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By Sang-Kyun Woo

The electric power conduit (EPC) in Korea has been constructed since 1978. Facing the challenge of safety and sustainability of the EPC, it is urgent to develop an inspection strategy and maintenance system for the structure based on the concept of life-cycle management. This paper introduces the newly developed mobile inspection and diagnostic system of the EPC. The novel aspect of this particular system is the integration of non-destructive mobile inspection techniques with BIM (Building Information Modeling) and LBS (Location-Based Service). BIM is an ideal tool and platform for developing an inspection and diagnostic system, and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a useful tool to construct USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network) for LBS. The goal of this research is to establish an EPC inspection and diagnostic system concept based on BIM and LBS using RFID. In this research, a BIM model of OPENTBM tunnel for EPC will be established to show the integration of 3D CAD with the inspection data. An EPC?s maintenance database, which includes the deterioration types of the structure, inspection records, and repair methods, was designed to interact with the BIM. The system will be implemented by the BIM with the related database, in which the construction geometry and all related information are stored. The proposed system was designed to utilize the inspection and diagnostic system under the USN environment using RFID in EPC directly.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. Farrell

The Canadian government ratified the Kyoto Protocol in December 2002 and, prior to ratification, committed to equitable distribution of the burden of implementation. The Federal government's Large Final Emitters group is working with industry to develop covenants that will consider the unique nature of the company's operations and not unreasonably burden any one sector or company. Ensuring equitable distribution must consider local, national and international issues. From a Canadian iron ore producers perspective, the fact that most of the iron ore production in the world is in countries that have no Kyoto commitment is a critical issue. Another issue unique to this sector is the increased addition of fluxing agents in iron ore pellet production which has shifted some process related greenhouse gas emissions from steel producers to iron ore producers. While the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol are primarily environmental, the economic implications for Canadian industry are not trivial. For decades Canadian companies have been actively improving energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to maintain a global competitive position. Production of iron ore pellets is an energy intensive process and the Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOCC) is the largest Canadian producer. In 2002 IOCC identified energy and Kyoto Protocol implementation as critical risk factors for their organization and appointed a full time Energy Manager. In January 2003, IOCC initiated a comprehensive process for identifying energy cost reduction opportunities and established an Energy Master plan. This process included:

Jan 1, 2004

By László Guczi1

Nanosize model gold particles with varying size were fabricated by deposition of a 10 nm thick gold film onto SiO2/Si(100) substrate by electron beam evaporation followed by modification using low energy Ar+ ion bombardment. The change in particle size were monitored by the Au 5d valence band states determined by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). The gold/iron oxide interface was studied by iron oxide deposition on gold. It was found that the energy profile of Au 5d valence band states are strongly redistributed with decreasing the gold particle size mostly affecting at the lowest and at the highest binding energies. The size effect in the UPS spectra can be interpreted by the energy redistribution rather, than by narrowing the 5d states. The iron oxide deposition increases the catalytic activity in CO oxidation whether it is on gold nanoparticles or on a continuous 80 nm thick gold film. The activity enhancement is significantly larger in case of gold nanoparticles. The interface interaction is operative in enlargement of the catalytic activity even if gold particles are not exposed to the surface, but they are located below the iron oxide layer.

Oct 1, 2003

By R. A. Gannicott

Trend surface analysis was used to investigate the geochemical dispersion patterns of Si, Ai, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti and Rb in the footwall of the Seneca massive sulphide prospect in southwestern British Columbia. Surfaces for various element ratios were also produced to see if the distributions of the elements are related to each other. Trends developed by the elements redistributed during hydrothermal alteration may be difficult to detect for various reasons, such as too few and widely separated sample points, random analytical errors or local variations in rock chemical composition that are not related to regional trends. Trend surface analysis is useful to distinguish regional trends from local fluctuations. The computer program used in this study is capable of calculating surfaces up to the 6th degree polynomial, but provides for automatic termination when the variables in the equation for successive surfaces become effectively collinear. With the relatively small number of data points used (21 samples) in this study, such termination occurred after the quadratic surface. Results show that, at the Seneca prospect, Mg and K increase, and Na and Ca decrease, toward a common centre which corresponds closely with the best drill-core intersections of ore. The centre is interpreted as a volcanic vent and as the source of mineralization . Quadratic surfaces for element ratios show that K/Ca decreases and Fe/Mg increases away from this vent. Thin-section and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that these variations reflect sericitization of plagioclase and an increase in the Mg content of chlorite near the vent. The mineralization , rock types and element dispersion patterns at the Seneca prospect are similar to those reported for volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits at Bathurst, New Brunswick, and in the Hokuroko district of Japan.

Jan 1, 1979

By Alain Grenier

To be more competitive, we have to try new mining techniques. A few of them are: extend honghole length increase drilling precision new type of primary opening (slot) use of CMS to extend stope length This paper will cover our trials, successes and failures and will cover a few real cases that occurred at the Doyon mine.

Oct 1, 2001

1.Overview of the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (MEMPR) 2.First Nations Perspective 3.Revenue Sharing Framework 4.Economic and Community Development Agreements (ECDA?s ) 5.Questions? The Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (MEMPR) MEMPR manages the responsible development of British Columbia?s energy, mining and petroleum resource sectors. Through the promotion of teamwork and positive working relationships with our clients, MEMPR facilitates a climate for thriving, safe, environmentally responsible and competitive energy, mining and petroleum resource sectors. Works closely with others in Government (e.g.. Integrated Land Management Bureau) to engage First Nations in consultation processes as well as revenue sharing negotiations.

May 1, 2010

By Rob Scott

Making a difference with Zinc & Health Two billion people do not get enough zinc in their diets. Every year 450,000 children die from complications arising from zinc deficiency Our Zinc Alliance For Child Health partnership with CIDA and Micronutrient Initiative, our involvement with UNICEF through the IZA and our partnership with BASF are gaining wide recognition. Sustainability at Teck ? Integrating into our Core Business Strategy Our strategy Long term goals Our approach Managing risks and finding opportunities Our progress Early reports Moving Forward Metrics and indicators

May 1, 2013

The Project ? $1.4 billion project ? 59,000 tonnes of nickel and cobalt ? Large resource base ? First production end of 2004 The Place ? Half the size of Vancouver Island ? Population 210,000 ? 43% Melanesian, 37% European, 12% other South Pacific groups, 8% other nationalities ? Tourism principal industry ? 1/3 of world?s nickel resources The Politics ? French Overseas Territory ?1998 Noumea Accord: increased local control over domestic policy ? Referendum on independence in 2014 ? Seeking more economic autonomy, less dependence on French support

May 1, 2002

By Greg Gosson

"Early efforts to develop formal reporting systems to quantify and classify mineral deposits date back over 100 years. (e.g. Hoover 1909: “Proved, Probable, Prospective Ore”). This was at first driven by mine operators’ need for reliable estimates of what their mines could produce. Disruption of transportation routes by world wars prompted western governments to recognize the need for assessments of strategic sources of metals and minerals that could support domestic industry during times of crisis. Categories were created to quantify mineral potential which were additional to those of mine reserves. Terms such as hypothetical and undiscovered resources entered the lexicon. Capital markets serving the mining industry were traumatized during the latter part of the 20th century by undisciplined and fraudulent disclosure by exploration companies of mineral deposit potential. Government securities regulators pressed for the development of credible reporting codes (e.g. SEC Industry Guide 7: 1981; JORC 1989; SAMREC 1994, CIM 2000). Representative organizations from the major western mining countries generally agreed that there should only be three categories of mineral resources (measured, indicated, and inferred) and two categories of mineral reserves (proven and probable). This was formalized in 1997 with the “Denver Accord”. Acceptance of the standard terminology may have been the easy part, because the challenge for the 21st century is to get general industry acceptance and agreement of the principles behind the definitions of each category. There has been noticeable movement towards this objective in the last few years. This is reflected in part in the updated reporting codes by JORC 2004, CIM 2005; SAMREC 2007; SME 2007; and PERC 2008, and the development of the CRIRSCO International Reporting Template 2007."

Jan 1, 2003

By K. G. Markkola

The Minera Candelaria concentrator was commissioned in August 1994, and in October 1997 it doubled its grinding capacity. The concentrator was designed to treat 56,000 metric tonnes of copper ore with a primary crusher, two grinding circuits, pebble crushing, and flotation. The grinding circuit includes two 11.2 m (36 ft) diameter by 4.6 m (15 ft) long semi-autogenous (SAG) mills, each fitted with a 12 MW motor. Throughout the history of Candelaria, different strategies have been developed to maximize the plant's operational time, strategies that include increasing the life of the SAG mill liners and reducing the time involved in changing these elements. This work describes the improvements made in the design of the liners, the change planning, and a new strategy to change the liners with the purpose of increasing their use and throughput.

Jan 1, 2007

By C. Cano

One of the main concerns within the mining industry is to minimize the impact of tailing facilities to the environment and nearby communities. Since the implementation of the first thickened tailings disposal (TTD) methodology at Kidd Creek in 1964, the thickened tailing disposal has been growing alternative disposal technology to mitigate the environmental impacts. Technical investigations on the TTD technology have been studied in detail to counteract the increasing shortage of water resources. One of the benefits observed with TTD is its resistance to potential earthquakes, particularly in zones with high seismic activity (Los Andes). TTD technology optimizes the maximum possible density for the material and generates a negative internal pore pressure in the material due to the surface and sub-surface water evaporation. This internal pore pressure should be enough to resist the pores pressure to which tailings are subject due to an earthquake action. The objective of this study is to verify the Shrinking Limit (SL) of thickened tailings during initial deposition and in the long term and the ability of tailings deposited by TTD would resist liquefaction. Fresh tailings coming from a flotation process of a copper plant concentrator were used. The samples put under cyclical three-dimensional tests associated with maximum credible earthquake magnitude range of 7.0 8.0 to develop a curve for the safety factor v/s depth for dry densities related to the maximum density obtained at the SL. At a dry density of 1.65 t/m3 liquefaction did not occur at any depth. At 90 % of dry density of 1.51 t/m3, liquefaction did not occur at earthquake magnitudes of 7.0 or 7.5 nor at any depth but liquefaction occurred at magnitude 8.0 between 0 m and 14.5 m; below 14.5 m, liquefaction does not occur.

Jan 1, 2007

By D. Cruden

DISCODAT is a system of computer programs written for CANMET, Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and resources, to be used in analyzing geological data for rock slope design. The programs were written in Fortran IV for an IBM 360/67 computer. A program conditions field data from field forms for storage in a line file. Data may be selectively retrieved from the line file by a general retrieval program which uses a variety of relational operators. The retrieved data may be displayed as structural diagrams or histograms produced on a line printer or in a number of maps produced on a drum plotter. There is a logical sequence which leads to the characterization of those elements of the subfabrics of a rock mass which may be kinematically active. Structural domains within the rock mass can also be outlined by a procedure described as areal analysis. Costs for a complete analysis are usually substantially less than $l/discontinuity.

Jan 1, 1978

By C. Liu

Corrosion behavior of the stir zone in a friction stir weld of dissimilar A12024/AZ31 alloys was investigated in the immersion test in distilled water (pH=6) for different times. Microstructures and the distribution of chemical elements were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Due to the difference in the corrosion potentials between A12024 and AZ31, the AZ31 alloy constituent in the stir zone was susceptible to the corrosion attack in the distilled water. The corrosion attack was found to occur in the narrow region of the AZ31 alloy adjoining the A12024 region, where there was a low ratio of anode-to-cathode surface area. The corrosion attack became more severe in the AZ31 alloy regions with increasing immersion time. The A12024 alloy region in the stir zone of the weld was protected by cathodic reactivity due to sacrificial anode AZ31 alloy.

Jan 1, 2007

By G. Song

This paper reports the anodizing voltage, gas evolution and sparking behaviors of an anodized coating formed on AZ91D in a silicate containing solution. According to their responses to an anodizing current, a four-stage anodizing mechanism is proposed. At the same time, the formed coating is characterized in terms of its microstructure, composition, thickness and corrosion performance. It was found that deposition of MgSiO3, Mg(OH)2 and MgO as well as dehydration of Mg(OH)2 are involved in the anodising process; the vigorous gas evolution accompanied by intensive sparking and the corresponding negative anodising efficiency in the later stage of the anodising process are closely associated with thermal decomposition of water due to the high temperature resulting from the intense sparking on the surface of the anodized alloy; the thickness, porosity, and composition of the anodised coating on a magnesium alloy depend on the final anodising cell voltage; and the corrosion resistance of a thick but porous coating containing more silicates appears to be more corrosion resistant than a thin but compact coating containing less silicates.

Jan 1, 2006

By T. Scully

Since early days in coal mining, it has been known that some coals and the carbonaceous materials associated with them will heat and fire spontaneously. Many theories have been advanced to account for this phenomenon, but it is only within comparatively recent years that any scientific research has been carried out to determine the causes of this heating, the conditions which bring about its occurrence, and the reason why different coals heat with a varying degree of readiness. So far, this research has not cleared up these points entirely, but a great advance has been made in our knowledge of the matter. In general, any coal will fire spontaneously, although with a varying degree of readiness, provided conditions for its doing so are favourable enough. These conditions are that the coal must be in a fine state of division, that sufficient oxygen must be present for rapid oxidation, and that the air current passing must be so small that it is insufficient to carry off the heat produced by this oxidation. Many other minor factors, however, contribute to bring about spontaneous heating, either by producing initial heat themselves or by inducing the other major conditions.

Jan 1, 1931

By D. L. Babbitt, Sniezek

"This paper deals with the varions methods for the rapid Joading of unit trains which are being: used by ore procossors to move their product to dock-s1de storage facilities or their ultimate customer. Some of the techniques that have been used include (1) volumetrie loading, both in motion and static, (2) batch weighing into moving cars and (3) batch weighing into cars that have been stopped. Particular emphasis shall be placed on the two systems now in use at the Adams Mine facility of Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation and at Cliffs of Canada's Sherman Mine. Typical ""turnaround"" times, loading rates, types of cars, weighing accuracies, material handling concepts and maintenance considerations shall be discussed."

Jan 1, 1969

By Jayesh B. Patel, Zhongyun Fan, Hu-Tian Li

"Melt conditioned direct-chill (MC-DC) casting is a novel technology which combines vertical direct-chill (DC) casting with a high shear device directly immersed in the sump for in situ microstructural control. In this paper, the solidification mechanism of DC casting under varying conditions is discussed. The temperature profiles in the sump were measured under the steady state casting conditions by using sacrificing thermocouples. Detailed comparisons of the derived thermal condition are made. The individual role of grain refiner additions, natural thermosolutal convection and forced convection in the sump and the interplay of these factors in determining the solidification structures of DC cast billets are discussed. The MC-DC casting technology can be used to control microstructural constituents and casting defects in DC cast billets/ingots by in situ manipulating of the thermal and fluid flow conditions.INTRODUCTION Direct-chill (DC) casting of aluminium, has been the essential commercial process for producing feedstock suitable for subsequent processing, such as extrusion, rolling or forging. Fine and equiaxed grain structures in the as-cast billets/ingots are required to enable a fine and uniform distribution of second phase particles and microporosity. This leads to higher productivity, more cost-effective homogenisation and more efficient downstream thermomechanical processing. The addition of chemical inoculants has been the standard industrial operation prior to casting for grain refinement of Al alloys. However, it has been established that less than 1% of the grain refiner particles added actually act as heterogeneous nuclei to refine the grain structures, showing a very low grain refining efficiency (Greer, Bunn, Tronche, Evans, & Bristow, 2000). Moreover, the remaining particles from the grain refiner addition in the final casting may cause surface defects during downstream processing. A major issue of the metallurgical quality of large sized ingots/billets is the non-uniformity of microstructures even with chemical grain refiner additions. This is due to the fact that the grain structure formed in the different zones of the billet depends on the local chemical composition and local cooling rate. The local cooling rate can vary from 0.4~1 K/s at the centre of the billet to around 10–20 K/s at its surface zone (Nadella, Eskin, Du, & Katgerman, 2008). The large thermal gradient along radial direction between billet surface and interior of the melt during conventional DC casting induces thermal stress and cold cracking even with grain refiner addition. Therefore the control of casting defects, such as macrosegregation, porosity, cold/hot cracking and distortion of the billets/slabs, etc., is still challenging in industry, causing high scrap rate of DC cast ingots/billets even with grain refiner addition."

Jan 1, 2018

By A. Mykytiuk, I. E. Puddington, W. D. Macleod, F. W. Meadus

"A laboratory-scale continuous procedure for the up-grading of naturally occurring tin ores, based on the principle of spherical agglomeration, is described. High recoveries are indicated. A proposed second stage suggests useful fractionation steps.IntroductionA LABORATORY-SCALE batch process for the upgrading of a tin ore using the principles of spherical agglomeration has already been described (1). This procedure consisted of milling, for about an hour, a precrushed ore with at least 200 per cent water, 0.2 per cent of a reagent such as tall oil (to render the de-sired ore particles hydrophobic) and about 3 per cent of a viscous petroleum oil. The feed material passed an 8-mesh Tyler sieve, and the percentages of re-agents are based on the dry weight of the feed. Du-ring the grinding, the hydrophobic particles transfer into the oil phase to produce coherent semi-solid bodies while the gangue stays preferentially in the aqueous phase. The concentrate can be separated from the gangue easily by a mechanical operation. Using an ore containing about 0.3 -0.5 per cent tin, grades of from 1.5 to 7.0 per cent were obtained by varying the pH of the system. Recoveries fell from about 80 per cent to as low as 50 per cent as the grade in-creased."

Jan 1, 1966

By T. C. WEBB

In New Brunswick, significant potash deposits are intimately associated with rocks of the Lower Carboniferous Windsor Group. To date, two deposits high in sylvinite, up to 20 m thick, have been confirmed at depths between 490 and 1,035 m below surface near Plumweseep and Salt Springs. These areas are currently under development by the Potash Company of America and the Denison-Potacan Potash Company respectively. A third area, near Lower Millstream, is also known to contain potash-bearing evaporites and is now being explored by BP Exploration Canada Ltd. All three areas are situated in the western half of the Moncion Subbasin and are within 25 km of Sussex. Numerous similarities in stratigraphy, thickness, mineralogy and structure suggest that deposition of evaporites throughout much of southern New Brunswick was contemporaneous and extended over a considerable area. Future opportunities for potash exploration in the province thus seem excellent. A number of large unexplored areas remain in the Moncion and Cumberland Subbasins and in parts

Jan 1, 1984

By J. L. Bowlby

OWING to the pressure of routine analyses at the laboratory during the past year, work of an investigational nature on water problems has been greatly curtailed. Favourable reports by the boiler inspectors indicate that the operators are giving satisfactory attention to feed-water treatment at the several . power plants. Some of the operators prefer lime and soda, others the phosphate and soda treatment. Springhill is still on the same commercial treatment as they were using last year, and satisfactory results are being obtained. This individual preference for a particular treatment, although it may be different for feed waters of similar nature, indicates that so long as proper conditions of alkalinity and concentration are maintained within the boiler, it is immaterial what chemicals are used in the treatment. This statement refers, of course, to the low-pressure boilers. In high-pressure boilers, a treatment such as lime and soda cannot be satisfactorily employed, on account of the precipitated calcium carbonate unduly increasing the amount of suspended matter. Only one case of impending trouble was reported during the year. That was at Seaboard, shortly after the new unit was placed in operation. Dissolved oxygen, considerably in excess of the permissible 0.030 cubic centimeters per liter, was detected at various points on the feed line. It was suspected that a de-aerating heater was being operated at too low a temperature, and chemical tests, made before and after the necessary adjustments, proved that this was the source of the trouble. While it has been impossible to give mine waters the attention they require, progress can be reported in the work carried out by the Mechanical Department. Past investigation of the action of mine water on various acid-resisting alloys is now bearing fruit, and it can safely be said that repair work on mine pumps has been reduced by nearly one-half.

Jan 1, 1938