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By G. Gaidajis

For the environmentally safe management of the sulphidic waste rock produced from the Stratoni mining facilities, TVX Hellas has examined, within the frame of the funded European research program ROLCOSMOS, the effectiveness of an alternative rehabilitation scheme involving the segregation of the sulphide rich components of waste rock and the engineered application of alkaline additives. The examined waste rock management scheme was evaluated with laboratory test work followed by pilot-scale field applications. In this paper, the results from the two-year monitoring period of the pilot scale application are presented.

Jan 1, 2002

By R. Todd Swinderman

Variations in designs between belt cleaner systems are so wide that it is impractical to establish a dimensional stan- dard. The number of variables that affect the efficiency of belt cleaners is too great to assume a required number or style of cleaners for broad classifications of bulk solids or typical applications. The amount of carryback remaining on the belt is more dependent upon the characteristics of the bulk solid and the physical parameters of the conveyor system than it is on tonnage of material conveyed. Therefore, a performance-based standard is proposed. Three levels of cleaning performance are proposed: • Level I cleaning is general specified when concerns about carryback are not critical. Cleaning systems normally associated with achieving a Level I performance are single or double cleaner systems with one-piece blades undergoing poor to average maintenance. Frequent cleaning of the carryback that falls from the return run will likely be required. • Level II cleaning is generally specified when carry- back is of concern but does not create a safety or environmental problem. Cleaning systems normally associated with Level I1 performance are multiple cleaner systems with segmented blades undergoing the manufacturer's specified maintenance. Regular but infrequent cleaning of the carryback that falls from the return run will likely be required. • Level III cleaning is generally specified when con- cerns about carryback are critical. Concerns range from safety to environmental to product contamination. Cleaning systems normally associated with achieving a Level 111 performance are multiple cleaner systems in conjunction with at least one low- volume water spray. Scheduled inspection and the manufacturer's specified maintenance would have to be performed to maintain a high level of cleaning performance. Difficult-to-clean bulk materials may require the use of a washbox system with multiple cleaners using a combination of low-volume eater sprays to lubricate the cleaners and high-volume sprays to keep the washbox and discharge piping freely flowing. Further addition of a water and sludge recycling system reduces the amount of water that ends up in the product to a negligible amount. Very infrequent cleaning of the carryback that falls from the return run will be required. PURPOSE The purpose of this proposal is to propose a standard method for specifying belt cleaner systems based on user expectations and equipment performance over time. DEFINITION In bulk solids handling by conveyor belt, carryback is the material that adheres to the belt after the belt discharges its cargo. PROPOSED STANDARD Required Basic Good Practices There are a number of basic design and operating principles that are good practice for the selection, installation, and maintenance of belt cleaning systems on conveyors in order to achieve "standard belt cleaning performance over time. 1. The Belt Cleaning System shall be designed to meet the performance requirements based on the worst operating conditions and worst bulk solids proper- ties that are expected. 2. Each conveyor discharge point shall be designed to readily accept the manufacturer's recommended minimum number of belt cleaners. In addition, the discharge chute shall be designed to accept, with minor modifications, at least one additional cleaner if it is required.

Jan 1, 2004

By A. Giblett, J. Shuttleworth, R. Dunne

In a previous paper (Dunne, Martins, Goulsbra, Chittenden 1997), the new gravity circuits at Telfer Gold Mine, which incor­porate Knelson centrifugal separators in both the sulphide and oxides, are described. The advantages of the new circuits over the replaced spiral ( oxide circuit) and jig (sulphide circuit) were discussed, as were the improvements in gravity gold recovety. It is of note that the installation of the centrifugal separators in themselves did not result in increased gold recovery. The realisa­tion that changes in gold room practices are required to take advan­tage of the increased fine gold recovery from the Knelson concen­trator was an important step towards improved gravity gold recov­ery. This was achieved by increasing the time taken to treat the Knelson concentrate on the shaking table in the gold room. Although this increased gold recove1y, it was found that the table tailings, especially from the sulphide circuit, still contained high values of gold. In an effort to ascertain ways in which gravity gold recovery could be fu1iher improved, a sample of the sulphide table tailings was sent to the Oretest Laboratory in Perth for testwork. The results from this program are discussed in this paper.

Jan 1, 1998

By Steve Karl, Rock Jenkins

Continuing its objective of sharing new ideas, methods, theory, and engineering developments, more than 550 members of the underground fraternity gathered in New York City for the 1985 Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference (RETC). Since the first meeting in 1972, RETC’S aim has been to lay a foundation of tunneling experience on which the industry could expand and develop over the years. The RETC is jointly sponsored by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), the American Society of Civil Engineers, in cooperation with the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, and the Engineering Institute of Canada. The 17 sessions included 72 papers that explored up-to-date practices in the mining and civil engineering fields. Session topics ranged from geotechnical and seismic design, through design, construction, and support of underground openings, to ground water control in shafts and mine openings. Case histories of tunnel boring machines and large diameter tunnel and underground openings were also reviewed. All the papers presented at the three-day conference are valuable additions to improving the state of rapid excavation. A few sessions, however, are particularly noteworthy as they are geared to the mining industry. The two volume proceedings of the entire conference are available from SME. (See ad on page 1003).

Jan 7, 1985

By V. Vesselinov, S. Orr

"Enhanced heap leaching - Part 1: Insights" (Orr, 2002), different flow and transport phenomena that could significantly reduce leaching recovery were investigated. The combination of such understanding with advanced flow and transport modeling establishes the link between cause and effect, thereby, directing operators to optimal design and construction of new heaps. Modeling of flow and transport in heaps could also point to a unique change in application method or rate that would maximize leaching enhancement of an existing heap under existing situation and leaching history. The use of such a model is cost effective in that it can simulate multiple scenarios of alternative leaching enhancement methods. By simulating a large number of irrigation scenarios, such a model can point to the optimal and/or the most promising alternatives for a particular heap. The authors' simulations concentrate on the effects of changes in application rates and heap design on changes in flow paths and enhanced leaching recovery. Based on such simulations, an intelligent control agent, such as Multiple Resolution Decision-Support System (MRDS) (Meystel and Albus, 2002), could build a new representation of the complex heap-leaching system. And, by learning from historical data and current information, it could provide optimal management of heap leaching and heap decommissioning.

Jan 1, 2003

By John F. Spisak

Versatile living organisms, historically exploited as functionaries in the food processing, pharmaceutical and chemical industries, have not been successful in achieving similar or significant acceptance within the minerals industry. The current biotechnical revolution coupled with its expanded understanding, dictate that a flagging minerals industry reconsider the use of biotechnology in metallurgical applications. Living resources, either singly, in commensal association or in complex communities, are capable of duplicating fully integrated and complex processing functions. Organisms can mine and extract metals, detoxify chemical effluents and synthetically produce compounds. They have been criticized as exhibiting poor kinetics, excessive energy consumption and environmental sensitivity. However, expanding knowledge reveals that these organisms are surprisingly adaptable, variable and extremely durable. Applied biotechnology in specific cases offers favorable economic returns, environmental benefits and aesthetic value. Selective implementation of living systems can offer opportunities for reduced labor, increased productivity and technological advance. Success will not come easily. Capital must be risked, controversial decisions made and new ground plowed. Traditional, specialist thinkers will of necessity give way to interdisciplinary expertise and unorthodox methodology if success is to be achieved. Those who vigorously persevere, however, are likely to be rewarded with a dynamic and profitable new role in a restructured minerals industry.

Jan 1, 1985

By Anna Arkhireeva, John N. Hay

Considerable interest has been shown recently in organically modified silicates (ormosils) because of the wide range of possible applications for these interesting organic-inorganic hybrids. These applications include the use of the hybrids as modifiers of a range of host polymer proper- ties. The ormosils can be synthesised by the conventional hydrolytic sol-gel process, as well as by the non-hydrolytic sol-gel route. To date, however, there are relatively few reports of the synthesis of sub-micron size ormosil particles of well-defined spherical morphology. Here, we report work to date on synthesis of such nanoparticles and also introduce our own work in the area.

Jan 1, 2003

By B. Amadei, A. Squassabia

This paper introduces the Rock Mass Median (RMM) index, a statistical measure of the mechanical quality of a rock mass thus is obtained through a mechanistic interpretation of the Poisson stochastic process. This process is the theoretical foundation of the Exponential Model, a probability distribution successfully used in practice to describe the spacing of discontinuities in rocks. Building on the Exponential Model, a simple method to compute RMM based on a widely accepted mechanical quality index is also presented. Verification is per formed through the analysis of two sets of core samples. Hypothesis testing at the 5% level of significance supports the validity of RMM for these samples.

Jan 1, 1994

By J. W. Wilson, Y. P. Wang, M. H. Erten

The use of water is still the most effective and economical means for dust control in underground coal mines today along with dilution by the ventilation current. Studies have shown that the dust capturing capacity of water is a result of a balance of many intermolecular forces. Surfactants are known to reduce such forces by affecting both the surface tension of the liquid and its interfacial tension against a solid. Surfactants can be added to the water sprays to facilitate the dust capturing capacity. A laboratory scale model has been developed in which surfactants were added to the spraying water and preliminary data indicates positive results.

Jan 1, 1991

By Ron Drake

The Anderson Dam Tunnel Project is a high-priority, urgent project under construction by the Santa Clara Valley Water District in California. The project will provide a new low-level outlet for the Anderson Reservoir enabling the seismic retrofit of the Anderson Dam as mandated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. This paper describes planning for construction of the tunnel through the dam’s right abutment crossing several faults in challenging and variable soft and hard ground conditions. The construction methods include SEM, hard rock drill and blast techniques, and a mechanized 8-foot (2.5 m) diameter microtunneled lake tap.

Dec 1, 2022

By Dirk van Zyl, Clint Strachan

A study was conducted to assess the feaeibility of increasing the heap height above one lift at the Alligator Ridge Mine. This study concentrated on the physical aspects of the heap and liner performance. Two principle aspects were addressed during this investigation: (a) the adequacy of heap permeability under present and future loading conditions; and (b) the adequacy of the liner to limit seepage losses. Field and laboratory test a were performed and their details and results are presented. It was concluded that the permeability of the heap would remain adequate for higher heap. The geometry of the heap will be the major constraint. It was also concluded that the liner would perform satisfactorily beneath higher heap.

Jan 1, 1987

By Marcelino Cortina

It is known that underground bituminous coal mining in the Central Asturian Coal Basin (North of Spain) is a complicated task, due basically to the difficult geological conditions: thin and steep Seams with many faults and other disturbances. Therefore, it is not easy to decide what is the most suitable mining method for each of the seams, and problems in making the correct decision are encountered frequently. Because selections in the past have been inadequate an Expert System, ASTURLABOR;hulla, has been designed and will be developed' to provide accurate advice in the mining method selection process. The paper describes the major features of this Expert System and outlines the ASTURLABOR general project, which includes five other mining Expert Systems to complement ASTURLABOR-hulla.

Jan 1, 1989

By Irwin R. Higgins, Joseph C. Milbourne

The selection of a suitable nitrate removal process depends on a variety of site-specific chemical and environmental issues. The dominant technologies for nitrate removal include biological denitrification and continuous countercurrent ion exchange. The decision to apply either of these technologies, or both together, depends on the nature of the waste water to be treated. Factors that affect the selection of the biological system include the feed composition and feed temperature. Ion exchange nitrate removal systems ere less sensitive to the feed composition but require disposal or destruction of the concentrated pregnant eluate. The paper discusses Tetra's continuous countercurrent ion exchange technology (CCIX™) and fixed film biological reactor, Denite®. The treatment of the ion exchange pregnant eluant is also discussed.

Jan 1, 1995

By D. W. Park

The Longwall Strata-Control and Maintenance System (LoSCo-MS) is a software and data-communication system developed at the University of Alabama. This system integrates real-time shield monitoring, data presentation, analysis and the forecasting of forthcoming events. The main objective of this system is to provide stability information on longwall panels, including excessive shield load, low setting pressure, leg leakage, poor shield performance and imminent maintenance problems. Analyses of various mining and geological parameters were also performed to determine past and present roof characteristics and to forecast roof loading patterns for the following mining cycles, the next periodic weighting, etc. A local coal mine in the Warrior Coal Basin has adopted this system to provide daily evaluation of ground stability and maintenance problems in their longwall panels. Two years of experience with this system is covered in this paper.

Jan 1, 2000

By Jacques Villeneuve, Stéphane Brochot, Jean-Claude Guillaneau, Marie-Véronique Durance

Since 1986, BRGM has been developing a powerful process simulation software package, USIM PAC. These last years have seen significant developments in mineral processing technologies, particularly in hydrometallurgy, bio-hydrometallurgy and mineral liberation. The new version of the simulator, USIM PAC 3.0, incorporates these modem-processing fields. Its structure and tools allow the user to take into account, at the same time, a wide range of technological, economical and environmental aspects. The improvement of the existing features and the introduction of new unit operation mathematical models and tools such as the supervisor, global optimization, workshop model or chemical reactions contribute to a global approach in mineral processing design.

Jan 1, 2002

By Terry I. Mudder, Michael M. Botz

In general, the cyanidation of silver ores requires higher con­centrations of cyanide in comparison to gold ores to affect simi­lar leaching rates and metal recoveries. The requirement for high cyanide concentrations in a silver ore leaching circuit may translate into higher operating costs, however with operation of an acidification-volatilization-reabsorption (AVR) plant to recover and recycle tailings cyanide, cyanide consumptions can be significantly reduced. At each of the currently operating AVR plants in the world, overall cyanide consumptions have been reduced by approximately one-half by recovering and recycling tailings cyanide. In addition, the AVR plants have reduced tail­ings cyanide concentrations to less than 20 to 30 mg/L WAD cyanide and reduced potential adverse impacts to wildlife in the tailings impoundments. This paper presents an analysis of the application of A YR to a silver ore leaching operation which has a CCD/Merrill-Crowe circuit included in the metallurgical plant.

Jan 1, 1998

By B. Das, D. D. Mishra, M. I. Ansari

Experiments conducted with a 75-mm-diem hydroryclone have shown it is possible to obtain an iron ore concentrate containing 60% Fe. 2.65% SiO2, and 4.0% Al2O3 from Barsua iron-ore washing-plant slimes. About 60% of the iron values are recovered from slimes containing approximately 49% Fe, 8.9% A1203 and 11% SiO2. The obtained products can be used in the sinter feed for iron and steel making. The key to achieving process success lies in establishing the correct cut point (d50) of the hydrocyclone through the manipulation of operating and design variables, such as spigot and vortex finder diameter, solids concentration and operating pressure. The cyclone efficiency is represented by the partition curve. The cyclone performance, evaluated mathematically from the reduced efficiency curve, is represented by the equation Y = 100[1 -exp(-axb)], where: •X = did 50, •Y = corrected of efficiency (%) and •a and b are constants.

Jan 1, 1994

By HONGWEI YANG, Lili Zhang

Copper slag is mainly used in cutting tools, abrasives, asphalt pavement, road construction, and in the production of concrete as an alternative to sand and cement [1]. As a renewable resource, only about 15-20 percent of the slag is used for these applications, and the dumping or disposal of surplus unused slag results in waste of a certain amount of usable metal in the feedstock [2]. In this work, the oxidation behavior of copper smelting slag under nonisothermal condition is studied using data obtained by the thermogravimetric (TG) method, and the kinetics parameters and reaction mechanism of oxidation are determined. It provides a theoretical basis for the comprehensive recovery of iron resources in slag and the selection of reasonable slag-making conditions.

Oct 1, 2022

By B. A. Hancock

It is not at all surprising that causticized potato and potato derived amylopectin starch solutions performed much better than their parent starches. Some preparation is required to rupture the starch granules to effect the polymeric adsorption and interparticle bridging necessary for selective flocculation. In laboratory work comparing the deslime performance of causticized and autoclave cooked laboratory corn starch solution preparations, it was found that higher deslime weight rejections, with attendant proportionally greater iron unit losses, occurred with the causticized starch. These results may be specific to the ore involved but they do suggest that cooking and causticizing cause different starch granule rup- ture and/or starch breakdown, which have an effect on desliming response. I calculated from the data in the article that the slimes product grades were high - 24.3% and 20.3% Fe when 53.7% and 54.5% Fe concentrate products were obtained, respectively, in Table 4, and 21% Fe with a 62.6% Fe concentrate in Table 5 - using the natural tailings sample, which had a head of 34.3% Fe. It may be advisable for the authors to consider different starch preparations in future investigations. The combination of upgrading and selectivity results presented in Table 4 are not as good as the authors suggest. The authors' claim that a system has been developed to produce saleable concentrates from the Kudremukh tailings is quite disconcerting. There are many hurdles yet to be crossed before commercial application of selective flocculation becomes possible because differ- ences between the very small-scale laboratory tests conducted and commercial application are rather large. Among the many differences are varying circuit feed grades that will occur from use of tailings, the apparent face that much lower tailings grades will be encountered in practice (it is much easier to achieve a high concentrate grade with reasonable recoveries using 34.3% Fe tailings as in the study rather than 25.3% Fe tailings grades that the plant apparently averages), the hydraulic nature of the thickeners used in operations compared to the static system used in laboratory tests, the different size distributions that will be obtained from a plant closed grinding- classification circuit, and differences in water used in a plant operation and the laboratory. The authors wrote that it was necessary to overgrind to be sure that the coarse gangue would not settle with the iron oxide floccules. This situation is likely to be exaggerated in commercial operations where it is assumed cyclones would be used for classification. Because cyclone classification is greatly influenced by particle densities, there will probably be an even greater difference in size between the iron and gangue particles in the plant, which would make the gangue slightly coarser still in relation to the iron. This would make the selective flocculation-desliming separations using the procedure employed by the authors even more difficult and, using the dispersant system the authors employed, greater overgrinding would be required. To grind finer to minimize the coarse gangue in the flocculated iron oxides is quite inefficient and appears not to broach the problem. The actual problem appears to be insufficient dispersion of the ground pulp. In this situation, addition of a dispersant would likely be required to attain a sufficiently high pulp dispersion level to efficiently effect a selective flocculation-desliming separation. Although the very coarse particles would still have a tendency to settle with the floccules, it probably would be found unnecessary to overgrind as much as indicated. Use of an optimum combination of dispersant and pH modifying reagents may also significantly improve the selectivity of desliming. Additionally, although it is possible that sufficient dispersion may be obtained by pH control alone in some situations, it is quite probable that added dispersity was obtained in the reported work from using distilled water. It is research experience that distilled water enhances dispersion. In commercial operations it may not be expected that sufficient dispersion will be obtained by pH control alone, unless the water used in the process is by nature quite dispersive. Overall, a change in the Kudremukh tailings dispersant scheme appears necessary where a dispersant is used in conjunction with a pH modifying reagent. With this change, different dispersion-flocculation responses will result that would have to be further evaluated. Therefore, it is still an open question whether an efficient and effective selective floccula- tion separation using Kudremukh tailings may be obtained that will produce saleable concentrates.

Jan 1, 1987

By S. J. Stokowski

An extensive drilling and laboratory testing program indicates that diagenetic dolomitization of the Oligocene Sombrerito Fm. limestone, southwestern Dominican Republic, is detrimental to the usefulness and quality of the potential construction aggregate resource. The first part of this program was the collection, photographing, and geologic logging of diamond drill cores to allow lithologic subdivision of the strata into potential quarry layers. The primary lithostratigraphic units are: I (youngest) approximately 10 m of white, dense marine limestone; II, approximately 5 m of white, interbedded dense and chalky marine limestone; III, 2+ m of tan, chalky calcitic dolomite. Unit I has been often altered by lateritic weathering and/or dolomitization; Unit II is often altered by dolomitization. The quarry layers were individually crushed, by core, into coarse aggregate sizes for chemical and physical (specific gravity absorption, MgSO4 soundness, sand equivalent, and LA degradation) analyses. The non-weathered units decrease in coarse-aggregate yield and quality with depth and dolomitization. Dolomitization typically causes about 5% lower yield of coarse aggregate, a sand equivalent of about 20 units below the original value, an increase in absorption of about 3%, an increase in the LA of up to 13%, and a decrease in the average 5-cycle MgSO4 soundness by about 17%.

Jan 1, 1987