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By F. P. Haver

The Federal Bureau of Mines developed a 10,000-ampere cell to determine the economic feasibility of producing high-purity electrolytic titanium from mill scrap or offgrade sponge. Operating variables were investigated, matetial handling procedures were established, and the cost of electrorefining titanium was determined. The prototype cell produced premium-grade metal (<100 Brinell hardness number (B.h.n.)) from very impure Kroll sponge at a processing cost of less than $0.60 per pound. Refined metal was deposited at the cathode in the form of coarse (85 percent plus 34-mesh), hexagonal crystals of a titanium when the cell was operated an 850° C. A cathode current density of 1,000 amperes per square foot and a molten sodium chloride electrolyte containing approximately 5 percent by weight of soluble titanium were used. In continuous operation, at the optimum number of ampere-hours, (40,000), the current efficiency averaged slightly less than 60 percent. It was possible to supply large enough amounts of electric current for electrolysis to maintain the temperature of the bath, thus reducing overall power consumption to less than 5 kilowatt-hours per pound of metal refined.

Jan 1, 1961

By Zbigniew J. Hladysz

A Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) is being planned at the site of the former Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota, under the sponsorship of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the US Department of Energy (DOE). This national facility will host a variety of multidisciplinary science and engineering experiments including physics experiments that require shielding from cosmogenic radiation. Geotechnical mapping was performed in 2010 in large excavations of the Davis Campus at the 4850 Level of the former Homestake Mine. LIDAR mapping included laser scanning using a red light laser scanner and 288 Mpixels 360° still camera. The resulting vector map with the photographs digitally draped over the model, was used to create an accurate, virtual model of the excavations. For model verification, the laser scanning was accompanied by surveying and manual mapping of the geology and rock structure. The immediate use of the model was to perform structural analysis and interpretation of geology needed for the design of the DUSEL?s super large excavations. The second round of scanning, after the application of shotcrete to the excavations walls, will be used as a technical blueprint to assess the effectiveness of shotcrete application.

May 1, 2011

By Marcella Gautê Cavalcante Xavier

A presente proposta tem por objetivo desenvolver uma an&aacute;lise experimental da liga hipereut&eacute;tica Sn-0,5%Ni solidificada unidirecionalmente em regime transit&oacute;rio de fluxo de calor contra chapa molde de cobre. A liga foi avaliada quanto a sua microestrutura bruta de fus&atilde;o e suas respectivas correla&ccedil;&otilde;es com os par&acirc;metros t&eacute;rmicos (velocidade da frente eut&eacute;tica -VE e taxa de resfriamento eut&eacute;tica -?E) e propriedades mec&acirc;nicas. Os resultados mostram que a morfologia microestrutural predominante &eacute; composta por c&eacute;lulas ricas em estanho (&beta;-Sn) circundadas por mistura eut&eacute;tica Sn+intermet&aacute;lico tipo NiSn. Uma transi&ccedil;&atilde;o microestrutural foi observada entre as posi&ccedil;&otilde;es 15mm (?E=1,7&deg;C/s) e 30mm (?E=1,1&deg;C/s), de c&eacute;lula regular (CR)?c&eacute;lula tipo placa (CTP). Notou-se ainda a presen&ccedil;a de intermet&aacute;licos prim&aacute;rios NiSn distribu&iacute;dos ao longo da matriz nas posi&ccedil;&otilde;es iniciais do lingote. Valores superiores de limite de resist&ecirc;ncia &agrave; tra&ccedil;&atilde;o (&sigma;u=26 MPa) e limite de escoamento (&sigma;y=21 MPa) foram encontrados para a posi&ccedil;&atilde;o 6mm a partir da base refrigerada do lingote, podendo estar relacionados com a estrutura celular mais refinada e tamb&eacute;m com a presen&ccedil;a dos intermet&aacute;licos prim&aacute;rios NiSn. O alongamento espec&iacute;fico (?) comportou-se de maneira inversa, visto que as estruturas mais grosseiras (CTP) e a aus&ecirc;ncia de intermet&aacute;licos prim&aacute;rios s&atilde;o respons&aacute;veis por facilitar a deforma&ccedil;&atilde;o pl&aacute;stica na estrutura da liga Sn-0,5%Ni, aumentando seu n&iacute;vel de ductilidade.

Oct 30, 2017

By L. K. Weaver

The Bureau of Mines has started an engineering study of oil recovery by miscible-phase displacement. As a preliminary part of the investigation a literature and patent study was made to prevent duplication of work already done, to become acquainted with those actively engaged in research of this type, and to learn where the recovery method has been attempted. This bibliography gives results of this study. The bibliography includes 254 references to U.S. and foreign patents and published literature relating to miscible-phase displacement processes of oil recovery. It is divided into the following sections: (1) U.S. patents, (2) foreign patents, (3) literature references, (4) author index, and (5) publication and source reference. The patents and literature references are listed alphabetically by author by intervals of years. References to February 1963 are included.

Jan 1, 1963

By Akira Usui

The details in small-scale variability of the geological occurrence and chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts are not yet well understood, although the northwestern Pacific seamounts are believed to be among the most promising areas for rare metal resources. Our belief is that geological observations and geochemical analyses are still insufficient for economic evaluation or for discussion of depositional processes and environments. Our team, composed of geologists, mineralogists, geochemists, physical engineers, and microbiologists has attempted to utilize an ROV for in-situ measurement and for sampling of undisturbed and uncontaminated ferromanganese crusts at three typical seamounts in the NW Pacific near the Japanese Exclusive Economic Zone. The first ROV geological survey of ferromanganese crusts was successfully completed, and the ROV proved to be the most powerful, efficient and elegant method to date. The collected samples (more than total 1 ton of crusts, at more than 100 sites along a total of approximately 10 km of survey lines) were most suitable to analyze water-depth dependency and secular variation of their composition. The intact surfaces of crusts, collected without the usual abrasion caused by dredging, were also valuable for microbial study of Mn oxidizing bacteria. The ROV sampling devices, however, can be improved with further sophisticated drills or rock saw blades in the future.

Jan 1, 2011

By John Kazakoff, Andrew Mortimore

"Production at the remote Kumtor Gold Mine in Kyrgyzstan commenced on schedule in December 1996.The ore mined during the first few months of 1997 from the upper benches of the pit did not produce the results predicted by the feasibility study. Low metallurgical recoveries experienced at the time were cause for great concern.It soon became clear the recovery difficulties centred around the preg robbing nature of the ore.Procedures were developed to selectively stockpile highly carbonaceous low recovery ore types. Testing methods were developed in the mill to quante the preg robbing activity of the ore. Preg robbing masking agents were added to the process to reduce the preg robbing activity of the ore.The importance of coconut carbon activity relative to the preg robbing activity of the ore was realized. Every aspect of the performance of coconut carbon in circuit was evaluated and optimized to improve carbon activity.Mineralogical analyses were completed defining the deportment of gold in ore and process tailingsBy year end the recovery difficulties had been overcome and plant design production had been achieved. Process improvements continue through 1998."

Jan 1, 1999

By Godfrey MacDonald

"The East West Caribou deposit with an underground mine, concentrator and ancillaries is located 30 km west of Bathurst, New Brunswick. The Restigouche deposit, an open pit mine is 30 km west of East West Caribou. The ore will be trucked from the Restigouche site to the East West Caribou minesite.History:The East West Caribou ore body was discovered in 1955 and the subsequent metallurgical programme focused on producing a bulk sulphide concentrate. However, in 1966 a Mr. P.G. Kihlstadt of Anaconda did float a Copper-Lead concentrate and a Zinc concentrate. He also reported that as the grind became finer the recoveries improved. In 1968 the Mines Branch in Ottawa produced a Lead concentrate of 30 percent at a 60.5 percent recovery and a 52 percent Zinc concentrate at an 83.4 percent recovery.Laboratory testwork proceed the 1988 start up of our current concentrator and underground mine facilities. The concentrator was designed to produce a Lead ""rich"" concentrate and a Zinc ""rich"" concentrate which were combined to make a marketable Bulk concentrate. In 1990 the operation was suspended because of declining base metal prices, increasing smelter treatment charges, increasing operating costs and operating difficulties.The 1997 operating plan is to produce a Lead concentrate and a Zinc concentrate.The Restigouche ore body was discovered in 1989. The subsequent testwork done at Lakefield Research recommended the production of a Copper, a Lead and a Zinc concentrate. The ore reserve could not support a stand alone concentrator so the project was put on hold.Laboratory testwork was carried out at Lakefield Research to confirm compatibility of the East West Caribou ore and the Restigouche ore in their processing."

Jan 1, 1997

By Robert N. Roby

This report is one of a series based upon investigations made and being made within the Missouri River Basin in Montana by engineers of the Bureau of Mines , Albany Branch , Mining Division . These investigations are made primarily to provide preliminary information to Department of Interior agencies and others concerned with the planning of the proposed Federal power developments within the Missouri River Basin . The present report has been designed to permit public distribution of the factual data obtained . The field investigations in Meagher County were made during tually all 1948 ; Vir- known metallic mineral occurrences within the county were investigated ; some nonmetallic mineral deposits also were investigated . The investigations cannot be considered complete , however , because some long-inactive mines or prospects may have been missed . Most of the old mine and prospect openings are caved; many are completely inaccessible . Many of the claims located years ago have been abandoned ; others have been relocated under different names and ownerships . Because of such conditions , much of the information regarding their development and operation necessarily has been obtained from Federal and State publications , supplemented by information provided by owners and local residents .

Jan 1, 1950

By Sikko Doornbos

For the extension of the Paper Mill of Parenco in Renkum, the Netherlands, the application of a pile foundation was required. The demands for this pile foundation were very explicit a vibration free and soil displacing pile systems with low allowable settlement. Another important aspect was the total amount of piles (originally over 1600 auger piles) which had to be executed within 3 months, in very difficult and unhomogeneous soil. Based upon these conditions the Tubex Grout Injection Pile was chosen to be used for this project. This system involves the drilling of a steel tube with a conical pile shoe while grout is injected at the point simultaneously, creating a mixed-in-place layer around the tube. INTRODUCTION After extensive marketing, the board of directors of Parenco, decided to a large extension of the production capacity of its paper mill by building a new production building called Paper Mill 1 or PM-1. The new PM-1 extension had to be constructed beside the existing PM-2 because of limited terrain. The site is located right between the Rhine river and Renkum, approximately 15 kilometers (10 miles) west from Arnhem (see figure 1). The construction involved the building of the PM-1 extension of approximately 250 meters (820 ft.) long by 40-60 metres wide (130-200 ft.). The main structure was to be constructed of precast concrete beams and columns.

Jan 1, 1987

By JAMES BRADLEY

THE Spanish mine is in Nevada County, California, 21 miles northeast of Nevada City by road, and 3 miles north of the town of Washington. The mill and surface buildings are on Poorman&apos;s Creek at an ele¬vation of 3,000 ft. About 35 men are employed at the property, which is producing 50 tons of ore per day. Electric power, purchased from the Pacific Gas and Electric Co., is brought in from Alleghany, seven miles away. In the early days the mine was operated by F. W. and P. R. Bradley. Between 1883 and 1899 the production was approximately $900,0)0 in gold. The ore treated during; that time yielded an average of 60 cents per ton and was mined and milled at a profit. The surface, oxidized, ore deposit was 30 to 100 ft. wide and was mined by the glory-hole method. The milling-plant at first consisted of a Blake crusher an-1 a small Huntington mill; later three large Huntington mills were added to the plant. In 1893 a new mill was built at a lower adit- It consisted of 10 stamps and four Huntington mills. The gold was secured by amalgamation, the recovery being about 50 per rent.

Jan 1, 1931

By Jon C. Volkwein

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a study to assess the impact of a directional water spray system on a unique single inlet dust scrubber on a low-profile mining machine. Tests were conducted in a full-scale model mine using a continuous mining machine. Tracer gas was introduced at the face and concentrations of the tracer gas were monitored at the face and in the return. Various parameters tested included mining position, depth of cut, brattice setback, and combinations of scrubber, and directional or symmetrical sprays. Results indicated that either water spray configuration improved the ventilation effectiveness of the scrubber by a factor of 2 to 3. Average face ventilation effectiveness (FVE) values for all testing of the scrubber and directional sprays were 0.95, versus 0.37 for a standard 20-ft blowing curtain without sprays. No FVE values were less than the standard 20-ft blowing results.

Jan 1, 1989

By K. Y. C. Chung

A case study on foundation engineering through organic soils is presented. Located along the west shore of the Hudson River, site soils consist of random brick fill over a thick layer of peat and organic silts or clays. The organic layer is underlain by medium dense to dense sand with varying amounts of silt. Strong artesian pressures were measured in the sand. A pile foundation system was selected to support all structures. To avoid periodic flooding, new fill must be placed on the existing fill. Large total and differential settlements will occur due to consolidation and secondary compression of the organic soils. This settlement will reduce the allowable pile capacity due to the large negative skin friction in the organic layer; and will necessitate long-term maintenance of the final grade elevation. Pile load tests were performed to determine the allowable compression and uplift capacities, long-term capacities and pile driving criteria.

Jan 1, 2010

By C. Steve Albrecht

The primary objective of this study is to "evaluate the influences of different equipment systems on prime farmland subsoil compaction due to surface mining in the Midwest." The study is centered on four mine sites each utilizing a different combination of equipment for soil removal and replacement. Subsoil compaction is the primary focus of this research effort. Primarily owing to physical location, it is difficult to alleviate the increased compaction directly below the topsoil in reclaimed soils. Different equipment combinations cause varied effects when soils are replaced during surface mining activities. By collecting field data within a statistical framework, the effects of different equipment combinations on subsoil compaction can be evaluated and conclusions drawn. This research effort evaluates a comparison of natural and replaced soils by moist bulk density data. This comparison centers on changes in bulk density and texture to a depth of 48 inches. For each study site a complete case study is provided for use in data correlation and interpretation. Basis for this research effort centers on four (4) major experiment designs: o Comparison of soil bulk density values for three distinct equipment systems evaluated on the same general soil types (i.e. scrapers, bucket-wheel excavators and end-dump haulback); o Evaluation of the effects of soil replacement in repeated lifts using scrapers; o Presentation of bulk density values representing soil compaction for four (4) equipment systems (i.e. bucket-wheel excavators, draglines, scrapers and end-dump haul back) on four separate mine sites in the midwest; o A prediction analysis model is developed for subsoil bulk density following reclamation based on equipment characteristics and a statistical evaluation of texture. The soil data base of information includes data from the 1982 Bureau of Mines study entitled, "Impact of Surface Mining on Soil Compaction in the Midwest" as well as data from this research project. The final report is synthesized through an analysis of field data, statistical analysis and literature review. The final report focuses on the interpretation of results for practical application by government and industry.

Jan 1, 1984

By A. A. El-Midany, R. M. Farag, A. M. Salem, S. E. El-Mofty

Bentonite represents one of the main players in the stability of the drilling mud. Its particle size and particle size distribution affect the physical properties of the drilling mud especially the rheological properties. Therefore, a specific particle size distribution was recommended by American Petroleum Institute (API) for use in drilling mud. To clarify the effect of individual size and size distribution, in this study, the bentonite sample was classified into different size fractions. Each size fraction was tested separately in terms of controlling properties such as filtration loss, plastic viscosity, gel strength, cake thickness, and packing density. The effect of each size fraction on the rheological properties of the suspension was correlated to the behavior of the whole particle size distribution in the bentonite sample. The results indicate that the coarser the particles, the higher the rheological properties; in this case, the API mixture is the highest. The filtration loss and cake thickness for the API mixture are lower than that of the individual size fractions due to its wider size distribution due to the filling of voids between larger particles with smaller ones, which lead to bed compaction and consequently lower fluid loss and cake thickness.

By Douglas Beahm

Energy Metals Corp. (EMC) holds numerous mineral properties in the northern portion of the Great Divide Basin. The JAB property is one of several potential properties being planned for development as a satellite facility to the greater Antelope uranium project. A National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report was completed for the JAB property. This report estimated total measured and indicated mineral resources on the property totaling 1.6 kt (3,555,022 lbs) U3O8 contained in 2.2 Mt (2.4 million st) at an average grade of 0.073 percent U3O8 at a 0.25 grade times thickness (GT) cutoff in accordance with CIM Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves. The JAB property is located in Sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22 and 23, Township 26 North, Range 94 West, approximately Latitude 42° 14’ North and Longitude 108° 00’ West (Fig. 1). This property consists of unpatented mining lode claims and Wyoming state mineral leases com-prising approximately 850 hm2 (2,100 acres).

Jan 1, 2007

By Larissa Carolina Ferreira

O impacto das atividades do setor de mineração sobre o meio ambiente tem levado a estudos visando, tanto à utilização racional dos recursos naturais, quanto o tratamento de efluentes gerados durante os processos. A caracterização de efluentes é uma etapa importante, podendo apontar erros nos processos de beneficiamento, parâmetros em desacordo com a legislação ambiental e guiar etapas de desenvolvimento de técnicas do tratamento. Este trabalho consiste na caracterização de um efluente da etapa filtragem de uma mineradora de minério de ferro do quadrilátero ferrífero comparando os valores encontrados com as exigências da norma CONAMA 357/2005 e 430/2011, de forma a enquadrá-los na categoria de águas doces classe 1 e de lançamento de efluentes. O pH encontrado (9,8), turbidez (2133 NTU) e sólidos sedimentáveis (28mL/L), estão fora dos padrões permitidos e mostram grandes problemas em relação aos sólidos presentes na amostra. O diâmetro médio das partículas (8,54µm), indicou a predominância de partículas ultrafinas de difícil sedimentação. Os elementos majoritários Al, Fe, P e S, 0,296; 1,6; 0,218 e 26,5 mg/L, respectivamente, também apresentaram valores acima do permitido para água doce classe I. As análises indicaram que o efluente necessita de tratamento prévio para posterior descarte.

Aug 16, 2017

By N. L. Wimmler

The Metaline mining district was examined in 1942 by Bureau of Mines engineers with the cooperation of geologists of the Federal Geological Survey. Because the demands of war production were rapidly depleting reserves in some of the older zinc-lead producing districts of the United States, it was decided that an attempt should be made to increase the proved or indicated ore reserves of the Metaline district. With this objective, certain areas to be explored by diamond drilling were selected. The Bureau of Mines began work on this program. January 15, 1943; work terminated September 8, 1945. Forty-five holes were drilled in seven areas, The holes ranged from 154 feet to 2,050 feet in length. Their combined length was 38,150 feet. Thirty-three of the holes were drilled in. the North Pend Oreille and the West Bella May areas.

Jan 1, 1949

By Edward Hall Smith

The E1 Indio Mine is located in the Andes mountains about 180 kilometers East of La Serena, capital of the Fourth Region of Chile. It is reached by an international highway running up the Elqui Valley as far as Juntas from where the last 42 kilometers is on a road constructed by the Company. The plant is located at 3.900 meters above sea level among extremely rugged terrain with nearby mountains rising about 5.500 meters. Climatic conditions at these altitudes are severe with winter temperatures down to -20°C. Snow storms lasting several days and leaving up to two meters of snow have been experienced, while fierce winds are corm=.

Jan 1, 1984

By Y. Bai, J. J. Liu, D. Q. Li, S. Z. Liu, X. T. Wang

"This paper presents the results of an industrial test using 8 t/d of Baotou concentrate (50% REO) of a clean metallurgical process, which includes: 1. Roasting with H2SO4 at low temperature (220~260 0C) in a batch roasting furnace followed by water leaching to obtain a leach liquor as feed with a yield of >95% RE and Th, recovering F as fluoride, producing a leach residue amounting to 1/3 of an equivalent high temperature residue and containing <0.03% Th and radioactivity < 3×104 Bq/kg compared to the normal high temperature residue containing 0.2-0.3% Th and 1×105 Bq/kg. 2. Separating Th with N1923 and extracting RE by P507 has been completed in mixer-settlers. Test results indicate that the ThO2 product has a purity of > 95% with a yield of 99%, and the RE has a yield of >95%, in which ThO2/REO <5×10-6, and that P507 loaded RE connect straight with separating RE using P507-HCl system. 3. Treatment and multipurpose use of "three wastes" (water, gas and solids) are discussed in some detail."

Jan 1, 2014

By Randall M. Wheeler

"Fourier analysis is a very powerful frequency analysis tool. However, it is frequently misunderstood and sometimes used inappropriately. Part of this workshop will involve the basics of Fourier series, the Fourier integral and finally the Fourier transform. Included will be a brief discussion of analysiswindows, including the box and Hamring windows."

Jan 1, 1998