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By John Fred Rivera

Since its inception during the hectic days of World War II, Kaiser Steel Corporation has developed and maintained a solid reputation as a progressive company with an incessant penchant for attempting innovative ideas to improve its stature in the American and world corporate framework. The very latest in technology is aptly demonstrated in the new Basic Oxygen Process recently placed into operation at Kaiser's huge Fontana Steel Mill. Daring ventures such as this and other developments on pollution control devices have propelled Kaiser Steel Corporation into the forefront as the largest steel producer in the western United States. Kaiser Steel's boldness and willingness to attempt new ideas and the very latest in technology is by no means limited to its steelmaking operation. It extends into every phase of Kaiser's corporate structure.

Jan 1, 1979

By Yasushi Arai

"Among Tokyo Metro’s approximately 200km of subway lines, the Tozai Line that connects Chiba Prefecture and mid-Tokyo experiences congestion of up to 199% at worst and relief of this has become urgent. Therefore, as it is imperative to increase the number of trains operating in the exceptionally congested area from mid-Tokyo going east, a large-scale renovation work is planned between Iidabashi Station and Kudanshita Station that will facilitate turn-back via 3 tracks. While ensuring the safe and stable operation responsible for about 1.35 million passengers daily, this highly difficult work of inner wall demolition and reinforcement of the side walls and floor slabs will only be implemented for 3 hours during late night. This paper discusses large-scale plans to improve turn-back facilities, and the methods of construction therein as an example of operational improvement of a subway network. 1) INTRODUCTION The Tokyo Metro Tozai Line (“Tozai Line”) opened over the entire 30.8 km distance from Nakano to Nishi-funabashi on March 29, 1969. It has the longest operating length of the nine Tokyo Metro lines, and was the first subway line to extend past the borders of the Tokyo Metropolis. Through train services with two other railway companies are available from the Tozai Line. Tozai Line trains join the Sobu Line of the East Japan Railway Company (“JR East”) and the Toyo Rapid Railway Line of Toyo Rapid Railway (“TR”) from Nishi-funabashi Station, and the JR Chuo Line from Nakano Station. The line is structurally distinctive in that 51% of it was built using the open-cut method, 43% of it is elevated and the remaining 6% was built when we used the shield method for the first time 1)2)3)."

Jan 1, 2016

By V. Claremboux

The transformation of raw iron ore into high quality steel can take place via several processes. A general consistent theme involves the upgrading of the iron ores via methods such as flotation and magnetic separation, the preparation of an agglomerate such as via pelletization or sintering, the smelting of the agglomerate into a high grade iron product, and the further refining of iron into specific steel alloys. Each of these steps admit potential for optimizations and alternatives, and the process overall is critical to meeting the world’s continuing iron demands.

Feb 1, 2025

By H. Nagel, A. P. Schissler

"INTRODUCTION Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (Anadarko) owns a region of oil shale properties acquired as part of the original Union Pacific Land Grant of the 1800’s in southern Wyoming. These holdings are greater than 2 million acres and occur throughout the Green River Formation in southwestern Wyoming. One area was prioritized for further study by Anadarko Minerals called the Kinney Rim in the Washakie Basin due to low environmental impact, proximity to infrastructure, high ore grade, and low mining cost. The area is a low-overburden oil shale resource that can be developed using surface mining methods, processed by conventional surface retort, and placing waste rock disposal back on the bench for a design capacity of 10,000 barrel per day. The purpose of this papers is to present the results of environmental analysis and timeline, the mine plan, and surface ore processing to offer a resource-ready energy source.Mineral rights for the Kinney Rim area are owned by Anadarko, the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the State of Wyoming. Mining of oil shale for this study targets Anadarko owned mineral resources.GEOLOGY The study area is in the Green River and Washakie Basins in western Wyoming. The host geologic member is the Laney Oil Shale. Figure 2 illustrates the Laney shale within a generalized lithologic cross section.OIL SHALE LEASING The proposed Kinney Rim oil shale mining project is located in an area dominated by a 1 square mile checkerboard landownership pattern with every other section typically administered by Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Anadarko. Surface and mineral ownership is a split estate legal entity. The immediate Kinney Rim mine plan is all on Anadarko sections."

Jan 1, 2015

By G. J. Grott

Direct Production Costs for Solar Sa 1t approximate the trucking cost for 160 Km. Operations near markets appear unusually attractive at first look. However, many desert operations have been plagued by dust storms yielding salt too high in insolubles for most uses. This paper relates the history of a successful operation in a dust storm area. Saturated brine from the solution mining of LPG storage caverns is evaporated in solar ponds yielding 99.95% sodium chloride (dry basis). Purchased energy is one-eighth that of vacuum pan operations. Production scale tests have proved it works at another desert location using a more complex brine. A new approach for refining soluble salts at ambient temperatures is demonstrated by bench scale and pilot work. Again, savings in purchased energy exceed 80%, even when temperatures are raised to reduce refining time.

Jan 1, 1988

By C. J. Lewis

Commercial lime plants in the United States and Canada are depicted in Figure 1. The sources of lime available to Nevada and bordering states are rather few. Chemstar Lime has plants at Apex, Nevada and Nelsen, Arizona. Continental Lime, Inc. has plants at Tacoma, Washington, Townsend, Montana and Delta, Utah. However, Continental Lime has a new rotary kiln installation underway near Wendover, Nevada. This plant is scheduled to come on stream in the fall of 1989.

Jan 1, 1989

By John C. Ferm

Although roof falls account for approximately half of the fatalities in underground coal mining, the factors that produce them are not clear. Mining methods can account for some, but in others the controlling factors are the geological setting in which the mining takes place. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the kinds of rocks that were most likely to produce roof problems. Such knowledge would be helpful to mine planning since rock samples can be obtained in advance of mining by core hole drilling. The investigation was undertaken in underground mines in the Pocahontas #3 seam in southern West Virginia and southwestern Virginia. The Pocahontas #3 is one of the most widespread in this region and is a major source of high quality metallurgical coal. There are at least ten very large mines in the area and many smaller ones. The region has a very long mining history and considerable experience has been gained in roof control problems. The study was conducted with the support of the U. S. Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1978

By V. Nasri, S. Rashidi

The Baltimore Red Line Project is a proposed 22.7-km (14.1-mile) long east-west light rail transit (LRT) line envisioned to connect the areas of Woodlawn, Edmondson Village, West Baltimore, downtown Baltimore, Inner Harbor East, Fells Point, Canton and the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center Campus. The Red Line LRT System has two tunnel segments - the Cooks Lane Tunnel (CLT) and the Downtown Tunnel (DTT). The CLT segment is roughly 1,920-m (6,300-ft) long. It commences at the west portal located at the highway ramp for I 70 (to be removed) and terminates at the east portal that is at the intersection of Edmondson Avenue (U.S. Route 40) and Glen Allen Drive. This segment of the project consists of the following construction components: approximately 1,458 m (4,786 ft) of tunnels, 143 m (469 ft) of cut-and-cover tunnel, and 318 m (1,045 ft) of retained cut (U) section. The approximate horizontal alignment for the Red Line LRT Project is shown in Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 2014

By P. Wearden, K. Bryner, K. Vrana, V. Castranova, R. Dey, R. Reist, J. Blackford

INTRODUCTION Proliferation and enhanced synthesis of collagen by pulmonary fibroblasts have been shown to be key steps in the development of chronic silicosis (Goldstein and Fine, 1986). The regulation of lung fibroblast proliferation by cytokines released from alveolar macrophages may be an important pathogenetic mechanism in the development of the fibrotic process (Kelley, 1990). One cytokine, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), promotes fibroblast proliferation by inducing the movement of quiescent (Go) cells into the C1 phase of the cell cycle (Chen and Rabinovitch, 1989). Others regulate the rate of transition of fibroblasts from Gl into the S phase (Leof et al., 1982). These two classes of cytokines have been termed, respectively, competence and progression factors. One approach used to examine the release of cytokines from macrophages is the fibroblast proliferation assay in which fibroblasts are exposed to culture supernatants from macrophages exposed to various stimuli. In most of these assays, the supernatant contains fetal calf serum which provides the competence factor(s) necessary to facilitate the proliferation of fibroblasts (Bitterman et al., 1982; Bitterman et al., 1983; Elias et al., 1988). Recently, a fibroblast proliferation assay using plateletpoor plasma (lacking competence factor(s)) as a substitute for fetal calf serum has been described (Kuman et al., 1988; Bauman et al., 1990). In this assay, the release of a competence-inducing PDGF-like growth factor from rat and human macrophages can be distinguished from other cytokines that act as progression factors. In order to obtain more consistent results and with the ultimate goal to be able to discriminate between the effects of competence factors as opposed to progression factors, we have conducted experiments to determine the appropriate concentrations of plasma and PDGF required for imparting competence in the fibroblast proliferation assay. We tested lung fibroblast cells obtained from explants of rat lung tissue and also a fetal human lung fibroblast cell line obtained from American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC153). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fibroblasts Specific pathogen-free, male Sprague-Dawley rats were use in some studies. Animals were given a lethal intraperitoneal dose of sodium pentobarbital. Fibroblasts were isolated by chopping the lung in enzymes that digest the connective tissue but liberate lung cells for further study (Rabovsky et al., 1989). After digestion, the remaining lung tissue suspension was filtered through two layers of sterile gauze and centrifuged to recover lung fibroblasts. These were resuspended in culture medium that contained 10% fetal calf serum and distributed to culture plates for growth. In other experiments, a human fetal lung fibroblast cell line, obtained from American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, 20852, was used instead of rat lung fibroblasts. In these cases, a 1 ml ampule containing human fetal fibroblasts was plated into a tissue culture flask containing medium plus 10% fetal calf serum. For both types of fibroblasts, culture medium was changed 3 times per week and cultures were incubated at 37°C until confluent. Harvested rat and human lung fibroblasts were quantified using an electronic cell counter equipped with a cell sizing attachment (Coulter Electronics, Inc., Hialeah, Florida). Tritiated Thymidine Incorporation The basic procedural outline of Kumar et al. (1988) was used with modifications to evaluate tritiated thymidine incorporation into fibroblast DNA following exposure to PDGF and plasma. Both rat and human lung fibroblasts were plated at 50,000 cells/ml at a density of 250,000 cells/25cm2 culture plate. Cells were quiesced for 4 days with 2% rat plasma. As the assay was refined, fibroblasts were quiesced in plasma-free media for 48 hrs, since the mitogenic activity of 2% plasma was variable. Test medium was applied for a period of 6 hrs, followed by a 24 hr tritiated thymidine (lµCi/ml) labelling period in plasma-free media. Medium alone was used as a negative control and media with 10 or 20% fetal calf serum was used as the positive control for rat and human fibroblasts, respectively. Cell Quantification and Measurement of Mitogenesis Twenty-four hours after the addition of tritiated thymidine, the fibroblasts were washed with 5ml of fresh serum-free media, centrifuged and resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline. The cells were dissolved in 0.5m1 of O.1N NaOH and radioactivity determined in a beta counter. Incorporation of trititaed thymidine as an index of DNA synthesis was expressed as DPM/fibroblast. RESULTS In the present study, we quantified mitogenic potential by monitoring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine as

Jan 1, 1991

By F. E. Kottlowski

Widespread high-calcium limestones in New Mexico region are low -in magnesium, but some units include shale interbeds deleterious for sulfur removal usage. Thick limestones in Mississippian Escabrosa, Lake Valley, and Leadville, Pennsylvanian Madera and Hermosa, Pennsylvanian-Permian Horquilla, Permian Hueco and Capitan, Cretaceous U-Bar, and some Cenozoic travertines are high-calcium units. Significant outcrops are in mountains of southwestern, south-central, central, southeastern and north-central New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, southwestern Colorado, and northwestern Chihuahua. Coal-fired powerplants are mainly in northwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona, thus transport is mainly by railroad.

Jan 1, 1994

By T. J. Morris

"From November 2014 through September 2016, Westmoreland’s Coal Valley Mine utilized a Marion 7450 electric walking dragline to extract 1.2 million tonnes of a vertically-dipping, 52-meter wide, fault-thickened seam, beneath a conventionally-excavated pit bottom. Mine planning and operational hurdles encountered throughout a kilometer of mined strike length included mitigating highwall instability in both hanging and footwall slopes, water management, and end-of-life machine reliability and maintenance. The most substantial challenge has been the depressed global coal market. However, the successful application of this mining method significantly aided the overall cost of production at the site. The valuable experience gained from this project will be extended to future mining areas where this technique can be similarly applied. INTRODUCTION Coal Valley Mine is located approximately 220 kilometers southwest of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Since commercial production began in 1978, more than 84 million clean tonnes of coal has been produced and sold domestically as well as exported overseas for power generation. While the existing processing plant has a nameplate capacity of 4 million tonnes per year, the site has operated at a 2 million tonne rate since 2015 due to depressed export markets. Westmoreland acquired the mine as part of its purchase of Sherritt Coal Operations in April 2014. The mine operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with an IUOE workforce of 261. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The geology of the Yellowhead Tower mining area differs significantly from previous mining areas at Coal Valley. The Mynheer coal seam discussed herein consists of steeply dipping, highly-sheared, thrust-faulted, and heterogeneous coal pods. Deep set, southwest striking thrust faults were the likely mechanism for the podding and have resulted in overturned, rolled and highly sheared seams with zone thicknesses of up to 65 meters.The hanging wall is characterized by soft bentonitic mudstones and siltstones, overlain by massive competent sandstone. The footwall is defined by a hard volcanic tuff, interbedded with thin, sporadic coal seams. The sandstone above and volcanic tuff below constrained the faulting system within this zone, enabling the mass podding that has afforded the opportunity for large-scale mining."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. E. Petersen

The United States Bureau of Mines conducted research on high-intensity magnetic separation methods for upgrading tantalum concentrates from Alabama. Process flow sheets were studied to maximize tin removal and minimize tantalum loss. Using laboratory-scale equipment, concentrates were produced which contained over 65% combined Ta2O5-Nb2O5. Up to 78% of the tin was recovered as a byproduct, containing about 70% SnO2. Only 1 to 5% of the tantalum reported with the tin byproduct. The producer subsequently incorporated high-intensity magnetic separation into its process flow sheet to provide concentrates for the National Defense Stockpile.

Jan 1, 1993

By I. J. Jansen

Successful soil construction involves preparation of an adequate base, selection of high quality soil materials, and placement of those materials by means which will establish a continuous macropore network and modest to low soil strength. Where such has been accomplished, experiments reveal row crop productivity on reclaimed land which is very competitive with that on undisturbed land. Inferior productivity and sensitivity to drought stress are experienced where the soils are excessively compacted during construction. Some deep tillage practices have been quite successful in improving the compacted soils, but it is preferable to avoid compaction as the soil materials are handled.

Jan 1, 1987

By Matteo Cortinovis, Giuseppe Gelmi

"INTRODUCTIONEdilmac dei F.lli Maccabelli (hereinafter referred to as Edilmac) has recently developed a special civil engineering application using the Raise Boring technology with the assistance of Inrock MGS (Magnetic Guidance System). Applying the Paratrack Magnetic Guidance System coupled with a directional mud motor to the drill string allows a better accuracy compared to standard drilling, as showed in our tests. This is the first time the Paratrack System has been applied to the Raise Boring technology. RAISE BORING METHOD STATEMENT The Raise Boring technology was born in North America during the Sixties. In 1962, Ingersoll and Robbins were the first companies to produce Raise Boring Machines (RBM). The technology was first used in the underground mine industry, in order to bore ventilation shafts and passes through different levels, thus reducing the cost of haulage. The Raise Boring method is only feasible in stable rock conditions. The Raise Boring method consists of drilling a small diameter pilot hole that reaches a tunnel located at the bottom of the drilled hole. Once the pilot hole reaches the tunnel, a reamer head is installed at the end of the drill string and pulled up, creating the hole with the designed diameter (Figures 1 and 2). The main equipment, which is required to perform Raise Boring activities, is the following: •,An RBM; •,A tricone bit; •,Drilling rods; •,A reaming head; The standard mucking of the pilot hole is done with water or bentonite mud. For the last 30 years, Edilmac has developed a mucking process, which uses compressed air with the addition of foam or a small amount of water for dust control.Pilot hole tricone. The drilling of the pilot hole is usually performed with a tricone bit having a diameter between 11” (27.61 cm) and 15” (38.10 cm) (Figure 3). High strength rods. They generally have a diameter ranging from 10” (25.40 cm) to 12 ?” (32.70 cm) (Figure 4), depending on the length and the final diameter of the shaft."

Jan 1, 2016

By Arnolfo A. Valdivia

Prior to 1971, there were several clinical trials to evaluate programs for early detection of lung cancer. Among these, the Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Research Project,(3) the Veterans Administration Study published by Lilienfeld,(7) and the controlled trial of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan showed an overall five year survival rate of 8% for newly detected cases (the same as the national statistic for unscreened patients). In 1971, the National Cancer Institute initiated three randomized, controlled mortality studies using lung cancer screening of persons at high risk (male smokers over 45 years old). The studies are being conducted at the Johns Hopkins University Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The studies have slightly different designs in the combination of sputum cytology and chest x-rays. At the Mayo Clinic the study group is offered screening with sputum cytology and chest x-rays every four months, whereas the control group is advised to have an x-ray and cytology every year. No reminders are sent, and it is believed that only about 20% of the control group is screened. At Johns Hopkins and Memorial, both experimental and control groups are offered annual chest x-rays. The experimental group is additionally offered sputum cytology every four months.(5) At present all of the programs show that screening can detect cancers that are undetectible by other means. However, at this time mortality rates in the control and experimental groups are not significantly different in any of the three studies. OUR PROGRAM Our clinic is located in Grants, New Mexico and we provide most of the pre-employment physical examinations for the mines operating in the Grants area (Kerr McGee Nuclear, Homestake Mining, United Nuclear, Western Nuclear, and Ranchers). In the examinations, we obtain the previous mining history of the worker, a chest x-ray, a sample of sputum for cytological examination, and a blood sample. We also provide routine annual physical examinations of the workers, with special interest in the detection of bronchogenic carcinoma. In the early seventies, we did not have a definite surveillance program. We did not know whether we should have a program like the one started at Memorial or like the one started at the Mayo Clinic. After long consideration, we decided to have a program that does not demand a sputum cytology and chest x-ray every four months, but that allows as many chest x-rays and sputum cytologies as needed to diagnose lung cancer as early as possible. We believe that, if a screening method for cancer is to be optimally effective, it must detect the process at stages early enough for curative therapy. We order a test depending on the age of the miner, the race, the mining history, the smoking history, the radiation exposure levels, and the results of the previous chest x-ray and sputum cytology. With the help of the computer, we have a list of all the miners who should be watched closely because of age, race, mining history, smoking history, radiation exposure, etc. Examination of the miners is performed at our clinic, where all the records are kept. The sputum is collected there but examined in Grand Junction, Colorado, by Dr. Geno Saccomanno. There are two ways to collect sputum. The best way is to collect three consecutive morning samples. For this, we need the cooperation of the miners. They have to follow these instructions and mail the bottle containing the sample to Grand Junction. "Instructions for obtaining a good cough specimen" The enclosed plastic bottle contains a preservative solution, so do not empty out the liquid in it. When you go to bed, place the plastic bottle at your bedside where it will be handy in the morning. When you first get up in the morning (before breakfast) try to cough up some "phlegm" from deep in your chest, and spit it into the liquid in the bottle. Try coughing several times. If you have difficulty coughing, try inhaling deeply the steam from a teakettle (or home-type inhalator). Keep the amount of saliva (ordinary spit) that you put into the bottle along with the cough specimen as small as possible. Do not collect the "phlegm" or mucous that comes from the back of your nose. Put the cap back on the bottle, and shake it vigorously for two minutes. If the amount of material you have coughed up is quite small, then keep the bottle at your bedside for three or four days, and each morning try to add another cough specimen. After obtaining your cough specimen, repack the bottle in the mailing container, and attach the enclosed mailing label. It does not require any postage stamps. Unfortunately, some miners "forget" to mail the sample and end up with an incomplete physical examination. To avoid this some companies, like Homestake, request that we obtain the sample in our clinic by forcing cough and expectorant with a nebulizer machine. This method does not give as good a sputum sample as the previous one, but we do get a sputum sample for every miner. The policies of different companies, in regard to annual physical examinations are different. All

Jan 1, 1981

By Charles G. Zink

Early anthracite "deep mining" methods, production, manpower. underground transportation, labor, safety and reserves are reviewed and compared to the present and to future requirements which must be met in order to economically win the fourteen million tons of untapped reserves and to keep the product competitive in the market place.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. R. Klimpel

In this first report, we present a preliminary model based on the simple binary sys¬tem of component B occluded in a matrix of compo¬nent A, for the case where fracture planes can pass with equal ease through A or B. By assuming that the volume fraction of B in AB in the overall matrix is small, which is realistic for many prac¬tical systems, the problem is reduced to a one-¬dimensional treatment which is conceptually easy to understand. The model was programmed for Monte Carlo simulation, and an analytical solution also developed based on the assumption of zero or one mineral fragment per particle. Preliminary ex¬perimental confirmation using a synthetic "mineral¬-host matrix" of known amount and size of B in AB is presented.

Jan 1, 1983

By B. Campbell

This paper will detail the successful construction methods of a 20- foot diameter wet well shaft, approximately 180 feet deep in overall depth and 150-feet below the water table, adjacent to Lake Nacimiento, in San Luis Obispo County, California. In addition to this, highlights will include the selection process in determining the most economical support of excavation, while minimizing risk of large water inflows as indicated in the Owner?s Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR).

Jan 1, 2010

Many of the deeper ore reserves in current gold operations as well as new gold deposits consist of refractory ore types. As process development for these mineralizations remains time-consuming and costly, minimization of exploratory testwork and the early identification of feasible process routes is critical. Since most of the processing parameters are related to the mineralogy of the ore (Marsden & House, 1992), thorough mineralogical analyses during exploration and development phases have become a technical and economical requirement. The determination of mineralogy-related processing parameters and especially the gold mineralogy is even more important for these ore types because refractory gold ores consist of many transitions from partially leachable to totally refractory. In addition to sulfide and gangue encapsulation, various other refractory conditions may exist. Together with accessory mineralogical detriments (e.g., alteration/ slimes, reagent consumers, scale formation, mineral preg robbing) they may complicate process selection and hamper optimal plant operation.

Jan 1, 1993

By Martín A. Encinas-Romero, GUILLERMO TIBURCIO-MUNIVE, María M. Salazar-Campoy, Patricia Guerrero-Germán, José R. Parga-Torres, Luis S. Quiróz-Castillo, JESÚS L. VALENZUELA-GARCÍA

Pressure oxidation is a hydrometallurgical oxidative pretreatment for refractory ores, such as sulfide ores. Here, simultaneous alkaline pressure oxidation and sodium cyanide leaching treatments were carried out on a pyritic ore from the Mulatos Mine located in Sahuaripa, Sonora, Mexico. Mineral characterization, agitation leaching, hot cyanidation under atmospheric pressure conditions, simultaneous moderated pressure oxidation and leaching, and kinetic testing results are shown. The modified variables were temperature, pressure, and cyanide concentration. Characterization indicated that pyrite was the main mineral. Simultaneous pressure oxidation and leaching experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 40–80 °C, oxygen pressure of 87.5–200 psi, and cyanide concentration of 0.8–1.2 wt% in a 2-L Parr pressure reactor. A dissolution rate of 81–86% was achieved under the following conditions: 87.5 psi, 80 °C, 0.8 wt% NaCN, for 1 h.

May 7, 2020