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By A. M. Johnson, D. H. Carlson, D. L. Johnson, S. T. Bagley

A biologically assisted ferric iron leaching system was evaluated for in situ recovery of three copper sulfide oresfrorm northern Michigan. Laboratory scale bacterially assisted ferric sulfate leaching tests were run on the three ores. A T. ferrooxidans strain was found that could be adapted to copper in solutions at concentrations as high as 20 g/L. Column leaching of 4.5 to 2 mm (-4 +I0 mesh) material yielded extractions of 80-90% copper from one ore and 70 and 60% from the other ores. The highest copper extractions were from the Mount Bohemia ore deposits located in the Keweenaw Peninsula, which have fracture controlled chalcocite mineralization. The Bohemia ores are apparently well-suited for in situ solution mining.

Jan 1, 1987

By W. F. McDermott

The Iron Ore Industry has perhaps seen more varied and drastic changes in its approach to crushing and grinding in the last 5 years than any of the other mineral industries, Multimillion ton per year plants have become common place. Centralized control and computers have become an established benefit. Autogenous grinding along with a variety of rod and ball grinding flowsheets are in use. This morning I will discuss a few of the more important and new concepts in the control of these crushing and grinding circuits.

Jan 1, 1970

By Y. H. Zhan

In beneficiation of phosphate ores it is common to use screening to produce the coarse "pebble" concentrate, and flotation to process the -1+0.1 mm size fraction. The -0.1 mm desliming product is treated as tailings. A new partially hydrophobic flocculant, P(MAAA) latex was developed to enhance flotation recovery of fine apatite particles through selective flocculation.

Jan 1, 2002

By Stuart Ratcliffe, Denis Kidby

The development of Vitrokele™ Technology over the last 10 years is reviewed with reference to mine site piloting and com­mercial applications. The first mine site piloting was conducted in Australia in 1989 followed by a further six continuous site trials in Australia, Canada and the USA. These major pilot plant studies are complemented by over 50 laboratory scale batch and pilot testwork programmes. The first commercial plant using Vitrokele™ Technology was the Connemara project commissioned in Zimbabwe in 1995. Subsequent to this, three commercial scale projects have been designed using Vitrokele™ to recover precious metals, base met­als and cyanide. The various projects are discussed with relation to the differ­ing flowsheets applied to each particular case.

Jan 1, 1998

By M. Dayne Aldridge

A description is given of an experimental ventilation control system designed, built, and tested by WVU under United States Bureau of Mines sponsorship. A description is given of the control, system used and the mine-wide microcomputer-based ventilation monitoring system used with it. Test results of experiments conducted with this system at Eastern Associated Coal Corporation's Federal No. 2 underground coal mine are presented. In addition, a brief description is given of a new microprocessor based system presently being tested.

Jan 1, 1980

By Douglas J. Cork

Biohydrometallurgica1 processes in the areas of coal desulfurization (Hoffman, M.R., et al., 1981) and recovery of metals from metal sulfide ores (Lundgren, D.G. and Malouf E.E., 1983) are well known. In addition other areas of potential interest to the mining industries have been outlined (Spisak, J.F., 1979). For instance, scientists involved in this interdisciplinary field have endeavored to apply microorganisms to the problem of effluent sulfate disposal. This chapter assesses the feasibility of utilizing a particular two stage anaerobic microbial process to convert effluent sulfate to orthorhombic sulfur. Strong emphasis is given to the possibility of substituting this bioprocess for alternative gypsum synthesis and disposal methodologies commonly practiced by companies which emphasize sulfuric acid or ammonium sulfate leaching processes.

Jan 1, 1985

By G. M. Wenberg

Bacterial leaching of copper and uranium is practiced in environments containing available sulfur and iron and having a strong acidic reaction. However, many mineral deposits do not have these conditions; the chalcocite and native copper ores in Michigan's Upper Peninsula are examples. Bacterial and fungal populations were observed in samples taken from the White Pine Copper Company tailing pond and mine, and isolates were prepared of the dominant species. The isolates were then screened for solubilization of copper from tailing, ore, and concentrate during incuba¬tion in a carbon and nitrogen supplying medium. Certain Penicillium fungi solubilized significant amounts of copper under neutral to slightly acidic conditions. Leaching apparently was accomplished by release into the medium of metabolites which chelated with the copper.- The process was found to be highly dependent upon the medium and the concentration of copper in the source material. The paper describes sampling and screening techniques, presents the results of experimentation to standardize procedures and maximize the yield of copper, and discusses the nature of the leaching process. This preliminary research reveals a biological process which may find use in mineral extractions but whether it can be applied economically remains to be determined.

Jan 1, 1969

By David Brown, Glen Hall, Ken DeVos, Frank Barone

Dredging and Flooding was completed on the Falconbridge Limited "New Tailings Area" in the period from 1996 through 1998, as part of their site closure measures. Part of the decision making process and closure planning was water quality prediction, including oxidation and diffusion modelling. The purpose of this modeling was to define the potential water quality that would result during and after dredging. A significant body of research on the geochemistry and oxidation kinetics of this site had been compiled. The results of the modeling provide practical insight on the potential water quality that may be expected. Water quality in the pond has steadily improved since flooding was completed with the exception of short term peaks during spring runoff. Aquatic vegetation is appearing through natural recovery and transplanting of local species, and colonies of minnows are now observed in the ponds.

Jan 1, 2000

By Julian Glasser

Starting with rutile, containing more than 55% TiO2 and of the proper particle size, the commercial production of titanium tetrachloride via fluidized bed chlorination is relatively very simple and economical. As compared to shaft chlorination, it operates at a much higher capacity for given sizing of equipment, and appears more foolproof, requiring less attention. Operating data were obtained on a 53" diameter fluidized bed chlorinator using Australian rutile and petroleum coke of controlled particle size. Production rates varied from 20 to 50 tons of crude TIC14 per day for a campaign extending over one month. Close to theoretical yields and efficiencies were obtained from the viewpoint of chlorine and/or rutile consumption. Details of important equipment design, critical operating conditions and pertinent results are described.

Jan 1, 1962

By Kostas Fytas, Pierre Bousquet, Bill Evanelou

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious environmental problem that preoccupies the Canadian Mining Industry. Considerable amounts of money are spent every year in an effort to prevent or reduce the acid mine drainage phenomenon. AMD occurs when sulphide minerals (ex. pyrite) contained in rock are exposed to air and water and subsequently oxidise to produce low pH water. This acid effluent has the potential to mobilise any heavy metals contained in the rock. Coating the sulphide minerals with silicates is a new promising technology to reduce AMD. Pynte is treated with a solution containing H2O2, sodium silicate and a buffering agent. H2O2 oxidises a small part of pyrite producing ferric iron (Fe3+) ions. These ions subsequently react with the silicate ions to produce ferric hydroxide-silica that precipitates on the pyrite surface producing a passive coating. This silicate coating can protect the grains of pyrite from oxidation. This paper presents a series of experiments that confirm that silicate coating can considerably reduce AMD.

Jan 1, 2000

By D. Jacobson

There are many different machine design parameters and variables that affect the production of cone crushers in a mineral processing plant. One of these variables is the speed at which the cone gyrates. In June 2012, pilot tests were conducted to determine the production and operating conditions over a wide spectrum of speeds. mining operations will have variations in the ore characteristics and feed rates that result in non optimal use of the crushing energy and inconsistent process control. This study documents the measured variation in production and energy efficiency with two operating modes. Overall, the results match the theory, and the capacity and power fluctuated by 25% and 17%, respectively, when operated at full capacity, with an overall trend of slightly coarser discharge size distribution as the speed decreased. Using a fixed feed rate, the crushers had 4-14% higher production when operating at the optimal speed. Secondary analysis showed that the power draw consistency and magnitude of power spikes could also be improved by optimizing the cone speed. Varying the speed of the crusher can be used to tune the crusher during commissioning, adapt to changing ore conditions over long periods of time or be used as a dynamic input into an advanced control system. each action above would serve to make the crusher(s) more productive, more energy efficient, impove process control and would also have mechanical benefits for the machine

Dec 1, 2013

By Haydn H. Murray, Fred G. Heivilin

The "Hormite Group" was proposed for palygorskite (attapulgite) and sepiolite for their complex magnesium silicate composition and elongate crystals (Martin-Vivaldi and Robertson, 1971). These minerals occur in close association with each other and more complex structural variations may exist (Bailey, 1972). In 1862 Savchenkov used the name palygorskite to describe a mineral from the Palygorsk locality (Hay, 1975), near the Ural Mountains. Ovecharenko and Kukovsky (1984) mention that when mountain leather deposits were prospected in the Palygorsk Division mine it was assumed this unusual mineral was a variety of asbestos. Early mineralogists used the terms "mountain cork" or "mountain leather" when referring to palygorskite. Robertson (1986) mentions that it appears palygorskite was known since Theophrastus&apos; time, ca. 314 BC. J. de Lapparent used "attapulgite" for clays from Attapulgus, GA, and Mormoiron, France, because he thought them different from palygorskite, but the two types were proved to be the same (Bailey et al., 1971). The name attapulgite is still used for the Florida and Georgia deposits when the crystal length to diameter ratio does not exceed 10:1(Merkl, 1989). Georgia palygorskite clays are of much shorter length compared to classic palygorskite. In 1847 Glocker first used the name sepiolite which was called "Meerschaum" by Werner (1788) and Hauy (1801) namedit "Ecume de Mer." Brochant (1802) described low density and white magnesium silicates adding the name Talcum Plasticum and Ecume de Mer. In the Meigs-Attapulgus-Quincy district palygorskite (attapulgite) commonly occurs in two distinct forms referred to as short length palygorskite (Meigs Member) and long length palygorskite (Dogtown Member) (Merkl, 1989). Long length palygorskite crystals (> 10 pm) are rarely observed in the Meigs and Dogtown Members, but when present are in association with dolomite crystals. The short length form is usually less than 2 pm in length and has a low magnesium content whereas the long length form has a high magnesium content and a length greater than 2 pm. The distinctions in morphology are not only important because of the relationship to the origin of the deposits, but also in relation to activity in causing membranolytic activity related to data on palygorskite samples from 9 locations ranging from relatively inert to active in work reported by Nolan et al. (1989). The > 10 pm lengths amounted to only 51 of 17,401 fibers sized. The shortest lengths (< 0.5 pm) were relatively inert. This study pointed out that surface activity, morphology, and chemical differences may be distinctly different within the definition of palygorskite, or for that matter for any individual mineral so that health and other properties must be measured because the name alone does not necessarily indicate uniformity. Palygorskite (attapulgite) fuller&apos;s earth was first sold for drilling mud in 1941. The market for this use expanded slowly and has maintained a level of 7 to 10% of the total US production during the last few years. Most of the fuller&apos;s earth sold for drilling mud comes from the southern part of the Meigs-Attapulgus-Quincy district of Georgia and Florida. Palygorskite clays produced in this area are superior to most other fuller&apos;s earth for mud used in drilling salt formations, but because of high water loss, they are inferior to bentonite where the rocks drilled contain no saltwater. According to Oulton (1965), more than 90 different grades of fuller&apos;s earth are produced. Some of these grades are used for pharmaceuticals designed to absorb toxins, bacteria, and alkaloids; for treatment of dysentery; for purifying water and dry cleaning fluids, dry cleaning powders and granules; for the manufacture of NCR (no carbon required) multiple copy paper; for the manufacture of wallpaper; and as extenders or fillers for plastic, paint, and putty. Fuller&apos;s earth mined near Ellenton, FL, was used for making lightweight aggregates for the construction of concrete barges during World War I1 (Calver, 1957). Still other uses of fuller&apos;s earth and its suitability for uses in new products are outlined by Haden, Jr., and Schwint (1967), Haden, Jr., (1972), and Haas (1970). One special use of fuller&apos;s earth is as a carrier of platinum catalysts that are made in the United Kingdom from sepiolite clays mined in Spain. Other uses of sepiolite fuller&apos;s earth (Chambers, 1959) are similar to those of the palygorskite (attapulgite) type mined in the United States.

Jan 1, 1994

By Mo Wanqiang

Equivalent-pressure ventilation is a method of balancing the air pressure between a productive face and its gob to extinguish fires and prevent the infiltration of toxic gases, so that the production of the face can be maintained. The method was successfully applied in Coal Mine No. 1 of Hebi Coal Mining Administration in north-central China. In this article, a practical application of the equivalent-pressure method to prevent carbon monoxide from entering an active longwall face adjacent to a fire breeding area is described, and four steps to achieve equivalent-pressure are discussed. The reliability of using this method and measures to maintain the equivalent-pressure are analyzed. It was observed that this method could maintain high production level while no sacrificing safety at the longwall face.

Jan 1, 1984

By Don Phelps, Christopher Tattersall, David McAllister

Located south of downtown Seattle, the Beacon Hill Station & Tunnels is the key section of the southern segment of Sound Transit’s proposed new LINK light rail system. This paper presents an overview of the design, which includes 4,300 ft of segmentally-lined bore twin tunnels and a deep mined station. With platforms located156 feet below grade, the station itself is only the second large-scale mined station in soil the US. Its complex geometry combined with variable soil conditions—sands, silt sand clays with slickensides—challenged the designer’s to come up with a SEM-based design that addresses the owner’s risk, cost and schedule concerns.

Jan 1, 2003

By Ing. Ludwig Schlebusch

The significant growth of the world population and its demand for an increasing standard of living leaves no other choice than continuously augmenting industrial production and making available steadily greater quantities of raw materials at still better qualities. Therefore, any raw material has to be utilized to the greatest possible extent and processed at optimum economy on large mechanical equipment. The layout of processing facilities of large throughput rates can be based on multiple or single lines. The latter enables the application of large machines of optimum size. Proven equipment for homogenizing, classifying, separating superfine material, sorting and dewatering are-now available in optimum sizes. By the use of these large machines operating cost of pit coal preparation plant can be significantly lowered by reducing the specific requirements regarding space, capital investment, energy, operation and maintenance.

Jan 1, 1980

By F. C. Bond

History The breaking and shaping of rock was one of man&apos;s earliest occupations. In the Paleolithic Age long before the dawn of history, arrow¬smiths and the makers of stone axes, hammers, knives, scrapers, spears, and borers were highly respected members of society. In early historical times stones for building blocks, roads, and city walls were shaped by slaves and convicts, who also did most of the mining. However, great artists erected beautiful stone sculptures, while gifted architects planned imposing temples and monuments. Until well into the 19th century nearly all rock was broken laboriously by hand. The small rock required by John MacAdam for his macadamized roads in England in the 1820s was produced by women and boys seated alongside the roadside with hand hammers and legs wrapped with rags. Eli Whitney Blake, a nephew of the Eli Whitney who invented the cotton gin, developed the first successful jaw crusher before 1870. The gyratory conical crusher soon followed. Comparative tests established its large capacity advantage over the jaw crusher, as well as its greater cost for a given feed size. Both types have been in use for more than 100 years. Crushing rolls appeared before 1900. Thomas A. Edison made very large diameter rolls which were excessively long; they failed because of shaft deflection. Various types of disk crushers and edge runner rolls appeared about this time. The older methods of reducing rock were adaptations of other processes. The stamp battery of dropping weights effected crushing by simulating heavy hammer blows; the much earlier arrastre, in which heavy stones were dragged in a circular path over the ore by animal power, came from the prehistoric method of grinding grain between two rubbing stones, while the jaw crusher was adapted from simple squeezing devices. But the tumbling grinding mill was not just an adaptation; it was an invention, because it required thinking on a somewhat higher order-there was no prototype. Its nearest antecedents were probably the small closed tumbling drums used in England more than a century ago for cleaning and polishing small iron castings. The date of the first tumbling mill actually used to grind rock is unknown, but it was later than the American Civil War (1861¬1865). It was almost certainly a closed or batch mill in which rock was placed and rotated until it reached the desired particle size. It could have been operated either wet or dry. The first published refer¬ence to such a batch mill was one introduced by Alsing in England (1870) for the grinding of calcined flints for pottery work.21 There are several rather indefinite reports of grinding mills in the early 1890s, including an overflow ball mill in the Helena and Livingstone reduction plant in Montana which may have been the first of its kind. 11 Many of the first mills, which were called tube mills, used hard rock both as grinding media and as mill lining. The rock used was preferably stone from the Normandy and Danish beaches, when it could be imported. This remarkable siliceous stone was already widely used for grist mills throughout America, and its resistance to wear was greatly respected. The decade of the 1890s saw the development of tumbling mills with continuous feed and discharge and their extension into different industrial uses. By 1895 some experience had been accumulated. Iron grinding balls were being tested and the proper speed of rotation was being determined. The Clark Patent tube mill was featured in an E. P. Allis bulletin of 1890, which may have been the first published description of a tube mill. More than 1,000 Gates tube mills had been built by Allis-Chalmers before 1913. Many of these were used in gold mining, espe¬cially in South Africa. The 5 x 22-ft size was particularly favored for grinding portland cement; the use of tumbling mills in the manufac¬ture of cement began about 1900. A great deal of attention was paid to the mill lining. Metal was then relatively expensive, and the general approach was to trap some of the rock grinding media into mill lining pockets. This rock would then absorb the wear and protect the metal lining. In the first ten years of the 20th century there were several different types of pocketed liners, with different manufacturers advancing the superior claims of their patented arrangements. The Osborne liner, developed in South Africa, was probably the most successful. 21 Another item which attracted much attention was size classifica¬tion within the mill and in ancillary equipment attached to the mill and rotating with it. The Krupp type, with interior screens protected inside the mill lining, was developed quite early in Germany, possibly before 1890. The Dorr reciprocating rake classifier (1907) had not yet been invented, and many strange and impractical screening and classifying devices were proposed. In these unsatisfactory machines the two separate processes of size reduction and classification were combined into one operation. It was many years before recognition came that a machine is most efficient when it is designed for one specific purpose. There was much industrial wastage before the opera¬tions of grinding and classification were finally separated. After 1900 the grinding of portland cement raw material and of cement clinker required large numbers of tumbling mills. Most of the raw material was then ground dry. This was also the heyday of gold mining. The old stamp mills that were used in great numbers for grinding gold ore did not grind sufficiently fine to liberate all of the gold, and the new tube mills were installed following the stamps. After 1910 larger diameter tum¬bling mills with larger grinding media were developed. These could receive the finely crushed ore directly, and the inefficient stamp batter¬ies were gradually eliminated. The Rand in South Africa was the greatest gold producer, treating immense quantities of rather low-grade but consistently free milling gold ore. The first tumbling mills, or tube mills, went into operation there in 1904. They were so successful that within a few years no new stamp batteries were installed in the district, even though old ones continued to pound away until after 1950.3 The early tube mills on the Rand all employed Normandy or Danish pebbles, which had to be imported at considerable expense. Their reported wear was as low as 4 lb per ton ground. 4 Many of the mills were lined with the same tough Danish stone cemented into place, while others used the pocketed steel Osborne liner. It was in 1907 on the Rand that an important test was made using hard native ore for grinding media in place of the expensive imported pebbles. 3 This ore, called banket, did not wear as well as the renowned Danish pebbles, but the cost per ton of grinding was definitely reduced. Many of the tube mills on the Rand were soon grinding with native ore. This was the beginning of the development now called autogenous grinding, in which the ore grinds itself. This is treated under a separate heading. See Subsection 3C, Chapter 4. Gold mining was important in America also, and its grinding history follows that of the Rand. Danish pebbles were replaced by native ore in Santa Gertrudis, Mexico, in 1913, 4 and in Consolidated Gold Fields, Nevada, in 1914. 5 Other properties followed suit. However, it gradually became apparent that the capacity of a given mill could be almost doubled if rock grinding media were re¬placed by cast iron or steel grinding balls. In order to increase plant grinding capacity many rock media mills were converted to iron grind¬ing media in the second decade of the present century. In some mills the motor size was doubled; other mills were cut in two and another motor was provided for the second half. Grinding mills began to assume a more modern appearance. Crushing rolls were formerly much used following crushing in jaw or gyratory crushers and preceding grinding in ball mills. How¬ever, the roll surfaces wore rapidly, and skilled maintenance was required to obtain even wear. Rod mills could take feed of the same crusher product size and reduce it finer. The first rod mill was con¬structed by Mine and Smelter Supply Co. and was tested in Canada

Jan 1, 1985

By R. C. Runvick

Gypsum resources are significant in the midwestern United States, with specific deposits varying in "place value" relative to the major markets served. Underground and surface mining operations produce gypsum from sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Silurian through. Jurassic. Although reserves tend to be limited at individual operating properties, potential resources are vast and future development will hinge principally on market growth and changing economic conditions. Most critical of the variables affecting the industry in both the short and long term will be the availability, type and cost of energy and both processing and distribution.

Jan 1, 1980

By Christopher M. St. John, Michael P. Hardy

INTRODUCTION Geotechnical models, particularly those based on the finite element method, have been available to aid in en¬gineering design of underground mining excavations for over ten years. Despite this fact there are remarkably few cases of their use in mine design documented in the literature. It is therefore to be anticipated that many potential users of these models are relatively unaware of their capabilities and limitations and also of the form and detail of geotechnical data needed for their success¬ful application. This subsection attempts to address this problem by discussing the different types of numerical models now available and by noting how some of them have been used to study a variety of problems associated with underground mining. The subsection concludes by discussing the applica¬tion of the displacement discontinuity method to the de¬sign of possible mining systems for the copper-nickel deposits of northeastern Minnesota. The object of the analyses, which were nonsite specific, was to determine the significance of geotechnical parameters, such as ini¬tial stress and rock structure, on the stability of under¬ground excavations and hence to provide guidance for future geotechnical investigation. NUMERICAL MODELS In the geomechanical design of underground mining openings, use is made of numerical models that repre¬sent or simulate the large-scale mechanical behavior of rock. There has been less interest in analysis involving fluid flow and heat transfer, but with increasing interest in such areas as in-situ retorting and solution mining it is likely that there will be a growing need for numerical models embracing and coupling all three physical proc¬esses. However, the emphasis in this subsection will be on mechanical behavior. Models which simulate such behavior will be divided into two groups: continuum models and discontinuum models. These will be dis¬cussed in turn in order that some insight into alternative solution strategies and their merits may be gained. Continuum Models Almost all geomechanical numerical models must be classed as continuum models even though particular computer codes incorporate special provisions for rep¬resenting discontinuities such as faults, bedding planes, or joints. They are continuum models because they pro¬vide solutions for cases where material behavior is governed by the differential equations of continuum mechanics. Two basic solution strategies for such equa¬tions may be identified immediately: the differential ap¬proach and the integral approach. In the differential approach a means of approximating the differential equations over the entire region of interest is sought. In the integral approach use is made of fundamental solutions from continuum mechanics, and these are used to construct a solution to the whole problem, making approximations only on the boundaries of the region of interest. The several differential and integral methods are identified in Table 1. Differential Methods: Problems in continuum me¬chanics involve the solution of three types of partial differential equations. Two of these govern the behavior in so-called initial value problems, in which variables change both in time and in space. Examples of such problems include nonsteady heat transfer and fluid flow, and stress wave propagation. The last type of partial differential equation governs the behavior in boundary value problems. In these, variation is in space but not in time. Solution of initial value problems may be achieved in two significantly different methods: implicit and ex¬plicit. The differences between these two methods will be illustrated by considering a very simple initial value problem, that of one-dimensional heat diffusion. The equation governing this process may be written as: [ ] where T is temperature, K is thermal conductivity, p is density, c is specific heat, t is time, and x is the spacial coordinate. In finite difference form this equation might be written as: [ ] where the superscripts refer to the time and the sub¬scripts to the spacial location. Several solution strategies for this equation have been used. Two important ones may be illustrated very simply by discussing the signifi¬cance of the superscript * on the right-hand side of the equation. If i + 1 is substituted for * then the second derivative of the temperature with respect to distance is evaluated at the end of the next time step (using tem¬peratures not already known). Such an approach leads to a set of equations involving unknown temperatures and a solution procedure which is referred to as being implicit. The important characteristic of the implicit procedure is that it leads to a set of equations that must be solved for each time at which the temperature dis¬tribution is required. If instead of substituting (i + 1) for the superscript *, i is substituted, the following equation is obtained: [ ] {In this case the new temperature is defined in terms of an already known temperature distribution. The solution procedure is now known as explicit and has the impor¬tant characteristic that there are no equations that have to be stored or solved. A practical advantage of this

Jan 1, 1982

By Susan G. Bilhorn

A number of studies have been conducted in active and inactive mine environments using continuous monitoring and data acquisition systems to detect various parameters. In addition to the information obtained for research purposes, these monitoring systems can provide a means to remotely collect required information (such as radon daughter concentrations and air velocity) and control various conditions (such as fan operation and air door position) in numerous working sections of an active mine. Selection of detector locations and placement, which are critical to obtain the information and control desired while not inhibiting mine operations and influencing the detector readings, are covered in this paper.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. Morris, R. Sellaro

Petro-diesel is a common collector for coal flotation, but the partitioning of diesel range organics (DROs) in process streams has not been widely studied. Preliminary research suggested that under normal dosing schemes total residual DRO contents in process waters should be limited to the sub-ppm water-soluble fraction (WSF). Further, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) should partition proportionately with DROs. The purpose of this study was to confirm these findings in laboratory flotation tests. Total DRO and specific PAH contents were measured in the waters associated with the concentrate and tailings streams. The results show that concentrate waters consistently had higher amounts of DROs than tailing waters. Moreover, the DRO contents in both streams generally increased with increasing diesel dosage. In line with preliminary research, DROs appeared to be limited to the WSF, and PAHs tended to partition proportionately with DROs. Under typical operating conditions, it appears that residual DROs should not present an environmental concern, but conditions should be avoided that allow significant overdosing of diesel.

Jan 1, 2014