Search Documents

By L. J. West, R. M. Perrry

This chapter describes the rock mechanics studies performed for a high cut at a nuclear power station in Pennsylvania. Two units presently are being constructed on the Susquehanna River. When these units are completed, they will generate approximately 2100 MW of electricity. It was necessary to excavate about 1 million cu yd of rock to prepare the site. This excavation resulted in a high cut on the west and north sides of the station area with a maximum height of about 200 ft. The location of the high cut with respect to the plant facilities is shown on Fig. 1. The recommended slope angles ranged from 1 ½ (horizontal) to 1 (vertical) for the upper residual soil to ½ to 1 for the deeper competent rock. Because of the significant height of this cut and the fact that the slope is immediately adjacent to the proposed nuclear facilities, extensive stability analyses were performed prior to, during, and after excavation to evaluate the steepest angle at which the slopes could be safely cut. The studies consisted of evaluating both qualitatively and quantitatively all apparent factors which could affect the stability of the slopes. These factors include the strength of the material, the zones of weak material which are present along the planes of schistosity, the prominent joint systems, the ground water, and postulated seismic effects. FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES A comprehensive program of field explorations was performed to evaluate the geologic characteristics of this site. This program consisted

Jan 1, 1970

By K. L. Ludeke, A. D. Day

For many reasons, it appears that deep rooted, perennial shrubs offer potential for improved stabilization and provide maintenance free vegetative cover to harsh sites where perennial grasses have not been successful. The major objective was to select various shrub species of arid plants for initial soil stabilization of disturbed mining areas. The very fact that a drought-adapted shrub has a massive root system that can use moisture from a greater volume of mineral waste soil materials suggests that arid environment disturbed soils may be vegetatively stabilized using desirable forage shrubs. A secondary effort is underway to assemble information and plant materials of promising species from many arid regions of the world for reclamation of mined lands. Surprisingly, many of the better plants for arid sites are quite high in protein content. With proper management, breeding, and selection, they may prove to be very desirable livestock feed when mined lands are used in range land areas. Advancements in arid land solid waste stabilization hold favorable promise for many industries that mine and mill in arid regions for effective reclamation of disturbed areas. Particularly exciting is the possibility of establishment of high density maintenance free vegetative cover of climax vegetation that reclaims the disturbed area back to its original land use. Due to high shrub productivity, stabilization potential, nutritional quality, and reclamation success, greater use should be made of shrubs in disturbed land reclamation associated with mining and milling operations in harsh aril environments.

Jan 1, 1986

By W. E. Howlett, R. L. Slobod

Jan 1, 1965

By Anthony Anable

HOOVER DAM, rapidly nearing completion in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River at Boulder City, Nev., taxes the superlatives of the vocabulary to describe. For by all odds, it is the largest construction project of its type ever essayed by man and the plants providing the essential materials of construction are also in a class by themselves not only in size but in advanced design, mechanization, and accurate control. Picture, if you will, the great aggregate plant, as it is called, situated about 4 mi. upstream from the site of

Jan 1, 1934

By R. J. Stoehr, F. Howell

Since the ore mined in the Grants-Ambrosia Lake uranium area is taken from a water-saturated sandstone formation, part of the milling operation includes a drying process. The authors discuss the merits and disadvantages of two methods: natural drying and mechanical gas-fired drying; operating and cost data are included. In the Grants-Ambrosia Lake uranium area, approximately 7000 tons of ore are mined each day from a water-saturated sandstone formation. This ore is sampled and treated at four separate milling operations. Prior to the design and initial construction of the milling facilities, very little was known as to the physical properties of the ore which would be handled in the sampling and crushing facilities at the mills. All four mills initially were constructed without ore-drying facilities. As mining proceeded, it was determined that, even after drying the ore in place by use of drainage development underground, the moisture content of the ore as hoisted averaged approximately 18 pct. Actually, some of the mines produced ores which resembled cream-of-wheat in character and had a moisture content in excess of 24 pct. Each of the four mills had a differently designed sampling and crushing plant; therefore, the moisture content of the ores had varying adverse effects upon the operation of the plants. It was determined after some experience that most of the sampling and crushing facilities could not economically handle ore if the moisture content was greater than 10 pct—one operator considers 12 pct moisture as a maximum. In all of the plants, moisture content over 8 pct increases costs to some extent. In addition to the added sampling and crushing costs, some of the mills were located 15 to 20 miles from the mines and the high moisture content of the ores increased the haulage costs from the mine to the mill. It was generally conceded that it was necessary to employ some method to reduce the moisture content of the ore prior to sampling. Several methods were considered: 1) natural drying at the mine site, 2) mechanical gas-fired drying at the mill site, 3) mechanical gas-fired drying at the mine site, 4) radiant heating on concrete clabs, and 5) infrared shed drying. After preliminary investigation all possibilities but natural drying and mechanical gas-fired drying at the mill site were eliminated. NATURAL DRYING A cooperative feasibility study was conducted on the natural drying method. This study indicated the following: 1) During summer months May through September, ore piled 4-ft deep would dry from +20 to +10 pct HzO in 30 days with no mechanical turning. 2) In the first four days after piling a reduction of 5 to 7 pct total moisture content was accomplished by drainage and absorption of the water into the underlying ground on which the ore was piled, providing the ground surface absorption rates approached 10 gal per sq ft per day. After the first four days the decrease of moisture caused by drainage was practically nonexistent. 3) In the summer months drying by evaporation amounted to approximately 0.1 pct decrease in total moisture per day and mechanical turning of the ore could increase this as much as three times. 4) Climatic conditions of the area indicated that: a) Air temperatures averaged 64' May, June, July, August, September; 41" October, November, December, March, April; 31" January, February. b) Average rain fall was 10 in. with 40 pct of this occurring during July and August. c) Only on very rare occasions were there over five consecutive days with below freezing temperatures. d) The annual evaporation rate was approximately 75 in. On the basis of this study, two of the mill operations decided to attempt to meet the moisture specifications by natural drying supplemented by mechanical turning. The other two operations decided upon rotary gas-fired drying at the mill site. The natural drying method has been quite successful in practice. The ore running approximately 18 pct moisture is trucked from the head frame and piled in rows about 6 ft wide, 3 1/2 ft deep, 5 feet apart during the months of May through September. In approximately 30 days this ore will

Jan 1, 1961

By Robert F. Mehl

EXTENSION of physical and chemical methods of research in the study of metallic behavior continues rapidly, particularly in the correlation of behavior with crystal structure, and in the analysis of elastic and plastic properties. The growth of the science of metals during 1933 calls for special comment; the need for special reviews and for textbooks and monographs is now acute, as might he supposed from the number of references appended to this article, a list which is much abbreviated.

Jan 1, 1934

AT the Tulsa meeting of the A. P. I., the following reso-lutions, expressive of the policy of that organization, were among those adopted: RESOLVED, That we endorse the conclusion of the Federal Oil Conservation Board in its report of September, 1926, that the prevention of the waste of gas incident to the pro-duction of oil is of paramount importance in the conserva-tion and economical production of oil, and the president of the Institute is requested to appoint a committee of seven to devise and suggest to this board, or the executive com-mittee, such measures as will enable the industry, while continuing to meet the consumption requirements for pe-troleum and its products, to conserve in its natural state such reserves of petroleum as may not then be required for consumption. RESOLVED, That the president of the Institute appoint a committee of seven to formulate and recommend to this board or its executive committee, at the earliest practicable date, a program of legislation; Federal and State, to be advocated by the Institute giving sanction and effect to agreements by oil producers for the curtailment of produc-tion in pools where and during periods when there is over-production, having for their purpose the economical and orderly production of oil.

Jan 1, 1927

By Robert M. Rudio

Montana is leading the way in the field of mined-land reclamation with new laws and new ideas. The Montana Department of State Lands is combining new legislation and practical application techniques to all mining operations in the state. Road building, stream relocations, or settling systems can be designed to meet the environmental problems. Mineral exploration now requires a new and closer look at drill site locations, road gradients, and exploration tools. The problems and costs of land rehabilitation must be thoroughly understood by the exploration geologist in order to satisfactorily conduct exploration in Montana.

Jan 1, 1975

By S. R. Goodman, Hsun Hu

The formation of secondary - recrystallization tex-tlires in cube-textured 18-8 stain less steel (Type 304) Ilas been studied at three temperatures. Prolonged annealing at 100°'C protluces a PredoninanGly (520) [OOZJ-type texture, which is related to the cube te.ture of the primary lnatrix by a rotation of approxivzately 22 deg around the [001] axis in the rolling direction. Annealing at 1200 or 1300°C facers the formation of the (123)[272/-type texture, which is related to the matrix texture by a [111] rotation of app.voxiniately 40 deg. These observations suggest that in the secondary recrystallization of cube-texlut-ed stainless steel an apparent actilation energy for growth is higher for grains related to the tncrtuix Og [111] rotations thun those reloted by [100] rotations. THE formation of secondary-recrystallization textures in cube-textured primary matrices of fcc metals has been studied widely by various investigators. For Fe-40 pct Ni alloys, Pawlek' and wassermann2 reported that the orientations of secondary grains were related to the cube texture by rotations of 30 and 38 deg around [001] in the rolling direction. However, Rathenau and custers3 found that, while in one Fe-48 pct Ni alloy, most of the secondary grains were oriented with respect to the cube-textured matrix by rotations around [001] of 26.5 deg, in another alloy of a different origin, the orientations of secondary grains were related to the cube texture by rotations of approximately 35 deg around a [lll] axis. Similar orientation relationships were also observed between the secondary grains and the cube-textured primary matrices of copper.4"a No attempt was made to differentiate these two types of orientation relationships; reorientation by either a [111] or a [100] rotation was considered to be equally favored. The present investigation consisted of a study of the secondary recrystallization textures in cube-textured stainless steel. It was noted that the secondary grains formed in stainless steel were considerably smaller than those of Fe-Ni alloys or copper. This offered the advantage that the secondary recrystallization texture could be determined by the texture-goniometer technique, and a more detailed study of the textural development during the course of secondary recrystallization could be made. The effect of annealing temperature on the formation of secondary-recrystallization textures was also investigated. MATERLAL AND METHOD It was shown earlier"-" that a strong cube texture can be obtained in 18-8 stainless steels by rolling at 800°C to produce the copper-type deformation texture, followed by annealing at 800" to 1000°C for recrystallization. To improve the cube texture for the present study, a commercial-grade 18-8 stainless steel (Type 304) was rolled at 800°C first to 5 mm (0.2 in.) thick plates. Three of these plates were then stacked and welded together along the edges into a sandwich assembly. After annealing at 900°C for 20 min: the assembly was finally rolled at 800'C to 90 pct reduction in thickness with reheats and end-for-end reversals after each pass. Only the central strip, which was reduced from 5.0 to 0.50 mm (0.7 in. to 0.020 in.) thick, was used. The chemical composition of the steel in weight percent was as follows: C, 0.06; Mn, 0.38: Cr, 18.71; Ni, 9.56: P, 0.011; S, 0.009; and Si, 0.39. The purpose of rolling the strip in a sandwich assembly was to prevent direct contact between the central strip and the rolls. It was observed earlier" that, when the strip was rolled at 800°C without being enclosed in a sandwich assembly, the cube texture obtained by subsequent annealing at 900" or 1000° C for recrystallization was largely confined to the central section of the strip, while most of the recrystallized grains formed in the surface section of the strip were not cube-textured. This was obviously due to the fact that the actual temperature at the strip surface during rolling, as a result of direct contact between the strip and the cold and massive rolls, was considerably lower than 800°C. By using a sandwich assembly for hot rolling, the cube texture obtained upon subsequent annealing for recrystallization was found to extend through the entire thickness of the strip. After rolling, the central strip was taken from the sandwich assembly. and cut into specimens. Prior to annealing. the specimens were etched to 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) thick. A tube furnace provided with a purified, dry argon atmosphere was used for annealing. Textures were determined by the reflection technique. using a Siemens automatic texture-goniometer and ZrOz-filtered MoKa radiation. With a time constant of 4 sec. the preferred orientation of the secondary grains could be measured satisfactorily by the integrated intensities. Both (111) and (200) reflections were measured, and corresponding pole figures were constructed according to the techniques described previously.10 The agreement between results deduced from these two reflections was excellent. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Secondary-Recrystallization Texture due to Prolonged Annealing at 1000°C. Fig. 1 shows the primary-recrystallization texture of a specimen annealed at 1000°C for 30 min. A substantial improvement in both sharpness and intensity of the cube texture, owing to the present processing method, can be noted readily by comparing Fig. 1 with similar pole figures shown earlier in Refs. 9 and 11. Secondary recrystallization

Jan 1, 1967

By Robert S. Schecter, Mark P. Walsh, Michael J. Humenick

In recent years in situ leach mining has emerged as a viable technology for the recovery of uranium from strata in South Texas which contain relatively low concentrations of uranium ore. Because the ore bodies lie within ground-water aquifers, a significant determinant in the economics is the requirement that such aquifers be protected from contamination. Since ammonia is one of the constituents of the leach solutions now being field tested, one environmental problem to be resolved is the removal of ammonia at the end of mining. A second related question is the fate of the ammonia which is not removed by the restoration procedure. This paper considers the displacement and migration of ammonium in a flowing electrolyte with concomitant ion exchange. The ion exchange is an important feature since, during the solution mining phase, ammonium saturates the mineral exchange sites and must be removed from these sites. A mathematical model is used to simulate this process and the model is tested against the results of laborator.y experiments. It is found that the simulations are adequate if an appropriate selection of parameters is made. The model is then used to investigate the effect of cation composition and concentration of the restoration medium as well as dispersion on the overall effectiveness of the process. It is concluded that increasing the concentration of monovalent ions in a solution containing a mixture of both monovalent and divalent ions decreases the adsorption selectivity of the divalent ions with respect to all monovalent ions including ammonium. Thus increasing the ionic concentration of a restoration fluid by increasing the concentration of a nonselectively adsorbed (with respect to ammonium) ion may have a very limited benefit.

Jan 1, 1979

By Barrie T. Wells, Raghu N. Singh, Paul S. Buddery

Rockbolting and dowelling are important methods of ground control. Their effectiveness depends upon the compatibility of the support members and the geotechnical behaviour of the rock mass. Detailed geotechnical investigations are, therefore, necessary for the design of effective rockbolting systems. The study described in the paper was concerned with improving the effectiveness of ground control at Mount Isa Mine. The paper briefly reviews the design methods avail- able when choosing a rockbolting system with a view to identifying the most suitable method. Joint surveys were used for the geotechnical assessment of rock mass stability. These were interpreted with the aid of the stereographic technique of predicting the size and shape of potentially unstable blocks of rock in both the roof and side walls of excavations. The geology and ground conditions at Mount Isa are briefly described together with the current ground control techniques. The requirements for ground control have been investigated at representative sites by analysing typical modes of rock failure and using a geological predictive technique. An application of this technique to the selection of a support system in a shallow Coal Measures tunnel is also described. The paper concludes with a general discussion on the effectiveness of this method of site investigation for the appraisal of rockbolting support in mining and civil engineering excavations.

Jan 1, 1983

By Francis O. Blackwell

There are few industries in which power is more important to successful operation than mining, and none in which it is so difficult to ohtain power cheaply. Fuel is usually expeusive in mining districts, ana the ma chinery may be widely scattered and located in places difficult of access. The work is often so intermittent and variable as to prevent the economical use of steam. Mining operations are likely to exhibit accumulations of comparatively small and inefficient engines, numerous boilers and long lines of wasteful steam-pipes. Conlpressed air, as a means of transmitting power, is so handicapped by losses in the compressors and piping that it is limited to short distances and to the operation of apparatus requiring power, without regard to cost. To-day, electricity is rapidly replacing other methods of power-distribution, primarily because it is practically independent of distance. By selecting a potential proportional to the length of transmission, the cost of electric conductors and the e5ciency are the same for all distances within reasonable limits. For instance, a given amount of power can be delivered either 528 ft. away at 100 volts, or 50 miles at 50,000 volts, with the same total of copper per H.P. and with exactly the same loss of power in the transmissioo-circuk. This independence of distance permits the selection of the place most advantageous for power-development as a site for an electric power-plant, and the co~~centration there of the generation of all the power required within a radius of many miles. The powel.-site may be at a fall of water, if one is available, or a steam-plant can be built where fuel and supplies are cheapest, or where suflicient water is available for boiler-feed and condensing purposes.

Jan 1, 1904

By Neil Styler

This paper presents an analysis of measurements of inter-burden deformations above six longwall faces. An attempt is made to demonstrate some correlation between the movements at the various sites, and to examine their importance with respect to predicting caving height, disruption of overlying seams, and disruption of aquifers. This analysis demonstrates some significant differences between predicted surface subsidence, and inter-burden deformation. In addition it is shown that the caving height above a longwall face is equal to 8 to 12 times the extraction height, with a zone of fractured rock extending to approximately 50 times the extraction height above the seam.

Jan 1, 1984

By AIME AIME

The following financial report of the Treasurer of the United Engineering Society is published for the information of members NEW YORK, February 15, 190S. To the Board of' Trustees, United Engineering Society I beg to submit herewith the report of the Treasurer as of December 31, 1907. Your attention is called to the fact that the resources and liabilities, receipts and disbursements statements cover all the financial transactions of the United Engineering Society from its organization up to December 31, 1907. The income and expenses of operating the building during the whole operating period from December 1 to December 31, 1907, somewhat in excess of twelve months, are given. Included in the expenses, amounting in all to $52,647.11, will be found an item entitled "Building Equipment (construction account)." The expenditures under this item were not made for the operating expenses of the building, they represent a construction account, properly speaking, covering expenditures for furnishings and equipment of the building. The Founders' Agreement specifically provides for this class of expenditure under the provision that the Founder Societies shall each be liable for a charge not to exceed $200,000 of principal, which shall include the land and building completed and ready for occupancy, together with the " furnishings, equipment and personal property therein." Certain details of equipment are yet to be supplied, and it. is proposed in the near future to call upon the Founder Societies for an assessment on their respective land and building funds to cover this item of building equipment. Such action would enable the item of $10,039.85 to be transferred to the income account and reduce correspondingly the assessment

Mar 1, 1908

By J. L. Gillson

The big mass of anorthosite in the Lake Sanford district and the bodies of titaniferous magnetite that occur in a small area near the south margin of the mass have been described repeatedly, and the puzzling problems of the genesis of the rocks and ores have stimulated the deductive reasoning of geologists for a hundred years. Some of these men have taken a leading part in describing the anorthosite rock and forming hypotheses concerning its origin; some have contributed most to the study of the ore deposits; and some have made classical Studies introducing a basic approach to the problems of the anorthosite rock and genesis of the titaniferous magnetites. Much of the writing on the problems of rock and ore genesis has been based on physical-chemical reasoning rather than on field and microscope observations of the rocks and ores. Most of these geologists conclude that the anorthosite was formed by true magmatic crystallization, involving previous settling or squeezing out of ferromagnesian minerals from the parent magma. The associated gabbro is a separate segregation or later intrusion, and the lighter colored and finer grained facies of the anorthosite is either a chilled border zone of the anorthosite or the result of granulation by crushing of the coarse, dark blue rock of the main mass. This blue rock, called the Marcy type, is named after the highest peak in the range. The finer grained and lighter colored rock is called the Whiteface, after another mountain appropriately named for a cliff colored by this facies of the anorthosite.

Mar 1, 1956

By R. W. Mancantelli, J. R. Woodward

IN 1947 a large low grade deposit of uranium was located in the northwest corner of Saskatchewan, in the Beaverlodge property of Eldorado Mining & Refining Ltd. Most of the values occur as thin seams and as coatings on other minerals, and the ore, which is light and friable, is not amenable to the usual gravity methods of concentration. The acid leaching process developed to retreat the company's Port Radium tailings was also impractical, as the percentage of carbonates is high and the percentage of sulphides relatively low. Construction of the mill building and installation of equipment, both scheduled for 1952, awaited selection of a satisfactory ore dressing process on or before Oct. 1, 1951. An extensive research program on dressing of ores from the Ace mine therefore was undertaken by the Mines Branch in Ottawa, a research team at the University of British Columbia, and an ore dressing group at the company's Port Hope refinery. Pilot plant operations were conducted at the Ottawa plant of Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. under the general direction of C. S. Parsons, consultant on metallurgy and ore dressing for Eldorado. In mid-September, having compared results of the several research programs, Dr. Parsons recommended a process employing a carbonate or basic leach. He reported that, while the chemistry of the process had been proved, engineering of the flowsheet was incomplete, and he suggested that under normal conditions further pilot plant work at the Ace mine might be profitable. However, since this would involve a delay of 12 to 18 months in bringing the property into operation, he recommended that design of the concentrator proceed immediately. Concentrator capacity was determined by two considerations: 1) the amount of ore then available and 2) the expectation that continued improvements would be made in the ore dressing process as a result of the intensive research being carried out by the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. As these improvements could affect both the chemistry and the en-

Jan 1, 1956

By W. F. Flanagan, K. R. Evans

The strong temperature dependence of the flow stress of bcc metals has prompted considerable interest and controversy concerning the rate-controlling influence of the Peierls' mechanism upon deformation in metals.18"21 Dorn and Rajnak" recently offered a criterion for Peierls' deformation utilizing a line-energy model of a dislocation to estimate the saddle-point activation energy, for the nucleation of a pair of kinks as a function of applied stress and the height and shape of the peierls9- barrier. It was found that Un/2Uk, where 2Uk is the excess energy of a kink pair, was a unique function of where is the effective stress and 7p is the Peierls' stress as defined in Fig. 20. The relationship found by Dorn and Rajnak between is given by the solid line of Fig. 21. may be expressed in terms of the temperature of test, T, and the athermal temperature, T,, defined in Fig. 20. Considering the strain-rate, 9, of deformation for a thermally activated process to be given by where fo is nearly a constant, it is seen that and the theoretical relationship of Fig. 21 may be examined with readily obtainable experimental parameters. Dorn and Coworkers analyzed a large amount of experimental data in this manner for materials sus-

Jan 1, 1967

By W. A. Wall, R. L. Kidd

IN present-day flotation practice, grinding of the flotation feed is carried to extremely fine sizes, 70 to 80 per cent minus 200 mesh being customary. The greatest flotation losses occur in the coarsest and finest sizes, but the losses in the very fine sizes are, of course, much the more important because of the large proportion of fines in the feed. These losses are particularly high in zinc ores so a study of the effect of size on the flotation of sphalerite has been made. The mineral used in these experi¬ments was a pure sphalerite, especially free from copper, from the Joplin district in Missouri. The sizes coarser than 200 mesh were separated by screening, the sized mineral then being deslimed on a Wilfley table. The sizes finer than 200 mesh were obtained by water elutriation as described by H. R. Bradford (M. S. Thesis, University of Utah, 1932) ; particles finer than 6.5 microns could not be obtained with the apparatus used.

Jan 1, 1933

By W. F. Holbrook

THE problem of sulfur control is important in all blast-furnace operations but particularly for certain grades of steel because of the rigorous specifications. During the past decade the tendency has been to produce pig iron, and, hot metal of lower sulfur content. As most of the sulfur in the ion originates in the fuel, the use of high-sulfur coke demands modifications in practice to meet sulfur specifications. While it is generally known that high temperatures and more basic slags favor desulfurization, operators as a rule produce the most acid slag that will permit proper desulfurization. The viscosity of blast-furnace slag has been thought to be related to desulfurization and has been investigated by Feild and Royster1, also McCaffery and his associ-ates2, but apparently no systematic effort has been made to determine the relative desulfurizing powers of slags over the range of composition encountered in practice.

Jan 1, 1936

By John C. Loretta

INTRODUCTION Organizations that regularly use project management services will almost certainly have their own views on the preferred systems and procedures. This chapter, therefore, describes Project Management for the personnel of groups not familiar on a regular basis with project management and deals with the basic questions that these groups can be expected to ask, such as: - What is project management? - Why is it needed? Project Management is the planning, implementation and monitoring of the Engineering, Procurement and Construction activities that are necessary to complete the project in the most economic manner. In the case of a crushing and grinding plant, completing the project would mean bringing it into full operat ion. Engineering is the design work for the purpose of producing drawings and technical specifications for Construction together with technical specifications and quantities for Procurement. Procurement is the arranging of con- tracts so that equipment, material and labour are brought as required to the construction site. Construction covers the on-site activities that bring together the components of Engineering and Procurement so as to arrive at a finished plant. Need & Cost Benefits Project Management systems are needed to allow progress and expenditures to be monitored so that any significant deviations from the plan can be identified and the appropriate corrective action taken. In this way, Project Management is able to give continual updated answers to the Owners broad questions. - What am I getting? - What will it cost? - When will it be ready? The need for Project Management is not always immediately apparent, a common belief being that the existence of the three components -Mining Company - Equipment Supplier - Construction Company - is sufficient to get the job done without a formal project management group. This trio

Jan 1, 1982