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By Irving D. Cohen

In order to overcome our reliance upon foreign energy sources for both crude supply and finished products, we must realize the goals proposed by Project Independence. In general this involves expanding production of existing and new oil, gas, and coal resources, utilizing and improving nuclear technology and the developing of new energy sources such as solar, geothermal, oil shale, tidal, wind and stimulation techniques. There is a continuing debate, both in the scientific community and the consuming public as to the potentiality of nuclear power generation being cost effective and environmentally and safety conscious. The development of new sources of energy does not occur overnight; it is rather a continuing effort in time and money to achieve the goal of providing energy to an ever increasing demand. The public has been accustomed to the availability of energy whenever and wherever it was needed. The era of "energy gluttony" has begun to fade into the realm of "energy awareness". Unfortunately, it required the action of another country to bring the picture that has been discussed many times in the past by energy suppliers into correct focus. Nevertheless, the public responded by conservation efforts to reduce energy wastefulness. Still, the demand for foreign importation of energy supplies is on the rise. What is our recourse? The largest known unexploited energy resource available in the United States is our coal resources. Moreover, the Department of the Interior has noted that 63 counties in Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas hold 60% of the nation's least expensive strip minable coal. This western coal is the most abundant and least costly Fossil Fuel in the United States. It is acknowledged that western coal is an important input in meeting the energy needs of our nation.

Jan 1, 1976

The Bega granite at Whipstick, N.S.W., consists of a granite metasomatically altered to leucogranites and a spessartite-granite. The ore occurs in pipes controlled by jointing and shows evidence of post-depositional tectonic forces.The principal ore minerals are molybdenite and bismuthinite, with minor amounts of uraninite, pyrite, gold, bismuth, joseite A, joseite B, tetradymite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and skutterudite. The gangue minerals are microcline, albite, quartz, muscovite, and spessartite, with fluorite, chlorite, magnetite, and biotite as accessory minerals.The intrusion of granite was followed initially by ascending metasomatic fluids which penetrated along joints to be trapped in the domed roof of the intrusion to form the leucocratic granite. Iron-manganese-rich fluids metasomatically altered the granite to a spessartitegranite which is associated with the later deposited ore.Quartz veins and dykes of varying composition post date the ore deposition.

Jan 1, 1968

By A. T. van Zyl, M. Mthenjane, M. J. Cole

Growing global concern over the impacts of climate change, attributable largely to fossil fuel energy sources, has led to the widely shared goal for a ‘just transition’ to cleaner energy and reduced dependence on carbon-based fuels. As the world’s 14th biggest CO2 emitter and being particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, South Africa must embark on a just transition pathway. This paper reviews expected coal mine closures and associated community vulnerabilities and local governance challenges in South Africa. Decommissioning schedules for all coal-fired power stations and operating coal mines are plotted, and 69 mining host communities and 21 municipalities are mapped, classified, and described. Community socio-economic profiles are measured using a set of SDG indicators and census data and municipalities assessed through financial audits. Our research shows that five coal-fired power plants (8.9 GW) and 15 coal mines (29.5 Mt/a) will probably close by 2030, and a further four plants (14 GW) and 23 mines (106 Mt/a) by 2040. Thus, the shift to cleaner energy will likely occur without the premature closures implied by the just transition. The impact of mine closure on the 2.5 million residents of host communities will be significant, particularly as levels of income, employment, and education are already very low and many municipalities are in financial distress. The South African approach to the just transition needs to take local realities into account and the narrative must support an effective transition that does not undermine energy security and economic growth.

Jun 5, 2023

By David A. Neudorf

Known resources of nickel laterites considerably exceed nickel sulfide resources and there is a growing consensus that most new nickel production will be sourced from laterites. The development of nickel laterite projects is very capital intensive due to inherently low grades, inability to concentrate ore prior to processing, complex processing technology and typically large infrastructure requirements. This has resulted in most recently proposed projects being "mega-projects," to achieve economics of scale. However, this may result in unacceptable project risk in many cases. Furthermore, many known laterite resources are not large enough to support a mega-project. This paper describes an alternative model for nickel laterite project development that allows, smaller scale and reduces capital exposure. The requirements of this model in terms of process technology, infrastructure and commercial innovation are described. Keywords: Nickel, Laterite, Project, Economics

Jan 1, 2004

By William R. Yernberg

Santa Fe Pacific Gold, headquartered in Albuquerque, NM is expanding its operation at the Twin Creeks Mine in Nevada. The $250-million sulfide expansion project, including the Sage Mill, is under construction and is 80% complete. Also, additional mining equipment has been purchased to haul the sulfide ore to the mill. With the expansion, employment at Twin Creeks is expected to reach approximately 970 people by the end of 1996. Santa Fe Pacific Gold now owns and operates three gold mines in the United States and is involved in several other gold projects. The three currently operating mines are the Twin Creeks, Mesquite and Lone Tree mines. The Mesquite Mine is located in California’s Imperial Valley. Lone Tree is located 55 km (34 miles) southeast of Winnemucca, NV. The company’s total gold production from these operations is expected to be in the range of 26.3 to 26.6 t (845,000 to 855,000 oz) in 1996. This compares to a total production of about 124 kg (4,000 oz) for the company in 1989. Production costs range from $6.90to $7.25/g ($215 to $225/oz). At the end of 1995, the company reported proven and probable reserves of 556.7 t(17.9 million oz) of gold.

Jan 1, 1996

By AIME

DURING the happy and peaceful years between the Treaty of Versailles and the third New Deal, metallurgy became one of the most cosmopolitan of the sciences. Any metallurgist can name some twenty or thirty scientists whose work, in this country, in England, in Germany, or in France, Sweden, Italy, or Japan was as well known in other parts of the metal-producing and metal using world as it was locally, despite the fact that many of these men never left their native land. One of these metallurgical cosmopolites is Augustus Braun Kinzel, former Chairman of the Iron and Steel Division, A.I.M.E., and now a Director of the Institute. Gus Kinzel, however, is not only a cosmopolite by reputation; he is also a cosmopolite in fact. For many years he commuted at least twice a year between New York and the rest of the world; he is, therefore, not only an expert on the art and science of metallurgy but is equally expert in world travel and can expound with authority on the comparative quality and especially on the cuisine of the great prewar steamship lines; and being a true cosmopolite, he knows, as well as he knows the iron-chromium diagram, the best vintage years in the Gironde, Cote d'Or, and Saone-et-Loire departments in France and along the banks of the Moselle and Rhine in Germany.

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

HOWARD H. PRESTON, professor of economics and business at the University of Washington, presented a paper before the North Pacific Section, A.I.M.E., on Jan. 23, on the "Economic Aspects of Gold and Silver." He carefully reviewed recent governmental actions that have affected those metals and gave an interpretation of their effects. A brief excerpt from his address; follows: Including the proclamation of March 6, 1933, the principal steps of the present Administration which have carried the United States off the gold standard and led up to the present program have been: (1) The Presidential proclamation of March 6 controlling gold. (2) The monetary sections of the Emergency Banking Act of March 9. (3) Mobilization of gold under Executive orders issued March 10 and April 5. (4) The gold embargo by Executive order, April 20. (5) The controlled inflation bill, May 12. (6) The joint resolution abrogating the gold clauses, June 5. (7) The Executive orders on newly mined gold, Aug. 28. (8) The President's radio address of Oct. 22 and the R.F.C. gold-buying program. (9) New anti-hoarding order calling in small holdings of gold, Dec. 28, 1933 and Jan. 15, 1934. (10) Nationalization and revaluation of gold' (Message to Congress, Jan. 15).

Jan 1, 1934

By Greisson Peixoto Rangel

A variação da resistência à compressão de argamassas geopoliméricas foi estudada em função da razão ativador/precursor e da molaridade da solução ativadora. As argamassas estudadas foram confeccionadas com metacaulim (precursor) ativado com solução composta por hidróxido de potássio e água destilada, e areia normal brasileira. De acordo com os resultados, a resistência aumenta com a diminuição da razão ativador/precursor e com o aumento da molaridade da solução ativadora. Além disso, os valores encontrados condizem com os presentes da literatura e com possíveis aplicações para argamassas de múltiplo uso.

Oct 30, 2017

"M bed, Matanuska valley, Alaska, coal carbonizingproperties B 510M spectral lines, low-energy, study RI 5538Mab shaft, Leadvile district, Colo., investigation RI .1518Maberry process, for aluminum chloride TP 321"

Jan 1, 1960

By W. W. Weller

Heat capacity measurements of anhydrous cobalt sulfate (CoSO4), copper sulfate (CuSO4), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) were conducted over the temperature range 51° to 298° K. The results were used to evaluate the following entropies at 298.15° K (cal/deg mole): CoSO4, 28.1; CuSO4, 26.8; NiSO4, 24.8; and ZnSO4, 26.4. Entropies were combined with heats of formation to give free energies of formation.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. S. Handy

This paper describing the milling practices at tae concentrators of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Co. is one of a series being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines on milling methods and costs in the United States. The possibility of useful comparisons has prompted the description of all five of the mills operated by the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Company in northern Idaho. The general features of these mills are tabulated below: [ ]

Jan 1, 1930

Apr. 26-May 11, Liege International Fair, Liege, Belgium. May 4-8, Electrochemical Society, Inc., Spring meeting, Benjamin Franklin Hotel, Philadelphia. May 5-6, National Air Pollution Symposium, Huntington Hotel, Pasadena. May 5-7, American. Mining Congress, coal convention, Netherland Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati. May 6-9, Scientific Apparatus Makers Assn., annual meeting, Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago. May 9-10, AIME, joint meeting, Industrial Minerals Div. and Metals Branch, Davenport Hotel, Spokane, Wash. May 11-14, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Atlanta Biltmore Hotel, Atlanta. May 17, AIME, Chicago Section, President's night dinner dance, Shoreland Hotel, Chicago. May 27, AIME, Morenci Subsection, Longfellow Inn, Morenci, Ariz. June 2-4, Chemical Institute of Canada, annual conference, Montreal. June 4-14, Mechanical Handling Exhibition and Convention, Olympia, London.

Jan 1, 1952

By James P. Sloss

A PERMANENT assay office is commonly established as part of the general plant equipment of operating gold and silver properties, but during the development stage of a mine, the cost of such an office is usually so assay work must be done elsewhere. In most instances only a few samples will be taken each day, but if the mine is to be developed scientifically, the analyses of those samples will guide further development. Under such circumstances, the time element in assay returns is important, since the lapse between the taking of the samples and the receipt of results may determine the success or failure of a small-mine operator. The following description of fur-

Jan 1, 1935

By D. Harrington

The mining industry of the United States has-long been severely criticized because of its high rate of accident occurrence, net only as compared with other major industries-in the United States but also with the mining industries of other countries particularly Europe. Statistics (often not of strictly comparable nature) indicate that the accident-frequency rate in all mining is currently about three times and the accident-severity rate is about seven times as great as the average for general industrial work in the United States. These figures are by no means comforting to humanitarian mining men, irrespective of their status in. the industry, and they constitute a challenge that certainly cannot continue to be ignored much longer. This picture becomes much darker when the above statistics are augmented with data indicating that. on an exposure basis our mines (more particularly our coal mines) have accident rates two, three, or even more times as great as more or less similar types of mines in Europe, particularly England and Wales, Belgium, France, and Germany. However, these foreign accident statistics should be carefully analyzed before we become very mush concerned about them, because they are clot strictly comparable owing to several considerations, not the least of which is the fact that foreign methods of compiling or recording accident statistics often differ materially from ours. Moreover, foreign mining and other conditions axe definitely dissimilar to ours in many if not most phases, and numerous ether factors affect the comparability of foreign mine-accident statistics with ours. Unquestionably it should also be taken into consideration that the accident rate of the 130,000,000 or more constituting the populace of the United. States as a whole is much higher than that of any other major country in the world and is two, throe, or more times the rate of the European countries that have more favorable mine-accident rates than those of the United States. Moreover, it is significant that the mine-accident-severity- rate of British mines is about six times the average accident-severity rate of the major industries of the British Isles, or but little mere, favorable than the comparable figures in the United States, namely, that mining-has an accident-severity rate about seven times that of the average of about 30 of the major industries of this country.

Jan 1, 1941

By H. F. Zurbrigg

Introdduction The main line of ascent in the development of the nickel industry may be traced back through the International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited, to its earliest antecedents, the Canadian Copper Company and the Orford Copper Company. Mining geology is but one aspect of the overall development of this organization, and the stress it has placed on geology grew according to the need. In the early days, intensive geology was not required because ore supply was not one of the main problems of this or any of the pioneer companies. The difficulty then was to find economic methods for reducing the ores to nickel and copper, and markets for absorbing nickel in the face of a limited demand from consumers heavily prejudiced in favour of the New Caledonia product. "Very early in the history of the region it was patent to everyone that to share in the full benefits of the industry the same individuals or company must control the whole of the operation necessary to manufacture the finished product' (1, p. 45). These conditions were fulfilled for the International Nickel Company in 1902 when the Canadian Copper Company (incorporated 1886), with its ample ore supply, took the initiative to merge its interests with those of the Orford Copper (Refining) Company (incorporated 1887) to form the new company which, with reorganizational changes, emerged as the producer of the overwhelming bulk of the world's nickel. The Mond Nickel Company, Limited, entered the field in 1899 with a refining process, and over a period of years acquired ore through purchase of mining properties. This Company operated successfully and independently until 1929 when its assets were joined with those of the International Nickel Company in order to permit the most economic exploitation of the Frood-Stobie orebody in which both Companies were interested.

Jan 1, 1948

By Luis Romero, Edilberto Linares, Steve Windle

El yacimiento de Zafranal —proyecto de pórfidos de cobre y oro ubicado en la región Arequipa, Perú— en sí mismo ha penetrado en lo que parece ser un salto dextral sobre una estructura del SFIC. A nivel de yacimiento, se ha mapeado una serie de fallas pronunciadas WNW en la zona mineralizada principal, consistentes con la transtensión dextral inferida. Esta estructura de fallas se trazó en 3-D a partir de las zonas de gubias identificadas en la fotografía de testigos, método que permitió elaborar un modelo estructural de forma rápida y con consistencia interna. La cinemática de las vetas y los patrones de afloramiento trazados generalmente coinciden con las estructuras interpretadas. El movimiento dextral inferido en el SFIC en el Cretácico Superior es consistente con un vector de convergencia de placas hacia el norte, y puede ser utilizado para identificar targets estructurales para sistemas de edad similar, tanto en el piamonte como en la cordillera.

Dec 31, 2019

By Eugene A. Stephenson

THE year 1935 is noteworthy for the superior legislative measures passed by several states. Sincere efforts have been made to establish equity between the various producing tracts in oil and gas fields. Outstanding legislative measures include the New Mexico law, known as Senate Bill No. 79, approved on Feb. 23; the Oklahoma law on April 22; the Texas law on April 30; and the Kansas law, which became effective July 1. Primarily designed to prevent waste, but more or less the direct out- growth of the current excess of potential oil and gas production, these statutes fall in the class of "Proration Laws."

Jan 1, 1935

By Jack Green

Within three major tectonic time frames of earth history: Microplate (±3.8 - ±2.6 billion years), intraplate (±2.6 - ±1.3 b.y.), and macroplate (=1.3 b.y. - present), precious - metal deposits are confined to specific structural, depositional and physico-chemical environments. Precambrian primary gold deposits are localized in two microplate greenstone episodes (±3.7 and ±2.7 b.y.); secondary gold in Witwatersrand placers (±2.6 b.y.). Precambrian primary platinum group metals are in anorthositic facies of layered mafic intrusions (±2.8, ±1.8 and ±1.0 b.y.). Most radioisotope mineral dates cluster - at these times and are coincident with inflections on polar wandering curves. These coincidences may reflect episodicity in lunar tidal disruptions and global deceleration effects in crust and outer core during micro- and intra- plate phases. Macroplate tectonics and an oxygenated atmosphere created favorable conditions for strata-hosted and plate suture gold and silver deposits. "Black smokers" at constructive plate margins and calc-alkalic calderas at destructive plate margins are loci for hydrothermal gold and silver.

Jan 1, 1984

By William G. Schultz

Sylvite of Canada, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co., operates an 8000 TPD potash mine and refinery located nine miles North East of Rocanville, Saskatchewan. Prior to Hudson Bay's entry in 1968 into potash mining and refining, it was one of the more traditional and conservative Canadian Mining Companies whose principal business had been for many years a successful copper-zinc mining and smelting operation located at Flin Flon, Manitoba. The potash reserves being mined by Sylvite were acquired through the acquisition of Francana Oil and Gas. This acquisition was at the time when several major potash mines were being developed or had recently been brought into production in the Province. These mines are owned by either very substantial Canadian Mining Companies or Multi-National Mining Companies with considerable potash mining experience. At that time, it became very apparent because of the new mines coming into production, potash mining and refining would quickly become a very competitive industry. Because of long term considerations, Hudson Bay decided to proceed with the development of its potash reserves, recognizing the Mine and Refinery would have to be the most advanced available in order to successfully operate. This report deals with the mining operation at Sylvite and the degree of success Sylvite has achieved.

Jan 1, 1972

By T Leach, B Fulton, R Stewart

Gold mineralisation at Porgera is inferred to have been derived from a deep differentiated magmatic source which is capped by a series of (now tilted) inward dipping sills and stocks, which comprise the Porgera Intrusive Complex. An arc normal transfer structure provides a conduit, at tile intersection with an arc parallel structure, into which basic magma derived from tile deep melting of mantle material has been emplaced. Two phases of mineralisation display an association with late stage feldspar porphyry intrusives. Stage I carbonate-base metal-style gold mineralisation occurs as early quartz-sericite, then massive sulphide and late zoned Mn-Fe-Mg-Ca carbonate vein/breccias. Magmatic fluids derived from the deep magma source, are interpreted to have migrated along me margin of a feeder stock to the sills, and south to Waruwari. Stage II epithermal Au-Ag quartz-style gold mineralisation occurs as early fluidised breccias and carbonate veining, followed by zoned quartz-roscoelite-carbonate-gold vein/breccias, and late carbonate and/or sulphate open space infill. Magmatic fluids are interpreted to have utilised the same plumbing system as the late stage feldspar porphyry intrusive, and then migrated into the Roamane Fault which was dilated by; dextral rotation on elements of the transfer structure, normal faulting, and refraction around the competent footwall hornblende diorite. Bonanza gold is localised in a jog in the Roamane Fault, hangingwall splits and at intersections with cross structures. Bulk low grade Stage I gold has been deposited by the mixing of magmatic fluids with cool gas condensate waters, whereas high grade Stage II gold mineralisation resulted from the rapid quenching of mineralised magmatic fluids by oxygenated groundwaters.

Jan 1, 1995