,so general, that this waterway was planned and executed on straight lines, following rather than avoiding the rock. The second Croton Aqueduct is a tunnel through rock, about 32 miles in length; material gneiss, almost as hard as granite. Its construction was made practicable by sinking

Jan 9, 1913

By A. G. Gilbert

Paradoxical is the word. The coal industry, despite reach- ing a 22-year high in production (590 million tons), has been tagged as having its back to the wall vis-a-vis its valiant attempts to quench the nation's still unabated craving for coal. What must be even more reassuring to the industry, infected once with rumors of a uranium takeover, is a nation's almost insatiable appetite for electricity. Between 1967 and the summer of 1970, utility stockpiles were being gobbled up, diminishing to 79% of the January 1968 level.

Jan 1, 1971

By Z. D. Hora

Sand and gravel resources of the southern coastal region of British Columbia may be linked to various episodes of Wisconsin glaciation. During Wisconsin and probably earlier times, the Fraser Lowland and coastal areas were subjected to repeated glaciations separated by non-glacial intervals. Each major glaciation was accompanied by isostatic and eustatic changes in sea level up to 200 m or more. As a result, the Lowland was covered by the sea during much of Quaternary time. Because the Fraser Lowland is surrounded on two sides by high mountain ranges, glaciers terminated in the sea during their maximum advance. Therefore, meltwaters released during deglaciation, together wit h retreating glacier ice, could produce widespread and extensive sand and gravel deposits both along the coast and throughout the Fraser Lowland and adjacent areas.

Jan 1, 1984

By Baltus Cornelius Bonse

Foi desenvolvido um composto de elastômeros termorrígido (ebonite) para a fabricação de um selo mecânico de vedação de hélices de barcos, para substituir os modelos comumente encontrados de cerâmico, que possuem alto custo e são fabricados no exterior, e de borracha com face em Teflon®, que apresentam problemas de adesão na linha de junção entre estes materiais, resultando em vazamentos. O composto de elastômeros deveria possuir dureza em torno de 90 Shore D, baixo coeficiente de atrito, resistência térmica, a abrasão e a intempéries marítimas, ao ataque de radiação UV e ser autolubrificante. A formulação que resultou no melhor produto consistia das borrachas natural, nitrílica, nitrílica carboxilada, e fluorada (Viton®), aditivadas com alto teor de enxofre (37,5 phr), cargas reforçantes, plastificantes e lubrificantes sólidos, entre outros aditivos. A aditivação e mistura das borrachas foram realizadas em misturador interno Banbury e misturador de cilindros aberto, enquanto a conformação e vulcanização dos corpos de prova e dos selos foram realizadas por prensagem a quente. Foram realizadas análises de curva reométrica, morfológicas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, de resistência à tração, rasgo, dureza e de abrasão em torno mecânico simulando a pressão de vedação em atrito com o aço inox girando a 800 rpm. O êxito do selo ficou evidente, pois após a montagem em barcos, durante um ano tem realizado com sucesso a sua função.

Aug 8, 2018

By Maurício dos Santos

Através desta nova tecnologia para mecanismos de válvula gaveta de panela, estamos apresentando um novo conceito de trabalhabilidade, reduzindo o esforço físico do homem, através de um equipamento simples, robusto e de fácil manuseio dos refratários durante as trocas de placas e válvulas.Com este novo conceito para abertura e fechamento do mecanismo, reduzimos de forma expressiva o número de atividades do operador e com isso reduzimos o tempo para liberação da panela, proporcionando para a aciaria, uma maior disponibilidade de equipamento e certamente menor tempo de parada ou perda de sequencial durante a troca dos refratários. Considerando um projeto mais robusto, com menor número de peças sobressalentes, conseguimos reduzir de forma expressiva, o custo de manutenção deste mecanismo, visto que a deformação ou desgaste das peças deste equipamento estão dimensionados para suportar as mais adversas condições operacionais de uma usina siderúrgica. Através de um sistema de molas altamente preciso, garantimos uma pressão uniforme dos refratários, garantindo total segurança durante o processo de lingotamento contínuo, porém com um grande diferencial de segurança, quando comparado a outras tecnologias de mecanismos, ou seja, através de um sistema visual (GAP), o operador poderá avaliar a cada corrida, as condições gerais do equipamento (desgaste, deformação, irregularidades, etc.), tomando a decisão de afastar ou não o mecanismo, antes de liberá-lo para próxima corrida, garantindo assim, uma total segurança do homem e equipamento.

Aug 16, 2017

By Thiago Félix dos Santos

A maioria dos materiais poliméricos sintéticos apresentam superfícies quimicamente inertes, isentas de porosidade e baixa energia de superfície. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a modificação superficial do substrato têxtil de forma a aumentar a sua molhabilidade. Os tecidos de poliéster são hidrofóbicos e, por isso são desconfortáveis aos usuários, pois a fibra não absorve o suor do corpo, outro fator que é prejudicado pela hidrofobicidade da fibra de poliéster é o tingimento das mesmas. Portanto, tratamentos superficiais vêm sendo utilizados para minimizar esse problema e o plasma é uma técnica que se mostra bastante eficaz. O plasma ao interagir com a superfície do substrato provoca alterações químicas e físicas melhorando suas propriedades. Portanto, através do plasma é possível alterar as propriedades físico-químicas das superfícies de tecidos de poliéster, tendo como resultado o aumento da hidrofilidade dos mesmos com o incremento de grupos funcionais polares e o aumento da rugosidade em sua superfície. As amostras foram tratadas em um reator de plasma de barreira dielétrica a pressão atmosférica, em diferentes tempos de tratamento e voltagem. Após as funcionalizações as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de capilaridade, a fim de observar a melhora na hidrofilidade. Todas as amostras tratadas tiveram aumento na molhabilidade, com exceção, as amostras tratadas com 10 kV, onde não houve alteração.

Aug 7, 2018

By João Paulo Melo Silva

No beneficiamento de itabiritos pobres (%Fe˜44,0) um dos principais desafios para as usinas de tratamento é a produção de concentrado dentro das especificações de qualidade e com menor custo. Nas usinas de beneficiamento a moagem é a operação unitária com o maior custo. Além disso, a moagem secundária é a operação unitária na qual a granulometria do concentrado é adequada às especificações para a etapa de flotação cleaner e para o transporte em mineroduto. Dessa forma, o aumento da eficiência energética no circuito de remoagem permite reduzir os custos e aumentar a eficiência do circuito de flotação cleaner. Amostragens de rotina e testes de bancada realizados com amostras coletadas no concentrador I indicaram oportunidade de aumentar a eficiência energética (kWh/t) da remoagem e reduzir a granulometria na alimentação da flotação. Com esse objetivo, foram realizadas alterações no circuito de remoagem do pré-concentrado da flotação mecânica do concentrador I da Samarco. Essas alterações consistiram em moer todo o pré-concentrado em circuito fechado reverso e não mais em dois estágios, sendo um em circuito aberto e outro em circuito fechado. Essas alterações realizadas no circuito permitiram aumentar a eficiência energética do circuito de remoagem, reduzir o consumo energético em 9,3% e adequar as granulometria e grau de liberação para a etapa subsequente de flotação.

Aug 16, 2017

By Eduardo de Oliveira Diniz

“Excelência no atendimento aos clientes” é uma máxima declarada como busca constante em todos os segmentos de mercado, inclusive no de aços longos, negócio da ArcelorMittal Monlevade. Com foco neste objetivo, muitas vezes, a empresa se volta para o mercado na tentativa de mapear as necessidades dos clientes. Após identificá-las, e absorvê-las, acaba-se criando complexidades em processos tanto em produtos quanto em serviços. A cada internalização de demanda, segue-se a rotina sob a ameaça de transformar o processo de atendimento em algo confuso e desatualizado, além de não haver segurança de que o cliente está satisfeito de fato. Este trabalho mostra o histórico recente de uma expressiva evolução do atendimento aos clientes da unidade de Monlevade, resultado obtido através de análises, utilizando a metodologia PDCA, que orientaram a uma nova estrutura da equipe de atendimento na Gerência de Logística, implicando em reformulação de acompanhamentos/controles de processos e intensificação dos contatos com pessoas envolvidas com atendimento aos clientes dentro e fora da planta. Com isso, foi possível superar, de forma consonante, a proposta da Logística Central de implantação de uma “Célula de Atendimento” em cada unidade da ArcelorMittal. Conclui-se que é necessário rever periodicamente a rotina de processos internos de modo a buscar um equilíbrio entre as necessidades dos clientes, complexidades geradas e resultado dos índices de atendimento.

Aug 16, 2017

By O. C. Blade

This report is one of a series made by the Bureau of Mines under a cooperative agreement with the American Petroleum Institute on the characteristics of commercial aviation gasolines. The series of Surveys is a continuation of like work conducted under aimil.ar cooperative agreements with the Coordinating Research Council, Inc. by the National. Bureau of Standards from 1940 through 1946 and by the Bureau of Mines from 1947 through 1949. A completed list of the series of surveys is given at the end of this paper.

Jan 1, 1951

By D. I. Bardos, A. M. Bardos, Paul A. Beck

The approximate effective silicon radii in ternary Laves phase alloys with transition elements and silicon were found to range between 1.16 and 1.21A, i.e., considerably smaller than the atomic radius calculated for elemental silicon. The atomic radii were found to increase with the size of the transition element atoms in the structure. It has been noted by Aronsson1 that silicon in solid solution in iron, cobalt, and nickel has an effective CN 12 atomic radius of approximately 1.20Å, a value very much smaller than the CN 12 radius of 1.34Å derived from the interatomic distances in elemental silicon.7 The unusually short metal-silicon interatomic distances in transition element monosilicides and disilicides have been also pointed out by various investigators.1 A similar tendency was observed by Nevitt in Cr3O type silicides.2 Recent work on Laves phases in ternary systems of silicon with transition elements4"8 suggested that extensive Laves phase fields may occur in such systems.8 It has been pointed out by Laves7 that the MgCu2 and MgZn2 type structures lend themselves particularly well for the determination of the effective radii of the component atoms. In these AB2 phases the B atoms are arranged in close packed straight lines, and their distances are related in a simple manner to the lattice parameters.8 The present work was undertaken in order to find out whether or not the B transition element in such AB2 Laves phases can be replaced to an appreciable extent by silicon. In cases where extensive substitution proves to be possible, the "average atomic radius for the B site" at various silicon contents was to be determined, and the effective atomic radius of silicon calculated by extrapolation to complete replacement of the B component by silicon. The following ternary systems were studied: Ti-Mn-Si, Ti-Fe-Si, V-Co-Si, V-Ni-Si, Nb-Fe-Si, Nb-Co-Si, Ta-Fe-Si, Ta-Co-Si, and Mo-Fe-Si. In all of these alloy systems, the Laves phase solid solutions were found to extend over a considerable range of silicon content. As previously reported,4"8 in the V-Co-Si, V-Ni-Si, and Mo-Fe-Si ternary systems Laves phases do occur, even though there are no corresponding binary Laves phases. In stabilizing the Laves phase, silicon acts as if it were decreasing the effective electron concentration of the alloy.8 A more detailed study of the boundaries of the Laves phases in the V-Co-Si and V-Ni-Si systems has been made and will be published elsewhere. In both cases, the elongated Laves phase fields extend parallel to the B-Si side of the composition triangle, clearly showing that silicon is substituting for cobalt, respectively, nickel over a wide range of compositions. The binary Laves phases NbCo2 and TaCo2 have the cubic MgCu2-type structure. It was found that, in both ternary systems with silicon, again the MgZn2-type hexagonal Laves phase is stabilized and that this phase extends to high-silicon contents. In each ternary system at least three Laves phase alloys of the composition A(B1_xSix)2 were used, x here denoting the fractional substitution of the B-transition element atoms by silicon. The alloys, listed in Table I, were prepared by arc melting in argon. Each specimen was water quenched after a homogenizing anneal of 3 days at 110(FC, except for the Mo-Fe-Si alloys, which were annealed at 1200°C. Metallographic examination showed that most of the homogenized alloys consisted of a single phase, although some had minor amounts of a second phase, as shown in Table I. X-ray diffraction patterns were prepared using an asymmetrical focusing camera of large resolution and Fe Ka radiation. The patterns were indexed, and the lattice parameters of the hexagonal Laves phases were determined from the available diffraction lines of highest indices: (213), (205), and (313). The lat-

Jan 1, 1963

By Bruno Souza Fernandes

Eixos são componentes utilizados para transmissão de movimento e energia em máquinas. Os eixos são sujeitos à fadiga, visto que são submetidos à esforços combinados de flexão e torção cíclica. No presente estudo foi feita a análise de falha de eixo de uma bomba de alimentação de ureia fundida de uma fábrica de fertilizantes. Foram realizadas inspeção visual, fractografia, metalografia. A falha foi associada à concentração de tensões no raio da chaveta e ranhuras de usinagem, o que causou a fadiga.

Aug 16, 2017

By Hooman Askari-Nasab, AHLAM MAREMI, EUGENE BEN-AWUAH

In oil sands mining, tailings are voluminous unwanted byproducts generated from extracting the desired mineral from the mined ore. Dyke construction and backfilling activities require well-managed techniques to facilitate progressive reclamation at the earliest opportunity. This directly affects the sustainability and profitability of the mining operation. This research introduces a goal programming framework that simultaneously optimizes the (1) production schedule with limited duration stockpiling and directional mining, (2) dyke construction schedule, (3) size, shape and location of tailing cells and (4) mining and processing production targets. The results show that in creating in-pit tailing-cell designs, decreasing the mining-cell volume and increasing the number of mining cells improves the net present value (NPV) of the operation due to increased operational flexibility.

By T. E. Gray

This report describes the preparation characteristics of the signifi¬cant coalbeds in Preston County, W. Va. It is one in a series of reports planned to determine coals suitable for the production of metallurgical coke, either as mined or after beneficiation. Over 2 million tons of coal was produced in Preston County, W. Va. in 190, none of which was cleaned mechanically. Estimates as of January 1, 1959, indicate that more than 3 billion tons of coal remained in the county in beds 12 inches or more thick. The Bakerstown, Mahoning, Upper Freeport, and Upper Kittanning beds were selected by the Bureau of Mines for study based on current production and estimated minable reserves. Sample locations were selected after study of the literature, conferences with mining engineers and mining company offi¬cials in the field, and examination of available sites. Four samples were collected from the Bakerstown and Upper Freeport beds and one each from the Mahoning and Upper Kittanning beds.

Jan 1, 1961

By Finley A. Campbell

THE Quemont and Horne mines are located at Noranda in north-western Quebec. As shown in Figure 1, the Noranda area lies between the Cadillac-Bouzan fault zone on the south and the Porcupine-Destor fault zone to the north. Both of these major structural lineaments appear to be geometrically, and possibly genetically, related to the Grenville Front. The regional geology has been discussed by Wilson (12), Cooke et al. ( 2), and others. The geology in the Noranda vicinity, as compiled by Dugas and Gilbert ( 3), is shown in Figure 2. The Cadillac-Bouzan fault zone separates the dominantly Temiskaming-type sediments in the south from the Keewatin-type canic rocks to the north. These volcanics, which vary in composition from rhyolite to andesite, form a broad anticlinorium with a general eastward plunge. A succession of dioritic stocks, sills and dikes have been mapped in the area. The principal granitic rock masses include the Powell, Flavrian and Dufault stocks.

Jan 1, 1962

By Amr Al Degwe, Walid Jaber

"INTRODUCTIONNSCC International Ltd. carried out the enabling works and constructed the foundation system for the Emirates Pearl Tower and Bab El Qasr Hotel in Abu Dhabi. Emirates Pearl Tower is a joint venture project of TDIC- Tourism Development and Investment Company and ATLAS group, a leading telecommunication company in the UAE. Bab El Qasr Hotel is a project of EMROC Emirate-Moroccan General Trading & Investment Company. The combined enabling project is executed under the combined management of JACOBS International Holdings Inc. and NASSAR Engineering Services.The project is located to the south-east of Emirates Palace and west of Etihad towers, at about 20m away from the sea shore. Since the two projects are located next to each other a combined shoring system was constructed for the entire area. This decision was based on an agreement with clients and consultants of the two projects and resulted in significant savings for both parties. The shoring system consisted mainly of diaphragm wall with ground anchors and steel struts. Cantilever secant piles were used on the eastern side of the plot, adjacent to Etihad Towers` basement.PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF WORKNSCC International Ltd. was responsible for the design, procurement and construction of strutted and anchored diaphragm walls and cantilever secant piles. The shoring layout and a summary of shoring sections are shown below."

Jan 1, 2017

By WALTER B. JONES

IN ALABAMA there are three distinct groups of bauxite deposits, as follows: (1) Cambro-Ordovician contact with the principal-deposits located in Talla-dega, Calhoun, DeKalb, and Cherokee Counties, and in adjacent portions of the State of Georgia. (2) Midway-Nanafalia contact, with the principal deposits in Barbour and Henry Counties, and in adjacent portions of Georgia; also in North-eastern Mississippi. (3) Mississippian - Cretaceous contact, with a group of deposits centered around Margerum in Colbert County. For the purpose of more clearly describing bauxite mining in the state, past, present and possible future, these three groups will be described separately.

Jan 1, 1934