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By V. Eu. Anufriev

Despite of significant cost advantages and the positive expierence roof bolting is limited up to 15-20% of all workings at the Cuzbass mines. The low level of application of the technology is the result of specific mining and geological conditions and defects of organization and technical support. When analysing mining and geological conditions of development working maintenance and geomechanical aspects the necessity of changing of technological schemes of preparation and extraction of mine sections is obvious. The prospects of large-scaled transferring from frame support to roof bolting are connected with introduction the technology of support with the help of non- expanding bolt classes including bolts with mineral filler fixation. The design of bolters with mineral filler fixation is given here. The results of testing of bolt load characteristics in artificial holes and in situ are proved the technology efficient. For increasing of drilling works efficiency it is necessary to master the production of oilless compressor and heading machines with the manipulator. For bolt dimension forecast it is recommended to use the relations of measured parameters of "dome" to roof shifts. Effective monitoring of rock pressure in the junctions is connected with the use of support of conventional bolts together with bolts of deep installation with simultaneous supporting of face ends with special mechanical sets, which compensate face length change.

Jan 1, 1996

By Fulton Flick

THE micrography and macrography of aluminum and its alloys present certain difficulties. Many of the difficulties attendant on the micrography have been removed by methods developed during the past few years, notably those of E. H. Dix, Jr.1 The development of grain size in aluminum and its alloys may be equally troublesome, yet comparatively little detailed attention appears to have been given to it. Satisfactory reagents. are available for the development of such structures in ferrous and most non-ferrous metals, but those applied to aluminum and its alloys, i. e., alcoholic or aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide or hydrofluoric acid are not entirely satisfactory. Hanson and Archbutt,2 in speaking of these two reagents, state that "These two reagents give fairly satisfactory results, but they sometimes produce badly tarnished surfaces from which the surface deposit is difficult to remove." It has been our experience that neither of these reagents is to be entirely relied on for developing structures suitable for study or photography. This means that when the etch fails to produce satisfactory results the, specimen must be repolished, through the 000-paper at least, and then etched with another reagent. This procedure entails a con¬siderable loss of time, and the final results may not be all that might be desired. However, the reagent to be described, although not a panacea for all etching troubles, has improved results so markedly that it is felt that it is worth offering as a grain-size etch generally applicable to aluminum and aluminum alloys. Czochralski3 in 1915 mentioned the application of a solution of 10 to 20 c. c. concentrated hydrofluoric acid in 100 c.c. absolute alcohol, etching in this reagent being followed by dipping in concentrated hydrochloric-acid solution.

Jan 2, 1925

By L Lachance, F Flament, D Leroux, S GariTpy

"Considerable metal values are often locked in stockpiles (ore, concentrates, heap leach pads, slags, reverts, etc.) and process equipment (bins, holding tanks, thickeners, etc.). This is more than enough to justify accurate accounting of such in-process metal inventories from both financial accounting and operational perspective. However, accurately determining the metal inventory of an in-process unit is often a challenge in industrial practice. Audits have shown that available indirect or direct measurements often carry large inaccuracies. Sooner or later, ignoring these measurement errors lead to unexpected incoherencies in reported metal balances. In such situations, coherent metal balances are then achieved through subjective and sometimes significant adjustments of in-process inventory levels. While such metal accounting methods applied by mineral processing engineers used to be rarely challenged, they are now being increasingly scrutinised by various stakeholders. Hence, metal accounting procedures that mitigate subjectivity in adjustments while still coping with the unavoidable uncertainty are more relevant than ever.This paper reviews three different metal accounting methods for reporting in-process metal inventory values. Their individual application strongly depends on the available measurements i.e. The indirect method where the metal inventory of a given process unit is determined by subtracting the cumulative reclaim from the cumulative feed carries important flaws. The direct method also comes with challenging accuracy issues so that emptying a process unit is often the best available inventory measurement. This reality is recognised for by further analysing a previously proposed operating mode where two interchangeable process units are alternately used. The third investigated method is the redundant method which combines indirect and direct methods for a given process unit. This paper reveals that the dual process unit operating mode and the redundant method can both significantly improve the estimation quality of in-process metal inventories.CITATION:Lachance, L, GariTpy, S, Leroux, D and Flament, F, 2013. Review of metal accounting methods for in-process metal inventories, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013, pp 102-117 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 15, 2013

By Edward J. Chuhta, Joseph E. Chilton, Robert J. Timko

in underground mines to measure worker exposure to various gases such as methane, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Even in relatively small concentrations, NO2 can produce harmful side effects in underground workers. Mines using equipment powered by diesel engines, carrying out explosive blasting operations, and performing extensive arc welding and/or cutting work will have measurable quantities of NO2 released by these processes. Workers in these areas often use gas monitors to warn of excessive gas concentrations and to help them determine when to increase ventilation air that will dilute these gases, thus minimizing exposures to this gas. Portable gas monitors, used to measure NO2 levels, must be calibrated before each use. Calibration is typically performed using a small portable pressurized cylinder containing a certified gas mixture. The certified NO2 standard mixture, usually 10 ppm NO2 concentration, is diluted with either air or nitrogen gas. To determine the stability of commercially available portable gas standards, two different cylinders containing NO2 in nominal 10-ppm concentrations were examined. One cylinder was diluted in air, the other, in nitrogen. Baseline NO2 mixtures were generated using a standard liquid NO2 permeation tube operated at a constant temperature. Final dilutions of the test gas mixtures were made with air or with nitrogen using a mass flow-controlled gas dilution system. This study showed that, when a permeation-type NO2 generator is used, the electrochemical sensors in portable NO2 monitors provide identical results for gas mixtures whether they are diluted with air or with nitrogen. Two different gas monitors, one with a two-electrode sensor and one with a three-electrode sensor, were used to measure gas concentrations in the two commercially available cylinders. One month after the cylinders were delivered, the NO2-in-nitrogen cylinder, stated to contain 10 ppm NO2, measured 8.13 ppm. The NO2-in-air cylinder, also stated to hold 10 ppm NO2, measured 6.88 ppm. Therefore, before using NO2 gas cylinders to calibrate monitors, it is recommended that their concentrations be verified either by manufacturer recertification or by comparing the stated cylinder gas concentrations to a laboratory-based permeation tube-generated standard.

Dec 1, 2005

High-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) are an accepted, but continuously expanding, comminution technology. The copper industry has a growing need to process harder ores with progressively lower grades, more challenging metallurgy and increasing demand for efficient bacterial leaching applications. This has resulted in a major focus on HPGR use in a crushing circuit. If the industry is to increase leach extraction while lowering energy costs in high-throughput hydrometallurgical operations, HPGR will be of inherent significance. The following paper summarizes test work on copper leach ores utilizing the benefits of HPGR comminution, while increasing several critical metallurgical parameters. Based on the current work and previous investigations, it was found that HPGR comminution within a crushing circuit, in specific instances, can result in 2 - >10% increases in cop-per extraction. The tested variables are crush size, rock type and copper mineralogy dependence. Various other process parameters may also be optimized.

Jan 1, 2011

By H. D. B. Wilson, D. T. Anderson

"Canadian sulphide deposits generally have characteristic compositions. Metal associations in ore deposits and in igneous rocks are similar.Nickel: sulphur ratios, copper-nickel ratios, and nickel :cobalt ratios in copper-nickel sulphide ores are characteristic for most orebodies. Nickel, as sulphide, is highest in ores associated with ultrabasic rocks, whereas copper is highest in ores associated with gabbros. Cobalt is relatively constant. The metal ratios in copper-nickel ores are due, first, to the composition of the related igneous rock or magma; second, to the partition ratios of the metals into the sulphides when separating from the silicate rock or magma; and third, to the conditions at the time of deposition. Each factor is discussed and the evidence indicates the Frood orebody is a magmatic segregation in place and Falconbridge is an injected sulphide melt. Many Canadian orebodies containing copper, zinc, or lead also have relatively constant compositions. •Copper and zinc are concentrated in gabbro and diorite, and copper-zinc ores in northwestern Quebec are spatially related to gabbros and diorites. The same three factors con-trolling metal ratios in. copper-nickel deposits should control the metal ratios in copper-zinc deposits if the metals come from the gabbro-diorite intrusions.The ratios of base metals in common sedimentary rocks are not similar to the ratios in orebodies. Base metal elements are mobilized during high-grade metamorphism, but much fundamental research is needed before the relation between metamorphism and ore deposits can be established on a sound basis. The distribution of elements in sulphide orebodies suggests that cop-per, zinc, and lead are deposited simultaneously .in relatively constant proportions rather than successively in a paragenetic sequence. Zoning may be due to different ratios of metals being deposited under changing temperature, pressure, and chemical environment, or may be the result of other processes."

Jan 1, 1959

By A Self, B Robertson

During 2015 and 2016, the authors conducted a number of surveys, workshops and reviews of ventilation and gas management practices in Australian underground coalmines. The study was funded by ACARP with a brief to identify gaps in ventilation and gas management practices for current and future needs, and to prepare a road map for change that would assist in delivering improvements.The study found that despite many examples of leading practice, gas and ventilation management is not afforded the attention and priority that is warranted and that this must be remedied if future operational performance targets are to be achieved and the safety of the industry protected. This paper summarises the findings of the study and presents the recommendations proposed.CITATION:Robertson, B and Self, A, 2017. A review of ventilation and gas management in underground mines, in Proceedings Australian Mine Vent Conference 2017, pp 277–284 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 28, 2017

By M. J. Fairweather, J. R. Egan, W. A. Meekel

Cominco Metals, in cooperation with two Canadian Universities and the Government of Canada, is developing applications for column flotation in the treatment of lead and zinc ores. Plant scale results at Polaris and pilot plant studies of Sullivan, Pine Point and Red Dog ores show column flotation to have significant advantages over conventional mechanical flotation for lead and zinc cleaning. Results from these ongoing studies are discussed in relation to ore texture, mineral recovery, impurity behaviour, scale-up and control.

Jan 1, 1988

By R. E. Heithecker

In Kansas, almost every oil well drilled into a limestone formation is treated with hydrochloric (muriatic) acid upon completion. This is done to increase the potential capacity of the well and thereby increase its "daily allowable" production (see p. 9 ), to shorten the time required to produce the recoverable oil, and to increase the quantity of oil recovered ultimately from the reservoir. The porosity and. permeability of limestone formations seldom are uniform throughout the proved area, consequently the production capacities of completed wells vary considerably. Acid treatment of wells tends to increase production capacity and to equalize potential capacity. If offset wells already have been treated with acid, new wells usually are treated to protect the property on which they are drilled against drainage. Even though competitive conditions do not exist in a field, it

Jan 1, 1939

By W. B. Berwald

[Accurate ~cusirc::ie t of euusu.rface r,resw rus £Uld tee:: ?er:~t:,res in producin+ oil and as wells is one of tine ast iy,ulortant steps ever t,.s:en to place the rprwctice of retroleum ,-iroduction on an exact scientific basis. i'reerures and teial.or-tures in a -petrolcuia r4:, rvoir. have a rn..r..ed influence over the o:wvement of oil and ~c s both within the. reservoir and t~:rou,=Ii the various-size "flow otrin;;u" of proLucin,; wells to tine surface. Knovrled: ?c of theso fc,.ctgrs form a Laois for cny attei:ant to [.,-~ly eciantific j:cthods to the solution or analysio of mc.nj proble;ae encountered in the production of oil and 1c_c, Without a.ccur:tc mcaaurx,ients of reosures r:.nd tcn::paratuxes within the rocervoit and -well 'flo-,r strinL:s" tae aI,licution of w.ny proved enbinecrin and scientific princiy-,loo is on %,]

Jan 1, 1935

By Jake Gibson

"As one of the most pressing and important political debates of this century, climate change has captured global attention and is forcing governments to take action toward decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) and carbon emission levels below what was previously thought to be necessary. With the ever-increasing price of diesel fuel, accompanied by the popular topic of carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions, the mining industry is looking to industry specialists for assistance. The benefits of a no-idle policy reach far beyond carbon reduction and fuel savings, ranging from decreased maintenance to increased engine life. With products like battery-powered ac systems and diesel-fired heaters, going noidle is easier today than ever before. With both systems being manufactured to withstand the harsh environments of the mining industry, the end user will see a seamless change from conventional, inefficient belt-driven systems to future, standalone mobile equipment HVAC.The history of GHGs and climate changeIn 1896, Svante Arrhenius first claimed that the combustion of fossil fuels may eventually result in enhanced global warming, but not until 1955 did Gilbert Plass draw global attention to global warming by summarizing that adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere would intercept infrared radiation and thus warm the earth. Then in the early 1960s, Charles Keeling developed modern technology to produce concentration curves for atmospheric CO2 (Fig.1).In 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was founded by the United Nations after acknowledgment of a rising global annual temperature. The IPCC consists of more than 2,500 scientific and technical experts from more than 60 countries. Because climate change could not be solved by a single country, the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in 1998, requiring all participating countries to reduce their GHG emissions by at least 5 percent from the 1990 levels. The Protocol was signed by 186 countries in 2001 (since then several countries have retreated from the agreement, including the United States). In 2002, the Bush administration announced a policy for climate change relying on domestic, voluntary actions to reduce the "greenhouse gas intensity" of the United States economy by 18 percent by 2012. The U.S. still attends the Kyoto conference of parties (COPs) but does not participate in negotiations, as it is not bound by its terms."

Jan 1, 2014

By Lutz Markworth, Evren Ören

"The worldwide demand of ores and the depletion of the high-purity deposits make it necessary to recover ores in increasingly finer size fractions in the feed material. The flotation technology of more than 40 years old plants was not able to recover the ultra fine material. Those slurry tailings ponds now have the chance to be re-processed with PNEUFLOT® technology.The bubble sizes of different flotation technologies have a huge influence of the results especially regarding the recovery of the ultra fine particle sizes.PNEUFLOT® technology of HUMBOLDT WEDAG Coal & Minerals Technology GmbH in Germany was applied to ultra fine Phosphate, Copper and Platinum ores. The results will be presented in this paper.Conventional technology like agitator flotation has its limits in the flotation of fines due to turbulences in the cell. The position of the agitator influences the recovery of the fines. A deep impeller generates a higher froth zone. This helps to catch the medium fines. Due to the static head of the slurry inside the cell, compressed air is required for such cell designs.Column flotation is well known for a good selectivity without having in the first cell a good recovery. This leads to invest in several cleaning stages to reach an acceptable recovery. Further more, compressed air is required to generate the air bubbles to the flotation process, which are much bigger than with PNEUFLOT® technology applied.INTRODUCTIONHigh metal prices are actually the basis to invest in poor deposits or deposits with very fine intergrown ores which have to be milled down to ultra fine powders less than 60 micron. The liberation grade has to be determined by a mineralogical analysis. Polish sections have to be prepared and interpreted by using of a microscope. Figure 1 and figure 2 are showing polish sections of a platinum-nickel ore from Petchenga Nickel at Zapolyarni Mine in Russia. The head grades for rich ore are for copper between 0.05 – 0.15%, for nickel between 3 – 7% and for platinum group minerals approx. 0.15 oz/t. With an efficient flotation technology it can be upgraded to 20 oz/t."

Jan 1, 2009

By M. C. Bhulose

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng (Mining Engineering) degree The purpose of this project was to identify constraints that could occur in the current sub-decline shaft at Turffontein Shaft should an increase in production take place. Particular attention was to be paid to the transportation of men and materials and to the broken rock and ventilation capacity of the shaft. This project is an in-depth evaluation of the logistic capacity of the sub-decline system at Turffontein Shaft in order to determine by how much production can be increased in this area to replace tonnages from the vertical shaft area, where ore reserves are rapidly becoming depleted.

Jan 1, 2004

By Joel Lööw, Jan Johansson, Erik Lund

Digitalization and automation technology offer new possibilities to increase productivity and obtain higher levels of autonomy in mining operations. Introducing autonomous systems into mining is not only a technical problem in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, nor a problem of safety in human-automation interactions. The systems also need to be designed and developed so that they foster healthy and attractiveworking environments. The design and development phase of newmining technology has not been extensively studied previously. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated technology developers’ basic assumptions about humans and their interactions with the technology they develop. We conducted five semi-structured workshops within an EU funded project concerned with developing digitalization and automation solutions for the mining industry. The data suggests that many critical functions will still be under human control in future mining systems. The results also indicate increased complexity in the interaction between autonomous systems and humans as the technology becomes more advanced. As a result, we suggest that a human perspective, based on sociotechnical principles, should not only be considered in implementing the technology at mines but also in the early conceptual phases of developing and designing the technology. This will ensure healthy and attractive work environments in the future mining industry.

Mar 26, 2024

By G. Song

"SynopsisAccording to the overlying rock strength and thickness of 10 shallow coal seams in China, the strata are classified into four types: weak and laminated strata (hereinafter referred to as WL), weak and massive strata (WM), strong and laminated strata (SL), and strong and massive strata (SM). The four types of strata, together with longwall panel height (M), panel length (L), and seam depth (H) are factors that influence the loads on hydraulic power supports. Principal component analysis was used to study the seven influencing factors. It turns out that seam depth (H) is multicollinear with WL, WM, SL, and SM. Thus the enumerated seven factors are divided into two models. In Model 1, six factors; panel height, panel length, and layer thickness of the four type strata are involved. In Model 2, three factors; panel height, panel length, and seam depth are included. Using multivariate regression analysis, two equations to calculate loads on supports are obtained for each model. The equations were applied to shallow coal seams. The equation of Model 1 is more accurate than that of Model 2, but Model 2 could be further used in deep coal seams. The equations were coded through VB programming to simplify the calculation.IntroductionTo ensure coal production in the long term, the focus of coal mining has been gradually shifted to the western areas of China in recent years due to rich coal resources in this region. Most of the coal seams in this area are shallow but the support loads are abnormally high. In these circumstances, the chock loads estimating methods used in the past do not work. If the rated working resistance of a support is larger than needed, the shield is unable to fully perform, while a lower working resistance would lead to accidents like shield crushing or even casualties. This problem is frequently found in shallow coal seams such as Shenfu-Dongsheng, Yulin, Tuha, Lingwu etc. (Zhang, 2011). Thus, to ensure safety and efficiency during mining, the estimation of support loads and selection of supports are of great significance."

Jan 1, 2015

By L. Archambeault

This paper describes preliminary research on the application of Markov Decision Processes (MDP) to Real Option Valuation (ROV) and the optimisation of mine scheduling. The MDP framework is a novel approach to option valuation and scheduling in mining operations. A learning agent is introduced into the valuation process of an open pit, where prices and block ore grades have probabilistic values. The prices are modelled using a mean reverting diffusion process and the block grades using sequential Gaussian simulation. The agent is asked to learn which production parameters should be used in order to maximise the overall value of the project. The introduction of the agent permits a real option approach to mine valuation, such that the value associated with the robustness of a design to uncertainty can be measured. A simulated example is used in which there are ten blocks to be extracted under conditions of grade and price uncertainty. Using policy iteration, an optimal policy is generated and the value of production options is found. The potential financial gains from applying MDPs to mine valuation and optimisation are substantial and warrant further investigation.

Jan 1, 2007

By Kyle Wagner, William Joa, Colter Angell, Catherine Johnson, Marty Langenderfer, David Doucet

The goal of any business is to seek the maximum profitability for the organization through optimization the use of resources, processes and the application of new technologies. An analysis of various case studies demonstrate that blasting can have positive impacts on the crushing and milling processes resulting in increased profitability for the mining industry (Grundstrom, Kanchibotla, Jankovich & Thornton, 2001). This paper describes the case study of two copper mines in Peru producing Cu-Mo and Cu-Au concentrates, which together with their strategic partner, have implemented a project focused on the improvement of rock fragmentation. The project was based on techniques of pattern size reduction, the use of high energy explosives and the technology of electronic initiation. Combined, these techniques were shown to have significantly impacted the efficiency of downstream processes.

Jan 1, 2019

By Colin Barratt

The East Side Access (ESA) project is the largest underground rail infrastructure project under construction in New York City, USA. The Manhattan segment of the project is to be mined through rock and consists of 4.1 miles of Tunnel Boring Machine tunnels for track work and mined excavations to house rail switches, air plenums, and other rail facilities. This paper considers different methods for concrete lining, such as the use of fixed forms, adjustable forms, and pneumatically applied shotcrete. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed and the basis for considering one over the other are illustrated. Further discussions on design development and preparation of documents to facilitate quality and constructability in the field are presented.

Despite the current economic downturn that is now decimating iron ore production, Minnesota?s mining operators remain optimistic about the long-term prospects for the industry. Reflecting this optimism, the development of several new mining projects continues in the state. The future of mining in Minnesota was the featured topic at the combined 82nd Annual Minnesota Section of SME Meeting and 70th Annual University of Minnesota Mining Symposium. More than 500 mining industry professionals, including engineers, executives, mining managers and equipment suppliers from the around the world, attended the meeting, which was held April 14 and 15, 2009, in Duluth, MN. The combined meeting featured a keynote session with three distinguished speakers plus a panel discussion by representatives from several of Minnesota?s taconite producers. The keynote speakers were Curtis Clark, president and chief operating officer, Behr Dolbear, who gave a presentation on the ?State of the Mining Industry.? Phil Newman, chief operating officer, CRU Strategies, spoke about challenges facing the mining industry and James A. Skurla, acting director, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Labovitz School of Business and Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, discussed the importance of mining to northeastern Minnesota?s economy. The taconite producers panel discussion included Jonathan Holmes, vice president and operations manager, ArcelorMittal; Ed Latendresse, vice president and general manger, Hibbing Taconite; John Tuomi, vice president operations services, United Taconite and Mike Mliner, vice president and general manager, Northshore Mining. The mangers provided updates on their respective operation The meeting included concurrent technical papers sessions on mining, processing, environmental and nonferrous mining. The sessions included technical papers that provided information on the status of a number of new mining projects in the state. The conference also offered a SME short course titled ?The basics of iron mining.? A tradeshow that featured about 100 companies and organizations offering products and services to Minnesota?s mining industry ran in conjunction to the conference. It was estimated that more than 900 people, including conference registrants and special invited guests of the vendors, attended the tradeshow opening reception. This was the largest trade show in many years. The Minnesota Section of SME also held its annual business meeting during the conference.

Jan 1, 2009

By J. H. Maritz, Uludag. S.

"*Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B.Eng(Mining Engineering) degreeAfriTin Mining Limited plans to reopen the Uis tin mine in Namibia and establish a pilot processing plant for phase 1 of the Uis tin project, which is scheduled to commence in the last quarter of 2018 . A mining plan is required for phase 1 to supply the new pilot processing plant with 500 kt of run-of-mine ore per annum, for a period of 5 years. New geological mapping and three-dimensional modelling of the mining area were utilized to identify the most optimal mining locations that require low initial waste stripping. An open-pit mining method was selected to target the surface outcrops of the pegmatite orebodies. The mine design criteria were determined and used as input to generate the mine design by utilizing professional engineering software. The mine design was optimized and an overall stripping ratio of 0.81 was achieved. A 5-year production schedule was developed for the mine design according to quarterly periods of three months. A fixed production target of 125 kt of ore was assigned to the quarterly periods, and a ramp-up production target of 65 kt of ore was assigned for the first period. The mobile mining equipment requirements were calculated, and recommendations were made for implementing the 5-year mining plan. IntroductionAfriTin Mining Limited is the owner of the Uis tin project in Namibia and plans to reopen the Uis tin mine, which is located near the town of Uis, approximately 164 km north of Swakopmund. The Uis tin mine was owned and operated by Imkor Tin, a subsidiary of Iscor South Africa. Mining commenced in 1958, and the operation was closed in 1991. Steffen Robertson & Kirsten (SRK) defined the life of mine (LOM) plan for the historical Uis mine in 1989. The SRK report estimated the historical resources and reserves, which consisted of sixteen cassiterite-bearing pegmatite orebodies. SRK developed the most economical pit designs to provide the highest average tin grade at the lowest practical waste stripping ratio. Exploration data from the SRK report of 1989 was used extensively throughout this study, since no new exploration drilling has been conducted. The pegmatites are present as large, subvertical and outcropping veins up to 100 m in thickness. Once phase 1 is operational, mining will be conducted using conventional open pit mining methods. Initial production will be from exposed pegmatite veins in the old mine workings. AfriTin plans to establish a pilot processing plant by the end of 2018 to beneficiate run-of-mine ore at a rate of 500 kt per annum."

Jul 1, 2019