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By Stirling Huntley

With the threatened falling off in production of the lighter oil pools of the Tampico embayment in Mexico, a general search of that country for oil-producing regions has resulted in renewed activity in the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, one of the first districts exploited in Mexico. Since the drilling of the first well in the San Cristobal section by the Pearson interests in 1902, drilling has been continuous, except during 1917-1921, when practically all development was stopped by the revolutionary activity. Early in 1921, a drilling campaign was inaugurated for the purpose of testing out the known salt-dome poolfi on the flanks of the salt masses, rather than on their tops where previous tests had been located. On Dec. 7, 1921, the Aguila Co., with which are consolidated the Pearson interests and which has been the only company active in developing this region, unexpectedly drilled into a sand horizon at 3015 ft. with its Conception well No. 18. The hole was unable to handle the production, as a 1400-ft. string of 121/2-in. casing was hanging in the hole, a salt-water horizon drilled through at about 800 ft., was not cemented off, and 3000 ft. of 4-in. drill stem with rotary bit was in the hole. This well's potential capacity was never determined, but it made 7000 bbl. of 25" Bé. oil through the bit and Pin. drill stem, in one of its sporadic flows before sanding up, and thus proved itself capable of the largest potential production of any well on the Isthmus. The well showed salt water before caving and sanding up with the drill stem still in the hole, and will probably never be used for production. Wells Nos. 22 and 23, drilled nearby, have proved disappointments after making good showings of oil. In the spring of 1922, Ixhuatlan wells Nos. 28 and 29, deep tests supposedly on the flank of the known salt cores in that field, went into solid salt; No. 28 at 2250 ft. and No. 29 at 2400 ft. No. 28 was continued in the salt for 1000 ft. before operations were stopped. Later comple-

Jan 1, 1923

By Stirling Huntley

With the threatened falling off in production of the lighter oil pools of the Tampico embayment in Mexico, a general search of that country for oil-producing regions has resulted in renewed activity in the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, one of the first districts exploited in Mexico. Since the drilling of the first well in the San Cristobal section by the Pearson interests in 1902, drilling has been continuous, except during 1917-1921, when practically all development was stopped by the revolutionary activity. Early in 1921, a drilling campaign was inaugurated for the purpose of testing out the known salt-dome poolfi on the flanks of the salt masses, rather than on their tops where previous tests had been located. On Dec. 7, 1921, the Aguila Co., with which are consolidated the Pearson interests and which has been the only company active in developing this region, unexpectedly drilled into a sand horizon at 3015 ft. with its Conception well No. 18. The hole was unable to handle the production, as a 1400-ft. string of 121/2-in. casing was hanging in the hole, a salt-water horizon drilled through at about 800 ft., was not cemented off, and 3000 ft. of 4-in. drill stem with rotary bit was in the hole. This well's potential capacity was never determined, but it made 7000 bbl. of 25" Bé. oil through the bit and Pin. drill stem, in one of its sporadic flows before sanding up, and thus proved itself capable of the largest potential production of any well on the Isthmus. The well showed salt water before caving and sanding up with the drill stem still in the hole, and will probably never be used for production. Wells Nos. 22 and 23, drilled nearby, have proved disappointments after making good showings of oil. In the spring of 1922, Ixhuatlan wells Nos. 28 and 29, deep tests supposedly on the flank of the known salt cores in that field, went into solid salt; No. 28 at 2250 ft. and No. 29 at 2400 ft. No. 28 was continued in the salt for 1000 ft. before operations were stopped. Later comple-

Jan 1, 1923

By H. W. Reid

One of the outstanding features of the year was a further marked decline in the footage drilled. This is estimated at 169,000 ft., as against 218,000 ft. for the previous year, and 372,500 ft. in 1930. Owing to repair work and improved production methods, there was an increase of about 4.25 per cent in the amount of oil won, the production being estimated at 10,160,000 bbl., or an increase of 400,000 bbl. over 1931 and nearly 750,000 bbl. more than in 1930. (See Table 1.) At the end of November there were 28 rigs in operation. During the first 11 months of the year 54 new wells were started; the average depth of those completed was 2476 feet. Owing to the continued restriction of drilling programs there has been little of outstanding interest in the way of new plant or technique. The use of the acid bottle, for testing the verticality of wells while drilling, has increased considerably, and this is now in use in practically every well except the very shallowest. During the last six months of the year fairly extensive use has been made of electrical coring. The number of wells started in the Colony up to the end of November, 1932, was 1894. The average number of producing wells during the year was 789, or 41.7 per cent of the total. Of these, 214 were flowing wells, 473 pumping, 80 bailing or swabbing, and 22 were produced by air or gas-lift. Although the last category represents less than 3 per cent of the total, there has been a marked increase in the use of air or gas-lift as compared with 1931. During the year there were 16 companies engaged in producing oil, as compared with 14 in the two previous years. In addition to one small refinery which started to operate at the beginning of the year, the five existing refineries worked continuously. At the latter very little has taken place in the way of extensions, except at one in the Parry Lands—Pitch Lake—Point Fortin area, where extensive alterations and additions are in progress, including the building of a deep-water pipe-line pier. When this is completed there will be five loading terminals, all situated in the sheltered Gulf of Paria, or west, coast, capable of accommodating ocean-going tank steamers. There

Jan 1, 1933

By H. G. Botset

A KNOWLEDGE of the water content of producing sands is becoming of increasing importance to the petroleum industry. It is now a generally accepted fact that practically all oil sands contain some free water. Recent experiments1 have shown that an appreciable fraction of the pore space of a sand may be filled with water while oil production from this sand is water-free. Crowther and Haines,2 in experiments on electro-endosmosis in soils, reported that there was no endosmotic flow of water when the moisture content of the soil was 14 per cent or less, indicating that the moisture content of the soil below 14 per cent was held by dif-ferent forces than the water content above this value. This result is confirmed qualitatively by Dunlap,1 who found that "as the volume of water in the voids exceeds approximately 15 per cent of the pore volume, the permeability of the core to kerosene is markedly reduced." The author3 has also found in other experiments that the gas flow through a water-saturated sand reaches essentially 100 per cent when the pores of the sand still contain from 10 to 15 per cent water. The velocities of the flowing fluid in the experiments cited were comparatively high, so that in practice one may expect, at lower fluid velocities, an even higher moisture content of the sands with water-free oil or gas production. Thus a knowledge of the water content of oil-field sands becomes of con-siderable importance in estimating petroleum and gas reserves, and effi-ciency of fluid recoveries from depleted reservoirs. Rapid and reasonably accurate methods of measuring the water content of sand cores have not been described so far in any literature that has come to our attention.4 The method described below is devel-oped from methods that have been used for some time to measure the water content of alcohols.5,6,7 It is an application of the fact that in the presence of certain organic liquids such as kerosene, carbon tetrachloride, xylol, etc., water and alcohol are only partly miscible. This relation-ship has been used for some time in the study of gasoline-alcohol mixtures where the presence of small quantities of water affect the solubility of

Jan 1, 1938

By Carroll F. Hardy

The day by day loss of industrial plants to gas and oil is chiefly by default. The coal industry is not selling its superior economy, safety, and other advantages to its customers. THE position of the coal industry has been affected by a wide variety of developments in the production and use of energy. The tempo of development and change has been increasing and the end is not in sight. Legislation is currently being proposed for commercial use of atomic power, and the employment of atomic energy in significant quantity will probably occur about the same time as the decline in production of petroleum and natural gas. But these developments are in the future and have little immediate effect on utilization and marketing of coal. While no one should try to suppress or retard the development of a new and economical source of energy, both the coal and private utility industry should be allowed to question how the nuclear power is to be used, who is to use it, and who is going to pay for it. The taxpayers have a monopoly on fissionable material and the knowledge to employ it. Any commercial use must stem from this source. It is not hard to visualize either taxpayer-subsidized private utility atomic power plants on one hand and super TVA's on the other. In view of the gains of gas and oil in the home heating field, it is interesting to compare the 1940 and 1950 census reports on the kind of fuel used for heating in occupied dwelling units. Table I shows that whereas coal provided 77 pct of the fuel for central heating (furnaces and boilers) in 1940, it was down to 45.4 pct in 1950. However, only about 1 1½ million units were lost in this 10-year period. In the non-central heating category, which principally includes stoves, the percentage declined from 39.2 to 25.6, but the units declined about 2½ million in number. The big increase was in heating units designed to burn gas and oil. Use of wood for central heating declined about one-third. Data on amount of fuels used for residential heating are not available, but information is on hand for residential and comnlercial space heating, see Table 11. Commercial space heating includes office buildings, churches, schools. and similar structures. The annual use of bituminous coal in these two categories declined about 1 million tons in the 10-year period. Other forms of solid fuel showed greater losses, except wood, which remained the same. Domestic stokers reached their high point in 1948 with about 1,200,000 in use. At the end of 1951 there were approximately 1,116,790 stokers in use. Conversions to gas and oil have been from hand-fired heating plants in the ratio of about 7 to 1 compared to stokers. In other words, for every one stoker which has been converted to gas or oil, seven hand-fired units have been converted to gas or oil. A bare recital of these data would indicate that the coal industry is holding its own reasonably well. However, 93.4 pct of the new homes built in 1951 were heated by gas or oil. Oil-burning equipment was installed in 37.8 pct and gas equipment in 55.6 pct of the new homes. This indicates that the public prefers gas when it is available, and that oil is second choice, with all forms of solid fuel apparently used when it is unavoidable. It must be pointed out, however, that during the period of rapid expansion of gas pipelines gas has been sold for house heating at prices that are in some cases actually lower than coal prices, or very nearly on a par. Gas has been sold at wells at far below the comparable price for oil produced from the same wells, and far below its actual worth. This situation is being remedied at the present time by increases in gas prices at the wells. For example, the wellhead price of gas in Texas averaged 7.494 per Mcf in 1952. In 1949 it was 4.59c per Mcf. This increase in price is being reflected in pipeline gas prices, and in most of the markets served by the pipelines the tendency is to get it out of the bargain basement type of sales. The American Gas Association estimates that at the end of 1952 there were in the United States about 11 million customers for gas house-heating, and the Association expects additional gains each year until around 18 million homes will be heated by gas in 1975. By 1975 there should be 60 million dwelling units to be heated in the United States, if dwelling units increase at the same rate as the population. If the gas industry heats 18 million dwelling units by that time, this still leaves 42 million units to be heated by some other fuel. If oil is used to heat 18 million dwelling units in that same year, 24 million would of necessity be heated by coal, coke, wood, electricity, or another fuel. The total number of dwelling units using coal listed in the 1950 Census was 18,776,000, so it would appear that coal has a chance at least to stand still in the tonnage sold for domestic use. In the first quarter of 1953, 2044 domestic stokers

Jan 1, 1955

By Wm. E. Milligan

DESPITE the zero weather of Monday, the morning meeting on nonferrous ore-reduction metallurgy got under way promptly under the efficient control of Arthur A. Center. The first and third portions of the paper on the Tri-State region were presented by B. M. O'Harra, with R. H. Lowe substituting for co-author Illidge on the second part. Attention was drawn to the compact design attainable when "Sink and Float" was employed as a means of primary concentration. The teaching profession should welcome this concise correlation of data from such a renowned center of lead and zinc production. H. R. Hanley and C. R. Hay¬ward were much interested in the mechanics of charging, manufacture, and life of the retorts.

Jan 1, 1943

By A. M. McQueen

Activity in the oil industry in Peru was somewhat above normal in 1928. Probably the most significant feature was the interest displayed in the oriental region in the northeast part of the country (Fig. 1). This region, though little known, has long been considered potentially rich in oil! gold, coal and other minerals, lacking only transportation to make it the country's most valuable source of income. The Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, through its recently formed subsidiary the Standard Oil Co. of Peru, has acquired various tracts along the Maranon and Ucayali rivers in the neighborhood of the Brazilian border. Standard Oil Co. interests have had geological and surveying parties in this part of Peru since 1921, and as a result of the work done, we understand they have under lease at the present time some 2,500,000 acres of prospective oil lands. Development in the coastal region continued along normal lines during the past year. Production figures for both the International Petroleum Co. and Lobitos Oilfields show a small increase over the last few years. Total production figures since 1924 for the International Petroleum, Lobitos Oilfields and Zorritos companies, only in a minor degree estimated, are as follows: 1924, 7,924,700 bbl.; 1925, 9,138,042 bbl.; 1926, 10,750,676 bbl.; 1927, 10,110,696 bbl., and 1928, 11,969,677 barrels. International Petroleum Co., Ltd. Operations on the La Brea-Parinas Estate during 1928 continued with satisfactory results; nearly all branches showing improvement over the previous year. The average daily production for 1928 was 25,966 bbl., compared with 21,282 bbl. for 1927, an increase of 22 per cent. During the last two or three years, production methods on the company's property have been improved in line with the advance in scientific technique throughout the oil fields of the United States. Extensive investments were made in compressor equipment for handling surplus gas with the result that the gas-lift and repressuring operations are in no small way responsible for the increase in the 1928 production. In addition, the company's three casinghead plants produced 24,847,708 gal. of gasoline compared with 17,240,865 gal. in the previous year.

Jan 1, 1929

By S. C. Carapella, E. A. Peretti

DURING a literature survey of the indium-zinc phase diagram, controversial reports on the composition of the eutectic point were encountered. The value reported in the investigation of Wilson and Perettil and in a later investigation by Valen-tiner' was 4.0 wt pct zinc. The most recent work recorded on this system consisted of an exhaustive survey of alloys by Rhines and Grobe8 in which they indicate a value of 2.8 wt pct zinc for the eutectic composition. To clarify this aspect of the diagram, a series of alloys were prepared by melting the respective constituents in a glass test tube under a covering of mineral oil and slowly cooling the melt in a furnace. The zinc used was Baker's C.P. and had the following analysis: insoluble in H2SO4—0.0l pct; pb—0.001 pct; Fe-—0.001 pct. The indium, which was supplied by the Indium Corporation of America, had a purity of 99.9'7 pet with the following impurities: Cu—0.002 pct; Pb—0.006 pct; Sn—0.01 pct; Zn—0.01 pct. The alloys were prepared for metal-lographic examination using a technique already reported' and a new value of 2.0 ± 0.1 wt pct zinc was observed. An alloy containing 2.00 wt pct zinc was also made by melting the constituents under a vacuum. In both of these methods of alloy preparation the losses can be kept extremely small. Again, the characteristic eutectic structure was obtained, assuring confidence in this value. The accompanying micrographs are presented in support of this point. Fig. la represents an alloy containing 4.00 wt pet zinc, and reveals excess zinc particles, which precludes the value of both Wilson and Peretti, and Valentiner. Fig. lb, gives the structure of an alloy containing 2.2 wt pct zinc, also showing the presence of excess zinc. Fig. lc is a micrograph of a typical structure of the eutectic observed in several sections of the 2.0 wt pct alloy. In the 1.8 pet zinc alloy, fig. id, the definite presence of the primary indium can be noted. From these re-

Jan 1, 1951

By C. E. MacQuigg

BY and large the education of the engineer has been conservative and the reasons for this are obvious. Quite properly it has been a tradition of engineering education that facts and not fancies must be adhered to. Without a doubt, those men who formed the mold of our engineering philosophy as much as it is possible for such molds to be established-rightly held the highest standards of intellectual honesty. Fortunately, it was unthinkable to them to temporize with untried theories and naturally the men whom they trained as engineering educators carry this philosophy in turn to their students, thus handing down the tradition of stability.

Jan 1, 1943

By C. H. White

Discussion of a Paper by Mr. C. H. White, read at the Atlantic City Meeting, February, 1904. (Annual Meeting, February, 1005.) ARTHUR JARMAN, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (communication to the Secretary*) : All designs for modern metal¬lurgical and chemical laboratories should provide each student's desk with a hood or cupboard for the removal of fumes, but I doubt the advisability of placing air-baths and similar apparatus close to the hot plate. It seems to me that unless the draft be exceptionally strong the fumes from ordinary wet assay work will corrode the iron-work of the fittings, in which case the baths would have to be removed to a general desk in order to lighten the work of the laboratory attendant. Since the laboratory described by Mr. White has been in use for two years, I should like to ask if any inconvenience has resulted from this corrosion. If not, it is certainly an important improvement to have the air-baths and similar apparatus placed -on the student's desk. The hoods described by Mr. White are supplied with a good draft by means of a fan, which gives them a great advantage over those at the metallurgical laboratory at the University, Sydney, in that no doors to the hood are needed. Each hood in the laboratory at Sydney is connected by a glazed earthenware drain-pipe with a vertical flue, 20 ft. high, having a lighted gas jet at the bottom to assist the draft. Although the draft is good, fumes of sulphuric acid cannot be drawn o$ unless the doors of the hood are lowered more than half-way. In my opinion, a fan should be used for the purpose of creating the draft, and glazed drain-tile should invariably be used for the flues because no other material possesses the same advantages. I know of a recent instance in which a laboratory containing

Mar 1, 1905

Mansfield MERRIMAN,Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. (communication to the Secretary*):—The formulas established by Mr. Campbell require the use of tables in order to take into account the influence of manganese on the tensile strength of steel. On examining these tables I find that the quantities given therein may be expressed by simple algebraic forms, so that formulas for tensile strength may be written which can be used without the help of tables. Referring to the case where the carbon is determined by

Jan 1, 1906

By N. A. Ziegler

THE chief difficulty in determining oxygen in steels is its tendency to form a variety of compounds. Almost every element, found as an ingredient in steels, maybe expected to be present as an oxide. Some of these oxides have widely differing properties, and consequently behave differently when attempts are made to reduce them by the vacuum fusion method. As I pointed out in a paper published in the Transactions of the A.S.S.T., Vol. 20, No. 1, many experimenters are spending considerable time and effort in attempting to deter¬mine the degree of completeness of the above reactions, and hold different opinions on the matter. In studying this subject the following table, taken from Hodgman and Lange's "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" may be used as a guide.

Jan 1, 1933

By BERNARD PLANNER

PRODUCTION COSTS, profits, and quality are the primary factors in the peacetime production of iron and steel. In a war emergency, as high production rates and as complete utilization of readily available raw materials as possible, consistent with securing passable quality, become the most important factors. In this connection a discussion of some of the recent developments in the German iron and steel industry, where the problem of scarcity has naturally always been more acute than in the U.S.A., maybe of interest. To get more pig iron out of the existing blast furnaces it was necessary to obtain the maximum efficiency from the iron-bearing raw materials. This was achieved by eliminating all "excess baggage," chiefly by beneficiating the ore. The preparatory work for this was done by various methods which are effective when the ore either is too poor or contains too many impurities or too much gangue. Some of the beneficiation methods are well known, some are combinations of wet-mechanical, magnetic, roasting, sintering, and other treatments.

Jan 1, 1942

Arthur Jarman, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (communication to the Secretary*):—All designs for modern metallurgical and chemical laboratories should provide each student's desk with a hood or cupboard for the removal of fumes, but I doubt the advisability of placing air-baths and similar apparatus close to the hot plate. It seems to me that unless the draft be exceptionally strong the fumes from ordinary wet assay work will corrode the iron-work of the fittings, in which case the baths would have to be removed to a general desk in order to lighten the work of the laboratory attendant. Since the laboratory described by Mr. White has been in use for two years, I should like to ask if any inconvenience has resulted from this corrosion. If not, it is certainly an important improvement to have the air-baths and similar apparatus placed on the student's desk. The hoods described by Mr. White are supplied with a good draft by means of a fan, which gives them a great advantage

Jan 1, 1905

By AIME AIME

LEADING off the Thursday morning session on Non-metallics was C. E. Heinrichs' paper, "Phosphate Flotation, Its Place in the Technology and Economics of the Phosphate Industry." Mr. Heinrichs also presented a closely related paper, "Milling Methods and Costs at the No. 2 Concentrator of the Phosphate Recovery Corporation," by H. S. Martin. The first of the papers points out the great significance of flotation to the phosphate industry, inasmuch as flotation practically doubles the potential recovery, thereby decreasing production costs and increasing reserves materially. The second paper describes three such plants, two of which are in Florida, the third being at Wales, Tenn. Operating characteristics and costs are reviewed. Answering inquiries from the floor, Mr. Heinrichs said that the adoption of a new parallel-shell dryer, from 60 to 80 ft. long, instead of the old single-shell countercurrent dryer, had increased the unit drying capacity over 300 per cent and had reduced the drying cost to less than 25c. per long ton of dried product. The initial moisture is from 15 to 18 per cent and the final about 2 per cent.

Jan 1, 1933

By James Terry Duce

The gross production on the Island of Sahreirl during 1944 was approximately 6,700,000 U. S. bbl. No additional wells were drilled in the field during the year, but a number that were plugged off during the critical days of the war were brought back on production. This work is continuing. The construction of the extension of the refining plant was continued during the year and the new crude still was started in November. In Arabia, the production for the year 1940 was 5,074,838 U. S. bbl. Four wells were completed in Dammam field and all were commercial producers. Production for 1941 was 4,310,110 U. S. bbl. Seven more commercial producing wells were completed in Dammam field, and Well No. I at Abqaiq was complcted at 6180 ft. and was also a commercial producer. In 1942 production was 4,530,492 U. S. bbl. Abqaiq No. 2 was drilled to 5785 ft. but was left standing because of mechanical difficulty. The 1943 production was 4,868,- 184 with one well drilled, Abqaiq No. 3 completed at 6488 ft. and a commercial producer. Total production in Arabia for the year 1944 was around 7,800,000 U. S. bbl. and at the close of the year was running at approximately 40,000 bbl. per day. The small refinery, built in 1939, at Ras Tanura was in operation in the fall and a new refinery is being constructed. Only three wells were completed during the year—the El Jauf well in Northern Arabia (completed at 10,974 ft.) which did not bring in commercial production and Wells No. 4 (completed at 6270 ft.) and No. 5 at Abqaiq (completed at 6751 ft.), which were brought in as substantial commercial producers. Production for the year was entirely from the Dammam field. In this field, some of the wells that had been plugged off early in the war were brought back in production and this work is continuing. At the close of the year, one well was drilling in the Abqaiq field and an additional well was drilling at Qatif, the latter being a wildcat. Neither of the wells in question had reached producing horizons on the first of January.

Jan 1, 1945

By Billy L. Crowder, John M. Fairfield

The implantation of B+ , P+, and As&apos; into silicon has been studied with the purpose of making shallow p-n junctions. The influence of such parameters as 1) ion energy, 2) target orientation and temperature, 3) total dose, and 4) annealing schedule was investigated. An energy range of 70 to 300 kev was used for boron and phosphorus implants and up to 500 kev for arsenic. It is found that the experimental projected range agrees well with theory and that shallow junction depths can be made reproducibly. ION implantation has received much attention recently as a technique for doping semiconductors. Specifically, it has the potential of supplementing or replacing the diffusion process as a method for making p-n junctions. In a few specific cases it has been used successfully to make semiconductor junction devices. Potential advantages of ion implantation doping over diffusion techniques are: 1) It affords greater control of shallow junction depths (< 0.2 µ) while maintaining high peak concentrations. This is particularly important for high-speed switching devices, since lower junction capacitances and resistances can be achieved. 2) More precise registration of small planar structures can be realized if proper masking procedures are employed. This advantage is especially useful in the design of high-density integrated circuits. It has been used to advantage in FET fabrication since the edge of the source or drain can be aligned precisely at the edge of the gate electrode.&apos; 3) Ion implanatation permits lower temperatures than diffusion techniques. This factor alleviates the problem of compatibility of diffusivities often encountered when designing multiple-junction structures. Also, the lower temperatures create fewer thermal defects and dislocations, which may account for the high efficiency of some ion-implanted solar cells.2 4) Impurity profiles can be more easily tailored to resemble ideal distributions. Successful exploitation of the potential advantages of ion implantation techniques will depend on increased knowledge and understanding of the subject. The factors likely to be influential in determining impurity distribution profiles in ion-implanted single-crystal targets have been reviewed by J. F. Gibbons.3 In addition to the mass and energy of the implanted ion, the total dose, target orientation, and target temperature are important parameters. The annealing temperature required for removing lattice damage and incorporating the implanted species on an electrically active site is very important. This paper describes an investigation of some of these factors. Implants of boron, phosphorus, and arsenic into silicon have been studied. Energy ranges of 50 to 300 kev were used for boron and phosphorus and up to 500 kev for arsenic. In addition to the implantation energy, the effects of total dose, target temperature, and post implant anneal have been investigated. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The implantation targets were silicon wafers cut from Czochralski-grown crystals, lapped, and chemically polished. The orientations were (111), (110). and (100) with misorientations of up to 7 deg from the principal axis. For this study, accurate target alignment (i.e., within 0.1 deg) was not available and quoted misorientation values should be regarded as approximate . The implantation equipment consisted of an ion source, a 300-kev linear accelerator tube, an electromagnetic separator, and the associated target supporting and beam focusing assemblies. The ion source was a simple oscillating electron type source,4 which has been described elsewhere.5 The gaseous compounds BF3, PF5, and AsH3 were used as ion sources for B+, P+, As+, and AS+&apos;. Analyzed current levels of up to 20 pamp could be obtained; however, for this investigation target current levels of 1-3 µ amp were usually employed. The analyzed ion beam was collimated through a double slit (1.4 x 0.4 cm) and swept perpendicularly to the long axis of the slit such that an area of about 2 sq cm on each target was covered. Dosages of around 1015 cm-2 were normally employed, but smaller amounts were also used for comparison. A uniform flux density over the bombarded area was assured by the continuous use of profile monitors similar to those described by Wegner and Feigenbaum.6 Post-implant annealing was accomplished in an argon atmosphere in a temperature range of 600" to 950°C. It was not part of the purpose of this investigation to study the annealing kinetics; however, some isochronal and isothermal anneal experiments were conducted to determine the time and temperature necessary to render a reasonably high portion of the implanted ions electrically active (i.e., higher than 50 pct). Post-implant anneal temperatures of around 900° and 600°C were required for boron, and arsenic and phosphorus implants, respectively. Arsenic and phosphorus implants increased in conductivity rather abruptly at the proper anneal temperature of the isochronal curve, but boron increased more gradually over a wider range. Isothermal anneal curves were reasonably flat after 10 min, so an anneal time of 1/2 hr was used for the experimental results described below. The profiling techniques were: 1) neutron activation analysis, 2) differential sheet resistance,7 and 3) junction staining.8 The differential sheet resistance technique is commonly employed in this type of study. Its principal disadvantage is the uncertainty of the ef-

Jan 1, 1970

By J. L. Tomlinson, B. D. Lichter

Electrical resistivities 01 liquid Cd-Bi, Cd-Sn, Cd-Pb, In-Bi, and Sn-Bi alloys were measured using an electrodeless technique. The resistivities ranged from 50 to 160 microhm -cm, temperature dependences were positive, and no sharp peaks in the composition dependence of the resistivity were observed. On the basis of these observations, it was concluded that the alloys are typical metallic liquids. The electron con-cent9,ation was calculated from the measured resis-tizlity and available thermodynamic data using a model which attributes electrical resistivity to scattering by density and composition flzcctuations. A correla-tion was shown between the departure of the electron concentration from a linear combination of the pure component valences and the value of the excess integral molar free energy. Calculation of the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity showed a need for more detailed thermodynamic data in these systems and led to suggestions for improvement in the concept of residual resistivity in the fluctuation scattering model. THE electrical resistivity of liquid metals provides information regarding interatomic interactions and their effects upon structure. In this experiment an electrodeless technique was used to measure the electrical resistivities of liquid alloys of Cd-Bi, Cd-Sn, Cd-Pb, In-Bi, and Sn-Bi, and the results were used with thermodynamic data to calculate a parameter which reflects the tendency toward localization of electrons due to compositional ordering. It was found that the resistivities of these alloys are generally metallic in magnitude and temperature dependence. The electrical and thermodynamic properties are discussed in terms of the fluctuation scattering model&apos;22 which supposes that the electrical resistivity arises from scattering due to a static average structure and departures from the average due to fluctuations in density and composition. Further, this model is compared with the pseudopotential scattering model of Ziman et al.3-5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Alloy samples were prepared from 99.999 pct pure elements obtained from American Smelting and Refining Company (except tin which was obtained from Consolidated Smelting and Refining Company.) J. L. TOMLINSON, Member AIME, formerly Research Assistant Division of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., is now Physicist, Naval Weapons Center, Corona Laboratories, Corona, Calif. 0. D. LICHTER, Member AIME, is Associate Professor of Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. This work is based on a portion of a thesis submitted by J. L. TOMLINSON to the University of Washington in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. in Metallurgy, 1967. Manuscript submitted May 31, 1968. EMD Weighed portions were sealed inside evacuated silica capsules, melted, and homogenized before the resistivity was measured. The resistivity of a liquid alloy was measured by placing the sample inside a solenoid and noting the change in Q. According to the method of Nyburg and ~ur~ess,~ the resistivity of a cylindrical sample may be determined from the change in resistance of a solenoid measured with a Q meter as T7--5--W =R7JT^ =&apos;Kc-lm(Y) [1] where L, R, and Q = wL/R are the inductance, series resistance, and Q of the solenoid. The subscript s refers to the solenoid with the sample inside; the subscript 0 refers to the empty solenoid. Kc is the ratio of the sample volume to coil volume and y = 2 [bei&apos;0(br)-j ber&apos;o(br)~\ br\_bero(br) +j bei0 (br) expressed with Kelvin functions which are the real and imaginary parts of Bessel functions of the first kind with arguments multiplied by (j)3&apos;2. The argument of the function Y is hr where r is the sample radius and b2 = po~/p, i.e., the permeability of free space times 271 times the frequency divided by the resistivity in rationalized MKS units. Since Eq. [I] cannot be solved explicitly for p, values of Kc. lm(Y) were tabulated at increments of 0.1 in the argument by. A measurement of Q, and Q, determined a value of Kc . lm (Y) and the corresponding value of br could be read from the table. From the known r, uo,, and w, the resistivity, p, was determined. The change in Q was measured after letting the encapsulated Sample reach equilibrium inside a copper wire solenoid. The solenoid was contained in an evacuated vycor tube in order to retard oxidation of the copper while operating at high temperatures and heated inside a 5-sec-tion nichrome tube furnace capable of obtaining 900°C. Temperature was determined with two chromel-alumel thermocouples, one in contact with the solenoid 30 mm above the top of the sample and the other inserted in an axial well at the other end of the solenoid and secured with cement so that the junction was 2 mm below the bottom of the sample. Temperature readings were taken with respect to an ice water bath junction, and the voltage could be estimated to the nearest thousandth of a millivolt. The lower thermocouple was calibrated by observing its voltage and the Q of the coil as the temperature passed through the melting points of samples of indium and tellurium. The upper thermocouple reading was systematically different from the lower thermocouple reflecting the temperature difference due to a displacement of 60 mm axially and 6 mm radially. Calculations show that the gradient over the sample was less than 2 deg. Q was measured by reading a voltage related to Q from a Boonton 260A Q meter with a Hewlett Packard

Jan 1, 1970

By AIME AIME

A METALLURGICAL research building is to be erected for the Armour Research Foundation at the Illinois Institute of Technology. It will be located at the corner of Federal and 34th Sts., Chicago, and fully equipped will cost $250,000. It will provide the Middle West with the largest and most complete of facilities for the conduct of developmental and industrial research in this field. The new building will be constructed around an existing foundry and metallurgical research building which has become too small to carry on and service the many research projects contracted for by the Foundation, having to do with steel, alloys, and nonferrous metals. After two bays of the new unit have been completed, the old unit will be torn down and the new one completed.

Jan 1, 1942

By Edward H. Robie

AT a recent meeting of the AIME Board there was considerable discussion of a suggestion that companies should be more interested in promoting AIME membership among their employes. The advocate of this idea argued that companies benefit greatly if their employes are active AIME members, so even on purely a selfish basis they should use various means to encourage membership. Also he argued that companies in general make no contribution to the support of the AIMS although benefiting from its work, so should not object to making more of a contribution, financial or otherwise, than they do. One Director stated that an investigation had developed the fact that a large majority of members felt it unwise for employers to pay the initiation fees or dues of employes. They felt that AIMS membership should be on a purely personal basis; that the rewards of active membership were sufficient so that it is a good investment for a man in developing his own professional stature, presumably resulting in an increase in salary sooner, or in greater amount, than would otherwise be the case. If an employer paid a member&apos;s dues or initiation fee the member would take less interest in the Institute. But this Director felt that an employer should otherwise encourage his employes to join the Institute, attend its meetings, and write papers based on company work for presentation and publication. Another Director reported that his company pays the expenses of AIME members in its employ to meetings; the company also encourages nonmembers to attend AIME meetings but does not pay their expenses unless they present papers of interest to the company. Another Director, representing a supplier, stated that his company&apos;s policy was to send some of its staff to all AIME meetings at which papers of interest were to be presented or at which valuable contacts could be made.

Jan 1, 1952