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By F. Hass, N. W. Lord

This paper gives the results of experiments conducted in the metallurgical laboratory of the Ohio State University with the objects of determining: First, the calorific powers of a number of coals in general use in Ohio; and second, how far ordinary analytical methods could be used as a basis for computing these values. Incidentally a test of the performance of the calorimeter was involved. The chemical work has been carried on in the department for some time, so that the whole investigation has extended over three or four years. The Mahler calorimeter was purchased from L. Golaz in Paris, and is practically identical with the one described and figured by Mahler in his monograph "Contribution a l'Etude des Combustibles," from the Bulletin de la Société d' Encouragement pour l'lndustrie Nationale. A figure and description is also given by William Kent in The Mineral Industry for 1892, page 97. There were furnished with the instrument three thermometers covering a range of from 7°.5 C. to 31° C. Thermometer "A" (17°.5 to 31°) was carefully calibrated by reading the ends of a thread of mercury in sixteen positions covering the whole scale, supplementing this by readings of longer threads and deducing the errors of scale by the method published by Prof. Holman in the Technology Quarterly of September, 1887. The maximum error of a single reading was found to be 0°.0042 C. Thermometer "B" (13° to 25°) was compared directly with " A " over the scale common to both, and a variation was found of 0°.0145 C. for 7°.5 (or 0°.002 for l°) of the scale. Thermometer " C" ('7°.5 to 19°.0) was omitted from the cornparison, as it was rarely used, being only required where measurements were made at low temperatures. From the

Jan 1, 1898

By Steven T. Mitchell

INTRODUCTION Mill production from the Homestake Mine in 1979 amounted to 1.29 Mt (1.43 million st) of ore containing 5.9 g/t of gold (0.172 oz per st) compared with 1978 production of 1.44 Mt (1.59 million st) containing 6.2 g/t of gold (0.180 oz per st). The average cost per ounce of gold produced in 1979 rose to approximately $250 contrasted with $176 in 1978. This increase in unit cost is the result of inflation, a diminishing ore grade, and productivity losses related to a shortage of experienced miners as well as compliance with federal regulatory requirements. Together, these factors prompted the investigation of several large-scale, highly mechanized underground mining methods. This analysis indicated Vertical Crater Retreat mining to be one of the safest underground methods known today, yet competitive with all other forms of stoping in terms of cost and productivity. Therefore, the feasibility of applying the VCR stoping method at the Homestake Mine was explored. Vertical Crater Retreat stoping is a recent innovation in large- scale underground mining based on C. W. Livingston's crater blasting theories. Figure 1 illustrates the method which consists of drilling 165.1-mm-diameter (6.5-in.) holes from a topsill down-dip to an under- cut on the level below. The bottom of each hole is then loaded from above with a predetermined charge weight and horizontal slices up to 4.27 m (14 ft) in thickness are blasted into the undercut. Broken ore is extracted from drawpoints located on or below the undercut level.

Jan 1, 1983

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR JOHN R. SUMAN HOUSTON, TEXAS PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS DONALD B. GILLIES CLEVELAND, OHIO H.- G. MOULTON NEW YORK, N.Y. TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL -EILERS SEA CLIFF, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS W. B. HENRY HOUSTON, TEXAS HENRY KRUMB NEW YORK, N. Y. ERIE V. DAVELER , NEW YORK N Y W. M PEIRCE PALMERTON, PA. PAUL D. MERICA NEW YORK, N. Y. LEROY SALSICH DULUTH, MINN.

Jan 1, 1941

By G. Bassi

RECENTLY Wallbaum¹ found that copper wires with different degrees of deformation up to 98.7 pct area reduction recrystallize giving a [112] texture, while deformation over 98.7 pct gives either a [l00] texture at low temperatures or a [1ll] texture at high temperatures. Furthermore it was found that the recrystallization temperature as a function of deformation up to 98.7 pct decreases as expected, but increases over that deformation. Wallbaum concluded that the different textures have different recrystallization temperatures. The [112] texture has the lowest and [Ill] the highest. At the same time Bassi² found that for high deformation (over 99 pct area reduction) and for an annealing temperature of 400°C, the [l00] texture first forms and with prolonged annealing time the [12] texture appears through grain growth. This secondary texture does not appear if the wire is annealed at 1000°C before the deformation. From these two papers it might be concluded that the [I12] texture can appear either as a primary or as a secondary texture after annealing. The texture formed in a special case depends on the previous history of the wire. Probably the texture of the wire prior to the last deformation is important. To investigate this, wires were produced by adequate deformation and annealing to give a [l00], a [112], and a [lll] texture. The wires then were given a series of different deformations and were annealed at various temperatures, after which the textures were studied. Experimental Work The copper used was electrolytic tough-pitch (Cu 99.90 pct and 0, 0.04 pct). Three wires with the different initial textures were made in the following way: The [l00] and [112] by drawing a 16 mm rod to 1 mm and annealing it 16 hr at 200°C and 2 hr

Jan 1, 1953

By William M. Shepard

The Tintic mining districts of central Utah com- prise one of the major silver-lead producing areas in the United States. Ore valued at nearly $450 million has been produced from these districts since the initial discoveries, in 1869, of veins cutting the Silver City monzonite stock. Subsequent production from the famous manto-type "ore runs", which characterize the Main Tintic district, was followed during the past 40 years by discovery of the blind orebodies of the East Tintic district, including the famous Tintic Standard mine and the most recent discovery, the Burgin mine, currently being brought to full production by Kennecott Copper. The occurrence of blind orebodies of exceptional size and grade in both the Main and East Tintic districts has made this area a field laboratory of major importance for the study of geochemical dispersion halos and alteration features associated with known ore, and has led to the discovery of additional concealed orebodies. The larger share of the basic data-gathering and interpretation has been done by members of the U.S. Geological Survey who have been studying the Tintic mining areas since before the turn of the century. These studies have been supplemented and expanded by the geological staffs of the local operating mining companies, by exploration geologists and by students.

Jan 4, 1966

By William J. Coulter

WITHIN the past thirty years the United States has been involved in two tragic, vicious, and costly world wars. To make the world safe for democracy was the reason given for our participation, but the confusion and misunderstanding that prevails all over the world today suggests that war is not the proper approach to the attainment of that utopia. These conflicts were conceived and prosecuted by nations far advanced in civilization and culture. Their best manhood was sacrificed, a staggering tax burden was saddled on their peoples, huge financial losses were incurred, destruction of property was appalling, and cultural and peaceful scientific advancement received a setback that may require centuries to retrieve. Therefore, some basis is established for the conclusion that progress in the past fifty years has been most outstanding in the development of instruments used for death and destruction, and that progress in this direction between the two World Wars would indicate that the next war will go far toward total destruction of world civilization.

Jan 1, 1946

THE first session of the production engineering group on Wednesday, morning, with J. B. Umpleby as chairman, recorded the principal developments since the Fort Worth meeting. Added to this was a lively discussion of pressure maintenance. Recent advances in the air-gas lift have resulted from the need of applying the method to smaller wells at lower costs. In many places intermittent flow has given excellent results, and numerous mechanical de-vices for its automatic control have been, developed. Papers by C. V. Millikan on the Mid-Continent field and by A. H. Bell on California, fields formed the basis for discussion. The maintenance of initial sand pressures was ably discussed for two Texas fields by t. V. Foran in a paper that not only outlined the technic of operation and the results obtained but also contained noteworthy cost data in terms of increased ultimate production. Mr. Foran recommends the use of air in the first stages of pressure maintenance as a means of determining sand conditions and directions of flow, later turning to gas, if available, because of its greater solubility on oil. A round table discussion on petroleum engineering educational problems, with H. G. George as chairman, brought out much interesting discussion that is difficult to summarize. The other Wednesday morning session was a refinery engineering symposium with T. G. Del-bridge as chairman and the economical application of heat for the general topic. A paper on the modern pipe -still, by H. S. Bell, and another by C. W. Stratford on the modernization of the cylindrical still elicited a lively discussion.

Jan 3, 1928

By J. Van Steveninck, A. C. Pols, R. Feenstra

In the course of time, an increasing number of investigations on jet cutting all kinds of material, such as rock,1,2,3 metal,4,5 and wood6 have been reported to serve various applications. A number of papers have been published on these subject, 7,8,9 some of which refer to jets purposely containing abrasives, termed 'jetted particle drilling'.7 Since such abrasives complicate fluid handling considerably and do not appear to be absolutely necessary for making holes, only conventional drilling fluids have been considered. A large part of our investigation has been performed with the aid of three laboratory-type drilling machines, which permit tests on both micro-bits (1 ½ in. ) and full-scale bits (6 ½ -9 5/8 in. ) . In view of the application of jets in deep holes, care has been taken to simulate hydrostatic pressures as they exist in the field on the hole bottom. These have been found to have a major effect on the bit-penetration rate for various drilling fluids.

Jan 6, 1974

By Pierre R. Hines

Diphenyl guanidine is used as an accelerator in vulcanizing rubber. Other rubber accelerators are also flotation collectors, e.g., dithiocarbamate, thiazole, and the xanthates. Urea and its derivatives are good flotation collectors,1 and guanidine is the nitrogen analog of urea. These two characteristics suggested testing diphenyl guanidine as a flotation collector. Diphenyl guanidine has been tried in flotation work previously, but references give no details.2-4

Jan 2, 1959

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR R. C. ALLEN . CLEVELAND, OHIO PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS H. A. BUEHLER ROLLA, Mo. JOHN M. LOVEJOY NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENT, TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL EILERS NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS HENRY KRUMB NEW YORK, N. Y. PAUL D. MERICA NEW YORK, N. Y. H. G. MOULTON NEW YORK, N. Y. HARVEY S. MUDD Los ANGELES, CALIF. WILFRED SYKES CHICAGO, ILL..

Jan 1, 1937

By H. T. Mulryan

For the producer of industrial rocks and minerals, marketing is often the only means of survival. His material must be sold. There is little of the impersonal force of the market regulating supply and demand. No commodity exchanges facilitate his efforts to dispose of the material he produces, and the success or failure of his business depends primarily on prompt and correct response to market needs and requirements. This response is particularly vital where materials of low unit value must be shipped to distant consumers owing to a relative rarity of suitable deposits. The advantage of positive response to change can best be illustrated by hypothetical cases showing how problems can be turned into opportunity through marketing ingenuity. Three such cases dealing with materials of unit values in the range of $5 to $100 per ton are outlined below.

Jan 7, 1969

By John R. Freeman

This paper relates entirely to the casting of brass under fluid pressure in steel dies. Die castings of metals and alloys of low melting point have been available for many years but the development of brass die castings has been relatively recent, occurring within the past five years. The successful developnlent of brass die castings has resulted from the availability of alloy steels that would give satisfactory life as dies and the development of suitablc die-casting machines. The melting point of copper is 1084" C. (1983" F.) and of a high brass about 900" C. (1652" F.), as compared to 327.5" C. (621.5" F.) for lead, 419.4' C. (786.7" F.) for zinc and 658.7" C. (1217.7" F.) for aluminum, temperatures that are indicative of the casting temperatures required for the various types of alloys, of which the melting points are somewhat lower than those of the pure metals. Type of Die-casting Machine In the well-known plunger and gooseneck types of die-casting machines used for casting the alloys of relatively lower melting point, much of the working mechanism is immersed in the molten alloy. For alloys having the relatively high melting point of brass, this obviously is impossible. Machines with a separate melting chamber are essential. Two rather distinct types are in extensive use at the present time, the Pack and Polak machines, the former designed by Charles Pack and developed at the American Brass Co., the latter developed by Joseph Polak, of Prague, Czeclioslovakia. The principles of operation of these machines have been described in articles by Pack1,2,3 and by Sieg.4

Jan 1, 1935

By John R. Freeman

This paper relates entirely to the casting of brass under fluid pressure in steel dies. Die castings of metals and alloys of low melting point have been available for many years but the development of brass die castings has been relatively recent, occurring within the past five years. The successful developnlent of brass die castings has resulted from the availability of alloy steels that would give satisfactory life as dies and the development of suitablc die-casting machines. The melting point of copper is 1084" C. (1983" F.) and of a high brass about 900" C. (1652" F.), as compared to 327.5" C. (621.5" F.) for lead, 419.4' C. (786.7" F.) for zinc and 658.7" C. (1217.7" F.) for aluminum, temperatures that are indicative of the casting temperatures required for the various types of alloys, of which the melting points are somewhat lower than those of the pure metals. Type of Die-casting Machine In the well-known plunger and gooseneck types of die-casting machines used for casting the alloys of relatively lower melting point, much of the working mechanism is immersed in the molten alloy. For alloys having the relatively high melting point of brass, this obviously is impossible. Machines with a separate melting chamber are essential. Two rather distinct types are in extensive use at the present time, the Pack and Polak machines, the former designed by Charles Pack and developed at the American Brass Co., the latter developed by Joseph Polak, of Prague, Czeclioslovakia. The principles of operation of these machines have been described in articles by Pack1,2,3 and by Sieg.4

Jan 1, 1935

By John R. Freeman

THIS paper relates entirely to the casting of brass under fluid pressure in steel dies Die castings of metals and alloys of low melting point have been available for many years but the development of brass die castings has been relatively recent, occurring within the past five years The successful development of brass die castings has resulted from the availability of alloy steels that would give satisfactory life as dies and the development of suitable die-casting machines The melting point of copper is 1084° C (1983° F ) and of a high brass about 900° C (1652° F ), as compared to 327 5° C (6215 °F) for lead, 419 4° C (786 7° F) for zinc and 658 7° C (1217 7° F) for aluminum, temperatures that ale indicative of the casting temperatures required for the various types of alloys, of which the melting points are somewhat lower than those of the pure metals TYPE OF DIE-CASTING MACHINE In the well-known plunger and gooseneck types of die-casting machines used for casting the alloys of relatively lower melting point, much of the working mechanism is immersed in the molten alloy For alloys having the relatively high melting point of brass, this obviously is impossible Machines with a separate melting chamber are essential Two rather distinct types are in extensive use at the present time, the Pack and Polak machines, the former designed by Charles Pack and developed at the American Brass Co , the latter developed by Zoseph Polak, of Prague, Czechoslovakia The principles of operation of these machines have been described in articles by Pack1,2,3 and by Sieg 4

Jan 1, 1935

By George Burgess

THE Pyrometer Committee was. formed Sept. 20, 1918, at the suggestion of Dr. H. M. Howe, Chairman of the Engineering Division of the Research Council, for the purpose of developing a pyrometric method suitable for open-hearth steel practice so that the effects of temperature in the various stages of the processes of steel making might be correlated quantitatively with the other factors influencing the production of sound .steel. As finally constituted the Committee consists of Dr. George K. Burgess, Chief Division of Metallurgy, Bureau of Standards, Chairman. Dr. Paul D. Foote, Chief of Pyrometry Section, Bureau of Standards, Secretary. Dr. H. M. Howe, Chairman Engineering Division, National Research Council, ex officio. Prof. G. H. Clevenger, Chairman Metallurgical Section, National Research Council, ex officio. Mr. F. E. Bash, Leeds & Northrup Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. R. P. Brown, The Brown Instrument Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Prof. G. H. Brown, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. Mr. R. C. Drinker, metallurgical engineer, Boston, Mass., Dr. W. E. Forsythe, Nela Research Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. J. T. Hall, Taylor-Wharton Iron & Steel Co., High Bridge, N. J. Mr. J. S. McDowell, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mr. Malcolm McNaughton, Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J. Mr. A.' H. Miller, Midvale Steel Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. F. E. Walduck (since deceased), The Norton Co., Worcester, Mass.

Jan 9, 1919

By E. A. Devuyst, M. A. Mosoiu, V. A. Ettel

Nickelic hydroxide is an important metallurgical reagent used for precipitating cobalt from nickel sulfate solutions. Existing methods of preparation of nickelic hydroxide involve electrolytic oxidation of Ni(OH)2 or the use of strong oxidizing agents such as chlorine, ozone and persulfate. Although the oxidizing properties of the SO2 + O2 system have been known for some time, e.g., detection of SO2 and oxidation on iron in acidic solution, the application of this system for the preparation of nickelic hydroxide as a process was not considered in the past. The present paper describes a new method for chemical preparation of nickelic hydroxide which has been developed in INCO laboratories. The technique consists of reacting nickelous hydroxide suspensions with a slurry of calcium sulfite in the presence of air or oxygen. The main advantage of the process is the cost of reagents and an absence of soluble by-products (e.g., C1-). The chemistry of this process is unusual since the redox potential obtained during the reaction exceeds that of the oxygen electrode. Therefore, the effect of CaS03 is not just a catalytic acceleration of the reaction NI(OH)~ + 02. The so3= must be involved in the stoichiometry of the overall reaction producing in the initla1 phase some strongly oxidizing intermediate species.

Jan 1, 1981

By S. R. Zimmerley, John Gross

The method of measurement of surface on quartz particles was given in a previous paper.' With such a method the relation of surface produced in crushing quartz can be compared to the work in crushing without recourse to sieve sizing or microscopic measurement. In crushing, the work input must be known with a fair degree of accuracy. With crushers, rolls, ball mills, and similar apparatus the measurement of the work in crushing is subject to possible errors, due to friction in the transmission as well as in the machine itself. Moreover, relatively large quantities of material must be crushed to get an average figure. In the selection of a method of crushing, simplicity in design and operation was desired and this was most readily obtained by the use of a free-falling body. A description of the apparatus embodying this principle is given herewith. The Crushing Device The apparatus used is shown in Fig. 1 and in cross-section in Fig. 2. The material to be crushed is placed in the crushing chamber C in the steel mortar M. The mortar is 3 in. dia. by 3 in. high. Two mortars are used, one having a crushing chamber 1 in. dia. by 36 in. deep, with a capacity of 4 g. of quartz, the other having a crushing chamber 1 1/2-in. dia. by % in. deep, with a capacity of 12 g. of quartz. The position of the mortar is adjusted by means of three centering screws A. The steel plunger P, which fits neatly into the chamber, is placed on top of the material to be crushed. Plungers of different lengths were tried and as they were found to give practically identical results the length adopted was equal to the depth of -the chamber. The mortar rests on a solid steel base B but is separated therefrom

Jan 1, 1930

By Shiou-Chuan Sun

THE effects of oxidation on the flotation behavior of sulphide minerals have been extensively studied 1-3 but no similar study has been made of coals. Coals of bituminous and lower rank undergo atmospheric oxidation during mining and storage, and their degree of oxidizing increases with temperature, 4,5 and time of exposure." The problem of recovering fine oxidized coal from culm piles, rivers, and streams by froth flotation has become increasingly important to the coal industry as well as to those concerned with air and stream pollution. This paper describes the flotation behavior of oxidized and unoxidized coals and carbons in the presence of oily collectors and presents the reagents found effective in the flotation of oxidized coals and carbons. Except where otherwise stated, flotation tests were performed in a 50-g Denver flotation cell. Solid feed for each test was 30 g, and the pulp dilution was kept at 8.5. The —65 mesh coal sample was wetted by agitation with water in the flotation cell for 6 min, then conditioned with a predetermined amount of collector for 2 min, and finally floated with pine oil as frother for 3 min. The oxidation of coals and carbons was performed in a vertical, electrically heated glass tube, shown in Fig. 1. One hundred grams of —65 mesh coal were fed into the glass tube and heated to 10° to 20 °C below the predetermined temperature of oxidation. Compressed air was admitted to the tube at a rate of 0.05 cu ft per min and the temperature was controlled by a variable voltage regulator. The oxi-

Jan 1, 1955

By Robert L. Slobod

In much of the work reported in the literature on long cores. true connate water value, probably have not been obtained because of insufficient flow of 011 to attain equilibrium. A -.satisfactory method for establishing connate water in long cores has been developed in which oil flow is maintained until no additiona1 water is displaced. INTRODUCTION Long cores have been used by sev-erals investigators in an effort to evaluate the efficiency of oil recovery for various producing schemes. The effects of many variables such as rate of displacement. pressure drop, volume of displacing medium, gas-oil ratio, inter-facial tension, and others have been investigated, and the merits of gas drive have been compared with water drive. In the older experiments no connate water was used. but in the more recent stndies the philosophy of the experiment calls for a core containing oil and connate water (irreducible water) as the starting point of the experiment. The method generally used to establish this condition in long cores involves dynamic' displacement wherein one or more phases are forced through the core. flow being maintained at a constant rate or at a constant pressure until a steady state is reached wherein there is no change of saturation with time. It is one purpose of this paper to point out that in much of the work reported in the literature true connate water values probably have not been obtained. The reason for this failure is pointed out. and a method for obtaining more reliable connate water values on long cores is presented. It is impossible at this time to completely evaluate the effect on the conclusions in the earlier papers resulting from the failure to obtain true connate water in the long cores, but some data are presented which indicate that serious errors may he present in many cases. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS Cores cut front outcrop sandstones (Strawn. Torpedo, and Elgin sandstones) with permeabilities of the order of 300 md were used. The major experiments were made with a core 18-in. long and 2-in. in diameter. Cores of the same diameter but only 12-in. long were used in a few tests? and in some work a core I-in. in diameter and 11-in. long was used. These materials were all somewhat bentonitic. 'To reduce the effect of such constituents, one of the cores (Torpedo No. 10) on which the most work was performed was acid extracted at the start of the experiment. Brine containing 50,000 ppm chloride and naphtha (Stoddard's Solvent) were used as the water and oil phases, respectively. The core was mounted in a rubber sleeve which forms the inner lining of a brass cylinder. In this arrangement2 the rubber sleeve is forced against the core by applying pressure to water in the annular space between the rubber sleeve and the brass cylinder wall. The core is therefore sealed in rubber so that all fluids introduced at the input end of the core flow through the core. With this equipment the core may be easily removed for inspection and analysis. Also, other cores may be introduced for study with no extra time for preparation such as is required when plastic mounting is used. When pressure or conductivity measurements are desired at intermediate points along tile length of the core, the brass cylinder comprising the outer jacket of the core holder is cut into section, of the desired length. Each section is then made up as an individual unit with its own rubber sleeve (see Fig. 1). The individual units are then butted up against a ring of plastic or other insulating material which carries an electrical contact for resistivity measurements and an opening which can be used for the measurements of fluid pressures. The individual units are forced tightly against the plastic ring separators and held in place with several tie rods. Inlet and outlet end butts of the same diameter as the core and several inches in length are provided to control the introduction and withdrawal of fluids and to complete the arrangement for sealing the core within the rubber sleeve. Fluid flow is maintained either by applying pressure to the liquid confined in a reservoir or by the use of a gear pump. The latter is preferable where continuous flow at a moderate rate over a long time interval is desired since a small volume of liquid can be readily recirculated using filters to prevent plugging of the core. EXPERIMENTAL The oven-dried core is weighed and is then completely saturated with brine

Jan 1, 1950

By WOOLSEY MCA JOHNSON

INDEPENDENTLY of the recognized chemical reactions involved in the production of metallic zinc, the process is affected by physical conditions in efficiency, and by commercial as well as technical economy. To offer some observations concerning these conditions is the purpose of the present paper. Among the important elements of this problem is the physical nature of the particles constituting the mass of zinc oxide to be reduced. This may be the result, either of the manner of the original deposition of the mineral, or of the treatment to which it has been subjected in the roasting-furnace. The physical character of the reducing-agent is another important factor, since the carbon of some coals is much more active in reduction than that of others. The degree of fineness, whether of ore or coal, or both, likewise plays a significant part. These factors, together with the physical admixture of foreign substances with the ore, may give rise also to chemical "side-reactions," sometimes hindering or retarding, and sometimes accelerating, the reduction. Finally, thermal conditions, including the relative conductivity of the materials, deserve to be taken into account. In firing a furnace with retorts charged with a mixture of roasted ore and coal, the first reaction is naturally the boiling-off of the contained water ; the next is the distillation of the light hydrocarbons from the coal; the next is the reduction of the iron oxide to protoxide and sub-oxide successively, and then to metallic sponge; and the final reaction is the reduction of the zinc oxide in the ore by the carbon to metallic zinc. This reaction commences at 1,022° to 1,060° C., according to the physical nature and condition of the coal and ore. Since the retort and the charge are far from being good con-

Sep 1, 1907