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By Jacob W. Young

A casual reading of the geological literature extant to-day would give one the impression that carbon is an element which by some chance or another always existed at or near the surface of the earth, and was never of a magmatic origin. The carbonaceous matter in shales is said to be of vegetal derivation; petroleum is stated to have been derived from vegetable matter or from marine animal bodies; if carbon or bituminous matter is found in igneous rocks or associated with metallic ores, the statement is made that deeply buried carbonaceous sedimentaries were undoubtedly the source from which such carbon or bituminous matter was derived. This, I do not consider a reasonable or common sense view of the matter. Carbon is one of the elements of which the earth is composed. In the table giving the periodicity of the elements it comes sixth in the order of increasing atomic weights. It is an element formed like all the rest were formed, and must be as common to the interior of the earth as the rest of the eighty-odd elements so far discovered. The spectroscopic analysis of light from the sun, and the stars, shows the presence of carbon in the sun and in the colder stars. Thus with carbon, an element, found throughout the universe as well as on the earth, it is entirely reasonable to consider it as present in the interior of the earth with the other elements. Such being the case, the magmatic origin for the various forms of carbon in rocks and ores is a rational and logical conclusion. If but a small fraction of thought and effort was made along these lines, which is made in fostering the idea of the organic origin of the carbon found in the earth's crust, untold advances in this phase of geological science would result.

Jan 1, 1925

By J. C. Thornley

Service failures of seemingly conventional galvanized bolts, in normal operation, on transmission towers in New Brunswick have been found to be the result of hydrogen cracking. In both these cases, similar failures elsewhere can be avoided by suitable clauses in the purchase specifications. In the first case described, the manufacturing procedure was responsible for strengthening and embrittling a standard, soft, constructional steel. In this case, a fracture mechanics analysis predicted critical crack depths for final fracture very similar to those found in practice. This case reveals an apparent cooperative connection between hydrogen embrittlement and strain ageing in plain carbon steels. In the second case described, the steel was simply a high strength steel which should not have been made into galvanized bolts.

Jan 1, 1979

By S. K. Schwartz

"This paper describes the general layout of the environmental monitoring scheme at Devco 's No. 26 Colliery, including wall face ventilation, fan performance and methane drainage, and then goes on to discuss the sensors, the outstation layout, the surf ace control room and the protection of the system.IntroductionCape Breton coal mines have been pioneers in the use of the latest technology in mining coal on this continent. To mention just one example, continuous methane monitoring at the coal face was started in 1976 and the idea of automatically stopping the face conveyor during high gas levels using the face signalling system was conceived and developed by CBDC engineers.With the introduction of remote environmental monitoring, No. 26 Colliery will be the first underground coal mine in Canada and possibly in North America to have computer-based comprehensive environmental monitoring.Traditionally, surveillance of the mine environment has been based mainly on periodic checks by portable or hand-held monitors. Although this method proved adequate, it has some limitations, namely:1) restricted 'number of observations and samples;2) relatively long time between taking measurements and availability of results for assessment.With remote monitoring, the above limitations are overcome because (a) monitoring is continuous and (b) monitored data are updated quickly (typically 5-7 sec.). Remote monitoring also provides a centralized 'information center' at the surface from where the entire mine environment can be monitored. Details of modes in which data can be displayed and features available at the location will be discussed later in the paper."

Jan 1, 1982

By James R. Wickens, David La Rosa, Robert E. McIvor, Adrian Dance

"The comminution circuit at Barrick Cortez Gold Mine uses an open circuit primary jaw crusher followed by a standard SABC grinding circuit. The grinding circuit incorporates a 26’Ø x 11’ SAG mill, an Omnicone 1560 pebble crusher and a 16’Ø x 28½’ ball mill. Both mills are driven by 4500 HP motors.In 2007, several comminution circuit studies were performed to assess circuit performance and map a course for improvement. This paper discusses the results of those studies including an analysis of mine-to-mill opportunities, grinding work index efficiency, and ball mill functional performance. Subsequently, improvements to the circuit were made to enhance operating efficiency. Specifically, improvements to the pebble crusher liner configuration, advanced process control system (expert system) and ball mill classification and ball charge are discussed. In addition, other current and future improvement opportunities are discussed.INTRODUCTIONThe Barrick Cortez property is expanding to include the new Cortez Hills open pit and underground mines. Ore from these new mines will be processed in the existing Pipeline mill facility. In conjunction with ore characterization work, performance of the comminution circuit needed to be quantified. Thus, in 2007, the comminution circuit was surveyed and opportunities for improvement identified.Figure 1 below shows the Pipeline mill flowsheet. It is a standard SABC grinding circuit using an open circuit primary jaw crusher followed by a 26’Ø x 11’ (7.92m Ø x 3.35m) SAG mill, in closed circuit with a Omnicone 1,560 pebble crusher, and a 16’Ø x 28½’ (4.88m Ø x 8.69m) ball mill. Both mills are driven by 4,500 HP (3,357 kW) motors. The SAG discharge screen aperture is 5/16” (8 mm) x 1-1/16” (27 mm) slots. Ball mill circuit classification is done with Krebs D20B cyclones."

Jan 1, 2009

By James F. Archibald, H. Jame Hackwood

"Research was performed to assess the feasibility of barrier membrane substances, for use within mining or associated high risk environments, in restricting the diffusion transport of radon gas. Specific tests were conducted, both within laboratory and in situ environments, to determine radon gas concentration ratios across a barrier of interest and emanation rate variation resulting from application of such materials. Several materials have been demonstrated to be effective in restricting the emanation of radon gas into initially radon-free environments. One liquid material shows particularly good promise upon consideration of ideal radon barrier criteria.IntroductionIt has long been known (I.2.3) that inhalation of the short-lived, alpha particle-emitting daughters of radon gas can result in irradiation of lung tissue with the potential for causing lung cancer. Control measures are necessary to maintain concentrations of airborne contamination at a minimum to protect miner health and safety. Typical control practices in mines have been through the application of systematic ventilation and backfilling of excavated opening. As mines become deeper, however, and additional workings become exposed, increased ventilation capacity requirements are needed. As an alternative to other radiation control measures, the use of sealants to prevent radon migration from walls into mine atmospheres may provide a suitable engineering alternative."

Jan 1, 1987

By W. Roy Dunbar

"The Porcupine area is in northern Ontario at the intersection of N. Lat. 48° 30' and 81° W. Long. It is 125 miles due north of the Sudbury nickel range. Practically all the mineral production of this area has come from the townships of Tisdale, Deloro, Whitney, and Ogden, in order of importance. The accompanying map of the Porcupine area and its extensions to the east and west (Fig. 4) has been included to show what I consider to be an essential objective of this paper, a perspective for exploration.The discovery of gold ore in the Porcupine area at such an early date resulted from the extension of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario railway and exploratory survey lines north into unexplored territory, for the early history of Porcupine is inextricably tied to the exploration along Niven's survey lines and the extension of the railway north from Cobalt to Nellie Lake. The following are the more significant events leading to the discovery of gold in Porcupine.1896-E. M. Burwash, employed by the Ontario Bureau of Mines, examined the country along Niven's base line and noted quartz veins that carried traces of gold. He was attached to Niven's survey party.1899-The late W. A. Parks reported on the geology of the portage route from Mattagami river to Night Hawk lake, for the Ontario Bureau of Mines. He noted the occurrence of gold in quartz veins and reported “I regard the region south of the trail to Porcupine lake as giving promise to the prospector"". He also was attached to Niven's survey party.1901-Charles Camsell, while prospecting for the Algoma Central railway, did some work on a vein occurrence carrying low gold on ground now known to be part of the Hollinger mine (3).1907- Extension of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario railway to Nellie Lake.1909- Bannerman followed up Indian story about occurrence of coal, and found iron formation. He remained to prospect and found the gold-bearing vein of the Scottish Ontario property."

Jan 1, 1954

By E. Shum, V. G. Papangelakis

"Attempts to reduce the energy requirements of water recovery in the process industries have resulted in the development of techniques to freeze and purify aqueous solutions that take advantage of local climatic conditions. Natural freezing is a technique by which aqueous solution is exposed to freezing air temperatures, resulting in the production of a layer of ice on the surface. As the ice layer tends to exclude solute, a concentrated solution is formed. However, due to dendritic ice growth along the advancing growth front, small quantities of solution are trapped within the ice, decreasing the purity of the water recovered. The ice produced can then be allowed to thaw in order to recover the water using low grade plant heat. As the more concentrated parts of the ice melt first, a purer ice remains. In this study, 0.5 molal magnesium sulfate solution was frozen under simulated natural freezing conditions at temperatures between –1 and –6°C. The ice produced was thawed at either room temperature or 50°C. Up to 40% of the water was recovered with a separation efficiency of above 95% when thawing at room temperature.INTRODUCTION Advances in refrigeration technology have made low-temperature separation processes increasingly appealing to an energy-conscious society. The latent heat of freezing of water is about seven times smaller than the latent heat of evaporation providing freezing with a strong thermodynamic advantage over the traditional evaporation-based processes. The result is the development of a wide variety of processes that fall under the term Freeze Concentration (FC), which describes a variety of techniques in which an aqueous solution is concentrated by the creation and subsequent removal of ice (Williams et al., 2015).FC processes exploit the freezing behaviour of aqueous solutions as dictated by their respective water-salt phase diagram. When, for example, a solution of magnesium sulfate is cooled to a temperature below its freezing point but above its eutectic temperature of –4.1?C (Figure 1) then, if the concentration of MgSO4 is less than the eutectic concentration (about 1.7 m), ice will form until the solution concentration reaches its equilibrium concentration at the given temperature on its phase diagram. If the concentration is greater than the eutectic concentration, MgSO4 solid will precipitate until the concentration reaches equilibrium. It is for this reason that ice can be selectively produced in FC processes (Randall & Nathoo, 2015)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Shahé Shnorhokian

A study was conducted on the seismic activities and associated rockburst events that took place at an underground Canadian metal mine over a period of five years. In the first stage, a back analysis of the microseismic database led to the identification of clusters of major events. The locations of these clusters were identified with respect to the local geology and the planned mining sequence. In the second stage, a numerical model was constructed using the finite difference code FLAC3D to simulate the in-situ stress, mine geometry, local geology, and stope sequence. Mining-induced stress fields were compared against two rockburst events that took place during this period, as well as against the various geologic units present. It was shown that by combining microseismic analysis and numerical modeling, it was possible to provide a basis for evaluating the influence of the in-situ stress regimes and stope sequencing on mining-induced seismic response.

May 1, 2011

By J. L. Jambor, T. C. Birkett, W. D. Sinclair

Abstract -The rare-earth elements (REE) form a significant part of the group of so-called "high­ technology" metals whose glamour has attracted both the scientific community and the mining industry. Despite this attraction, world production of REE declined abruptly in 1985 and only recently has begun to approach production levels of 1984. The decline in 1985 was primarily due to decreased demand for light REE used as catalysts in the production of lead-bearing gasoline. Incorporated within the current trend toward increased production of REE is an increasing demand for higher value elements such as yttrium and other members of the heavy REE group, and for specific REE rather than mixed products . The former demand has made some Canadian deposits and prospects economically attractive despite a surplus of REE reserves on a world scale. The chief attractions of Canadian deposits such as Strange Lake, Labrador-Quebec, Thor Lake, Northwest Territories, and Kipawa, Quebec, are that they are relatively rich in yttrium and other heavy REE compared to light REE, and that they offer a potential security of supply to counterbalance the rapidly escalating dominance of China in the world market.

Jan 1, 1992

By Fabian Mohr

The methyl substituted binuclear cyclometallated gold(I) complexes [Au2(?-n-MeC6H3PPh2)2] [n = 4, 5 and 6] all undergo oxidative addition reactions with halogens and, in the case of the 4- and 5-methyl substituted analogues, with dibenzoyl peroxide to give metal-metal bonded digold(II) complexes [Au2X2(?-C6H3-n-MePPh2)2]. The 4- and 5-methyl substituted digold(II) compounds on warming or exposure to light undergo carbon-carbon coupling reactions to give gold(I) complexes containing the corresponding 2,2'-n,n'-biphenylyldiphenylphosphines. The 6- methyl substituted digold(II) complexes rapidly isomerise above ca. -20° C to binuclear heterovalent gold(I)/gold(III) compounds [XAu(?-2-Ph2PC6H3-6-Me)AuX{?2-(6-MeC6H3-2-PPh2)}], containing a fourmembered cyclometallated ring on a gold(III) centre. Surprisingly, no carbon-carbon coupling could be induced for any of the 6-methyl substituted compounds, even under forcing conditions. This difference in reactivity of the 6- methyl derivative, compared to that of the 5-methyl and unsubstituted analogues was studied by ab initio calculations using a series of model compounds. The results are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings and suggest that the key-step in the C-C coupling reaction is the partial opening of the Au(III)-P bond in one of the transition states. In the 6-methyl system this transition state is energetically inaccessible and hence no C-C coupling occurs.

Oct 1, 2003

By Brian Danyliw

"Dust control is an increasingly important consideration for all mining operations from a health, safety, environmental and maintenance perspective. Modern mining operations incorporate a variety of mechanical dust control techniques into design however in many cases these engineered systems are unable to meet desired fugitive dust level targets. In these cases a variety of chemical dust suppression options are available to operators to assist in meeting their targets. This paper provides an overview of available chemistries, discussion of application techniques and equipment requirements and available performance monitoring technologies. This paper will also include a number of case histories discussing the treatment approach chosen, challenges encountered, chemical feed, storage and application equipment, monitoring techniques employed and results achieved.INTRODUCTIONDust FundamentalsFugitive dust by definition is an aerosol consisting of particulate matter suspended in a gaseous medium. Aerosols can include suspensions of particulate (solids) or sprays (liquids) or a mixture of both. Of particular concern from an occupational health and safety perspective are aerosols of particulate matter due to their involvement in classical occupations lung diseases such as silicosis, poisoning through chronic exposure to compounds such as lead and beryllium and expected involvement in more modern identified conditions such as cancer, asthma, and a host of other respiratory and non-respiratory conditions which may be caused or influenced through exposure to dust.According to the ""Glossary of Atmospheric Chemistry Terms"" (IUPAC, 1990), ""Dust: Small, dry, solid particles projected into the air by natural forces, such as wind, volcanic eruption, and by mechanical or man-made processes such as crushing, grinding, milling, drilling, demolition, shoveling, conveying, screening, bagging, and sweeping. Dust particles are usually in the size range from about 1 to 100 µm in diameter, and they settle slowly under the influence of gravity."" It should be noted that the behavior of particulates with respect to settling rate in air is a function of particle mass and shape and therefore the geometric size of the particle can be misleading. Occupational hygienists utilize the concept of particle aerodynamic diameter as a more representative reflection of particle size. Particle aerodynamic diameter, is defined as ""the diameter of a hypothetical sphere of density 1 g/cm3 having the same terminal settling velocity in calm air as the particle in question, regardless of its geometric size, shape and true density."" The expression of particle size as aerodynamic diameter allows for a more consistent understanding of particle behavior both from a settling perspective as well as from the perspective of how dust particles will behave in the respiratory tract. Figure 1 illustrates settling rates for particles of various aerodynamic diameters. The relationship between particle size and settling rate is important for understanding what size of particles must be addressed by dust control strategies as well as what particle sizes represent the most danger from an exposure and occupational health perspective."

Jan 1, 2015

By Max W. Ball

THE world's largest known oil deposit lies in northern Alberta. In fact, according to government estimates, the famous so-called 'tar sands' of the Athabaska region contain several times as much oil as all the other proved reserves of the world. S. C. Ells, of the Department of Mines and Resources, who has been the Dominion Government's authority on the oil sands since 1913, has estimated the minimum content of the deposits at 100 billion barrels(!). C. P. Bowie, of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, has published an estimate of 250 billion barrels(2). ?In comparison, the latest authoritative estimate of the proved oil-field reserves of the world is less than 35 billion barrels(3). Out of this tremendous total, perhaps 500 million barrels are commercially available at present-day costs and prices; the remainder must be considered a latent reserve to be used when development costs are materially lower and petroleum prices materially higher than they now are. Mean-while, the 500-million-barrel portion presently available contains more oil than has been found in all the rest of Canada, and constitutes one of Canada's great mineral resources. Although these deposits have been known to white men since 1788, when Peter Pond, the explorer, found the Indians stewing the oil out of the sand and mixing it with spruce pitch to caulk their canoes, they are only now coming into commercial production. The purpose of the present paper is to describe the deposits, their oil content, their present development, and the possibilities that seem to lie immediately ahead. For the sake of completeness and clarity, the writer has not hesitated to use or to paraphrase material that he has previously published elsewhere in discussing various aspects of the oil sands.

Jan 1, 1941

By T. Holmes, J. Middlemiss

"Agnico-Eagle (AE) has been operating their Kittila Mine in Northern Finland since 2008. The mine has experienced considerable ore flow problems with ratholing, bridging and freezing in their mill feed bin since start up. In the first winter of operation, the entire central portion of the contents of the cylindrical flat-bottomed 2000 tonne mill feed bin froze. Flow was erratic and could only be achieved through small diameter ratholes. To maintain a reasonable, albeit limited, feed to the mill, the bin had to be kept less than ½ full and a portable steam generator was brought in to melt the frozen agglomerates that frequently blocked the outlets. The combination of limited surge capacity and frequent outages required the crushing plant to operate 24/7 and resulted in inconsistent production levels and high operating costs.AE had planned to expand the processing plant to increase throughput by about 30% when they transitioned from open pit to underground ore. These plans presented an opportunity to improve the material handling.To avoid the problems experienced with the original mill feed bin, AE enlisted Jenike & Johanson Ltd. (J&J) to test samples of the ore, and based on the measured flow properties to provide design recommendations to ensure that the new mill feed bin would operate reliably. The new 2000 tonne expanded flow mill feed bin and apron feeder were installed in 2014 and are now supplying almost 93% of the total mill feed with the remaining coming from the original bin.IntroductionIn early 2009, AE engaged J&J to visit their then recently opened Kittila mine and mill in Northern Finland (Figure 1). Over the first half-year of operation, production had been restricted in the ore handling and storage system by flow problems such as ratholing, bridging and freezing including blockages of chutes and hoppers as a result of frozen fines buildup and large frozen agglomerates. AE wanted to increase production in the existing open pit mine and mill feed operation and also wanted to avoid similar ore handling problems when they commissioned the new underground mining system under development at that time."

Jan 1, 2017

"The outlook for Eastern Canada is decreasing coal production over the next few years; however, a reappraisal of the long-term requirements and increased prices of coal could lead to a revitalizing of the industry. The market for Western coal is expanding and is expected to exceed 50 million tons per year in the metallurgical and thermal power fields. Western coal reserves are currently estimated at 119 billion tons. Technical developments in Eastern Canada include a shearer and gate-end support system to mechanically cut the stall and brushing at the tail-end of a longwall. In Western Canada, the most modern equipment is used in mining, beneficiating and shipping coal. Results to date on the underground hydraulic experiments exceed expectations. The importance of reclamation is recognized and plans have been made to restore and re-vegetate disturbed areas and mine dumps. In Eastern Canada, experiments were started to determine the feasibility of coal reclamation from mine dumps, including one dump that is on fire. The Mining Research Centre, Mines Branch, continued to conduct research work oriented toward solving Canadian mining problems The Western office of the Centre, opened in 1970, was set up primarily to study problems associated with a resurgent coal industry."

Jan 1, 1971

By Robert B. Parsons

"The tax reform process marches on. The December 16, 1987 measures tabled by Finance Minister Michael Wilson represent one more step toward the objective of total reform of Canada's income and sales taxes. While the income tax changes are taking shape, much work still needs to be done on the sales tax side of the coin.IntroductionOn December 16, 1987 Finance Minister Michael Wilson tabled measures to implement the changes to Canada's income tax system that were proposed in the June 18, 1987 White Paper on Tax Reform. The measures were set out in a Notice of Ways and Means Motion; draft legislation relating to preferred shares, research and development expenditures; and draft regulations regarding capital cost allowance, certified films, flow-through shares, and the resource sector. The reaction of the government to the recommendations made by the Finance and Economic Affairs Committee Report on Tax Reform (the Blenkarn Committee), the Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce and through consultations with interested groups and organizations, business, labour and individual Canadians is set out in a booklet of supplementary information.The basic features of the reformed income tax system set out in the White Paper remain. However, a number of significant changes have been incorporated in the Notice of Ways and Means Motion and other material. The following comments address those area s where changes have been made to the original White Paper proposals."

Jan 1, 1988

By Alfred W. G. Wilson

THE ultimate purpose of the Chemical Manufacturer is to produce consumer products which can be sold to customers. Such production and sales can be continued only if the operations yield a profit to the manufacturer and if the products meet the requirements o the consumer--bath parties to the transaction must be satisfied. There are vast numbers of consumer products, made by chemical pro-cesses. The production of some of these ultimate products may involve the use of several intermediate chemicals, applications of few or many different processes, and the utilization, somewhere in the series of operations, of a variety of raw materials. On the other hand, some ultimate products have a very simple chemical history between raw materials and end products. There are no chemical products in use which are completely independent of the mineral industry. For many, the association is direct and obvious; for others, it may be indirect and even obscure. Analyses of the process and raw-material ancestry of a very large number of consumer products would suggest that many products are derived from Industrial Mineral products directly, that there are many in which the connection is indirect, and that there are only a few products with which industrial minerals are not in some way or other associated. The vast majority of the more important chemical products, and especially the basic chemicals from which other products are made, are directly dependent for their production upon Industrial Minerals or their derivatives. In the preceding part of this paper, for each raw material mentioned some references have been made to the leading chemical products based on this material. This, however, is only part of the story, because in most cases the consumer product can be made from any special raw material mentioned only by the use of other materials or chemicals made from them. The production of consumer chemicals is really possible only through an intricate interlocking of processes, materials, and apparatus.

Jan 1, 1940

By Barbara H. Scott Smith

"During the last two decades lamproites have joined kimberlites as the only two known primary sources of economic quantities of diamonds. This paper contrasts the petrography, primary and xenocrystic mineralogy and pipe geology of these petrogenetically separate rock types. The petrographic discrimination of kimberlites and lamproites from each other, as well as other rock types found during diamond prospecting, is discussed. Kimberlites and lamproites can be classified texturally and mineralogically. Such classifications highlight the differences between, and among, lamproites and kimberlites. The implications of these differences for diamond exploration programs are discussed, with particular emphasis on the application of petrography. IntroductionKimberlite was the term coined in the late 19th century to describe the host rock of diamond at the type locality, Kimberley, South Africa (Lewis, 1887, 1888). Innumerable kimberlites are now known worldwide; some of them contain economic quantities of diamond (e.g. South Africa, Botswana and Russia) while many are barren. Jennings (1989) suggests that less than 3% of the known kimberlites can be considered to be commercial. Kimberlite was thought to be the only important primary source of diamond for approximately a century. Until the late 1970s, lamproites were thought to be only academic curiosities. Some workers (e.g. Wade and Prider, 1940), however, did comment on certain similarities between lamproites and kimberlites and, hence, inferred a potential for lamproites to carry diamonds.The term lamproite was introduced by Niggli (1923) for leucite-bearing rocks from southeast Spain and Wyoming which had some unusual geochemical characteristics. Wade and Prider (1940) used the term lamproite (as defined by Troger, 1935) to embrace rock types found in the West Kimberley area of Western Australia. All the lamproites described by Wade and Prider (1940) form distinct topographic features. Subsequently in the late 1970s, additional pipes, which have little or no relief, were discovered in the same area, but only as the result of a major diamond exploration program (Atkinson et al., 1984; Jaques et al., 1984, 1986). Some of these bodies are diamondiferous. In 1979, the Argyle pipe was discovered in the East Kimberley area which, in terms of grade, is the richest known primary diamond deposit in the world with some parts of the body having grades greater than 500 carats/100 tonnes (Madigan, 1983; Boxer et al., 1989). All the initial new discoveries in Western Australia resulted from classic stream sampling for ""kimberlite indicator minerals"" (Atkinson, 1989)."

Jan 1, 1992

By George Rice

Foreword Following the explosion in the Hillcrest mine, which occurred in the evening of Sunday, September 19th, 1926, and in which two men lost their lives, the writer was invited by the Hon. J.E. Brownlee, Premier of Alberta, to conduct an investigation into the causes of the disaster, and to make such recommendations as seemed advisable with a view to minimizing as far as possible the chance of future explosions in this and similar Alberta coal mines. Accordingly, the mine was visited, and extensive investigations were made underground on October 21st, 2.2.nd, and 25th, in company with Mr. John T. Stirling, Chief Inspector of Mines for Alberta, Mr. Moses Johnson, District Inspector for the Crowsnest Pass District, Mr. J as. A. Richards, Inspector of Mines, Edmonton, and also Mr. Thomas Davies, manager, and other officials of the Hillcrest mine. Hearings of the coroner's inquest were also attended on October 20th and 23rd, when testimony regarding the explosion was given by various witnesses. The following paper summarizes my general observations in tracing the place of origin of the explosion, and my efforts to determine the cause of ignition. Certain recommendations arc also made, and the writer invites discussion on these and the other matters dealt with in the paper.

Jan 1, 1928

By R. England

"This paper describes the objectives and design parameters for the operation of a computerized In-The-Hole (I. T.H.) Drill. The principal objective is to add computer control to an Inco 00-60 I. T.H. (CMS-CD-90) drill in order to drill holes with greater accuracy. The computer provides control of the angle of the hole by maintaining the orientation of the drill head, and optimizes the straightness of the hole by maintaining a constant force on the drill bit.The second objective is to provide the greatest degree of operational automation, so the objective outlined above can be accomplished with a minimum of operator intervention.In order to provide full operational automation it was necessary to also provide the capability for the computer to add and remove drill rods. To accomplish this, a rod-handling mechanism consisting of a rod storage rack and rod manipulator arms was used.IntroductionMining machinery that lacks automatic control has been found to show a high degree of variation in work output and performance quality when operated by different personnel. Differences in operator attitude, judgment, and skill are reflected directly by production statistics. The addition of automated control has the potential for considerable improvement in machine life and performance. Even with a more acceptable mine environment and much safer conditions than ever before, situations still exist where it is preferable to remove personnel for reasons of safety as well as productivity. Typical advantages of such situations are automated skip loading and hoisting, and the use of remote control load-haul-dump units exposed to open stopes.Other cases arise where heavy work is required under conditions where lighting is poor, floors are slippery, noise levels are high and dust and oil mist exist in the atmosphere. I.T.H. drilling is carried out under such conditions and is one operation where automation can easily be justified."

Jan 1, 1987

By CIM Environmental, Social Responsibility Society

Within the mining industry, the pathway from exploration, to planning, construction, operation and closure has become more complex over the last few decades. The current financial, environmental and social influences present the mining industry with unprecedented challenges and opportunities. In addition, international environmental and social reporting standards and codes are becoming increasingly robust. The reporting requirements provide an added impetus for issuers to effectively manage environmental and social impacts and risks. Reporting requirements also provide the opportunity to be transparent. The intended audience for these Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Guidelines for Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimation includes practitioners, industry participants at all levels of skill and experience, corporate management and board members, government agencies, academic institutions and interested parties. For practitioners, this document provides underlying key principles of environmental, social and governance practices. The ESG Guidelines provide guidance for those using environmental, social, governmental and governance information when preparing and implementing mineral exploration programs and contributing to the preparation of mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates for mineral properties that are either at the study stage (i.e., scoping / preliminary economic assessment, pre-feasibility, or feasibility studies) or in operation. The guidelines can also be used to help mineral resource and mining companies apply good practice to manage their environmental and social risks and opportunities. Companies can identify and retain appropriate professionals to prepare environmental and social materials to support company studies. The guidelines are also a resource for companies developing effective environmental and social management strategies at any project stage. This document is not intended to be prescriptive and is not intended to provide exhaustive guidance on what to consider in terms of environmental, social, legal and governmental modifying factors in the preparation of MRMR estimates. Rather, it is intended as general guidance to assist companies and practitioners in considering and applying these modifying factors for MRMR estimates. This document is also not intended to guide environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA); however, the measures needed to manage impacts help inform the constraints and costs for defining mineral resources and mineral reserves and inform the costs and schedules of mineral project studies. All documentation of MRMR estimates made by an issuer and intended to be, or reasonably likely to be, made available to the public in a jurisdiction of Canada must comply with the requirements of National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101), as amended from time to time (Canadian Securities Administrators, 2016a and 2016b). Disclosure is not addressed in these ESG Guidelines. Determination of what to include in disclosures is defined in the applicable Securities’ legal frameworks. Appendix A presents a summary table showing the linkage of the principles and topics in these ESG Guidelines to the potential effects on project costs, schedules, government permits and approvals, social licence to operate and financing.

Sep 8, 2023