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"In the past year, mining at the Doyon Mine has shifted entirely from open pit to underground. The mine produced 234 692 ounces of gold in 1989 and is expected to produce 225000 ounces in 1990. The Doyon Mill has been running slightly above design capacity, and recovery has increased 3%.IntroductionThe Doyon Mine is located 25 miles east of Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec (Figure I).It is a joint venture owned by Lac Minerals and Cambior, with each holding a 50% interest. Lac Minerals operates the mine under the direction of a management committee.Production at the Doyon Mine began in 1980 with the start up of the Main Zone pit. Shortly thereafter the Doyon Mine became the largest open pit gold producer in Canada.In 1983, a ramp leading to the fourth level and exploration drifts were driven. Results were very encouraging, therefore the decision was made to sink a 2150-foot deep shaft, which was completed in 1986.In mid-1986, production began in the West pit, while underground mining of the West Zone started shortly thereafter, at the end of the same year.In 1987 the mill capacity was increased to 3300 tons per day and the Main Zone underground operations commenced."

Jan 1, 1990

By G. Begin

"The expansion undertaken at Selbaie in 1985 necessitated an adaptation and expansion of the equipment maintenance system. This paper relates briefly the stages of transformation of the maintenance administrative structures, work methods and tools. The maintenance in a mechanized mine requires an expenditure level in the order of 20% of the total operating cost of the enterprise. Thus, the maintenance organization was modified to apply more computerized planning and follow-up, and the role of preventative maintenance was further advanced.IntroductionAs far as maintenance is concerned at Selbaie, the scenario described herein is a resume of the current situation. Although positive results have been obtained, this outline is in no way a detailed account of a fail-proof maintenance system.Once zone A-I was put into production, the expansion the mine experienced in 1985 had a direct impact on the equipment maintenance system. As centralized as it was in the beginning, the system is now partially decentralized.The over-all changes to the maintenance department demonstrate the flexibility required by organizations in new situations. In spite of the exceptional results obtained before the expansion, it became evident that both the maintenance and production sectors would have to be combined. In doing so, a more appropriate coordination of maintenance work could be obtained and the maintenance staff would obtain a more detailed knowledge of the equipment in each sector. In addition, by keeping the general and specialized departments centralized, it was possible to offset the negative effect s of a decentralized system, namely too much manpower."

Jan 1, 1990

By Robert B. Parsons

"No Canadian or his family is likely to escape the effects of proposals for pension reform tabled on October 9, 1986 by Finance Minster Michael Wilson. New tax rules are proposed for Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs), company pensions, and other forms of retirement plans. Draft legislation is expected to be released in the first half of 1987.IntroductionOver two years ago on February, 15, 1984, Mark Lalonde, then Finance Minister, tabled two White Papers. The first, Action Plan for Pension Reform, proposed improvements to the public pension system and increases in the minimum pension benefits standards to be mandated by the federal government. Since then changes have been made to the Old Age Security, Guaranteed Income Supplement and Canada Pension Plan programs. Also, benefits provided under pension plans subject to the federal Pension Benefits Standards Act have been improved significantly.The companion paper, Building Better Pensions f or Canadians, proposed to standardize and, in many cases, improve retirement savings through private plans by revising the tax rule s. The tax proposals in the Notice of Ways and Means released by Finance Minister Wilson on October 9. 1986 implement, with modifications, the tax treatment of retirement savings originally proposed in the May 1985 budget in response to that second paper."

Jan 1, 1987

By E. Yalçin, A. Ünal

In transitional mineralization, the sill of the underlying variogram is relatively easily estimated, but the estimation of the nugget effect may be more difficult. This study aims to determine for massive copper deposits just how sensitive the estimations of ore reserve, economic copper content, total net value, and ultimate pit limits are to the errors of estimation in the nugget effect of the spherical variogram model. A massive copper deposit which has a log-normal distribution and a spherical variogram was simulated on a rectangular grid using the turning bands method. By using the three dimensional random kriging method, the mean block grades were estimated at four different sampling densities. The ultimate pit-limits were determined by using the two-dimensional dynamic programming algorithm. To calculate the estimation errors, the values obtained by using the actual nugget effect and structured component values were deducted from the estimations obtained using the incorrect nugget effect and structured component values. For isotropic massive copper deposits, it was found that the ratio of the nugget effect to the structured component of the spherical variogram has no significant effect on either the block grades estimated by the kriging method or on the ultimate pit limits.

Jan 1, 1992

By Jean-Luc Collins

"This paper shows how simple reliability concepts such as mean time between failures and mean repair time can be used efficiently to help increase equipment availability and so reduce the economic losses associated with unreliability.More specifically, the paper shows how these simple concepts can be used in maintaining an appropriate balance between fleet failure and repair rates and how they can be used for setting up priority repair rules f or queuing equipment.IntroductionA profitable mining operation must handle large quantities of ore and waste at the lowest possible cost. To achieve this objective, the operation must optimize the productivity of its fleets of equipment by efficient management of the time element. Figure I shows some basic equipment activities in an open pit operation while Figure 2 shows a tree diagram describing some time elements of these activities.It should be noted that the only time a piece of equipment can generate a profit is when it can be found in the operating status. In order to maximize this time element, the sum of the other time elements must be minimized because the total time is always fixed.This paper shows the application of simple techniques capable of reducing the waiting time for repair (maintenance delay) by using simple reliability concepts."

Jan 1, 1988

The mixer that is commonly encountered in hydro metallurgical operations consists of a single turbine and tank combination. However, it would be advantageous to examine some common solvent extraction mixing systems in the light of the fundamentals of chemical reactor design. The basic concepts of reactor design are commonly used in the chemical industry, and it should not be too difficult to apply them to solvent extraction. The factors that affect the engineering design of a reactor are: the reacting system; the type of reaction; and the configuration of the reactor. The reaction system in solvent extraction consists of a heterogeneous liquid phase, involving two immiscible liquids. It is essential f or the process that the reactor product can be separated efficiently in the subsequent settler. The type of reaction in solvent extraction system may be quite complex, and the picture is complicated by the presence of competing and side reactions. The reactors themselves have been generally continuous stirred tanks, and the nature of the mixer-settler makes it unlikely that the pumping mixer can be dispensed with. However, it appears that there should be some definite advantages to a system of stirred reactors in series. The kinetic experiments which are carried out should have the definition of optimum reaction conditions as one of their goals. The data obtained from these experiments must also be applicable to the design of reaction equipment. Reactor selection and design is often a unique problem for each chemical process, and does not lend itself to a systematic general approach. However, the application of chemical and physical principles to mixer design in solvent extraction should result in practical, more efficient plants.

Jan 1, 1979

By Chandrakala Kari, Divyang Shah, Lakshmi Kanth Reddy, Kaushik Vakil, Sanjay Sarkar, Bhavin Desai

Gases rich in sulfur dioxide generated as a by-product of smelting and converting operations of copper concentrate contain selenium apart from zinc, lead, copper, cadmium, bismuth, antimony, and arsenic. The gaseous stream is heat exchanged in waste heat boiler, dust collected in electrostatic precipitator followed by cleaning in reverse jet scrubber to remove fumes, halogens and fine dust before passing to DCDA Monsanto catalytic converter to produce commercial grade sulfuric acid. The gas cleaning section of the acid plant uses water to scrub the smelting gases. During scrubbing, precipitated solids, known as sludge, settles at the bottom of the reverse jet scrubber containing 30 to 40 wt% copper and selenium up to 40 wt% selenium. In the existing process, the sludge collected during scrubber cleaning process is directly recycled to the smelter for copper recovery. However, the selenium is expected to again vaporize due to high oxidation potential during smelting and converting, causing accumulation of selenium in sludge. In present investigation, a roasting process has been developed to recover the selenium from acid plant sludge before charging it to smelter for copper recovery. Selenium is associated with copper in acid plant sludge as copper selenide, as determined by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Thermodynamic and thermo-gravimetry study revealed that the copper selenide phase present in the sludge was amenable to oxidation at 600°C forming oxides of copper and selenium (Cu-Se-O). However, the dissociation of selenium from the copper oxide was made possible by sulfatation using sulfur dioxide between 450°C to 600°C, resulting into the formation of CuSO4(s) and SeO2(g). Lab scale experiments were carried out in vertical tubular furnace to determine the optimum roasting conditions with respect to roasting time, temperature and molar ratio of O2:SO2. Using these optimum conditions, selenium up to 90 wt. % in the form of SeO2 vapors could be recovered from the acid plant sludge in a large scale commercial roaster. Roasted sludge free from selenium and containing oxides and sulfates of copper could now be recycled in the smelter for copper recovery. INTRODUCTION There is an increasing demand for minor metals due to their use in innovative technologies. Similarly, the increase in demand for selenium is expected due to disruption in sectors related to renewable energy and photovoltaic battery. Selenium is a chalcogen and a non-metal with black or red crystalline appearance. Selenium is used in the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make red-colored glasses and enamels. It is also used in solar cells and as a photographic toner. Selenium is used as a brasses in stainless steel to improve its machinability. Selenium sulfide is used in anti-dandruff shampoos. In spite of the toxicity of its compounds, selenium is also an essential trace element for humans and animals. Selenium occasionally occurs free in nature, but more often occurs as selenides of iron, lead, silver and copper. There is an urgent need for the development of new methods for selenium recovery from the existing resources. Commercially, selenium is obtained only from anode mud produced during electrolytic refinery of copper.

Jan 1, 2019

By V. Maazallahi, A. Rouleau, A. Saeidi

"The geometry of the terrain topography before and after the failure are the essential factors for analyzing a landslide and for the design of remedial works. This paper presents a method to determine these factors, considering that the determination of the slide surface profile is difficult and costly using traditional methods and the pre-slide topography data is often not available. The presented method to locate the 3-dimensional geometry of the slide surface is based upon determining the slide surface in 2- dimensional vertical sections. This method utilizes post-slide topography of the area to determine the pre-slide topography and uses equations to estimate the pre-slide situation using a statistical process applied to points located on the sliding mass. This method is tested on the Maskun landslide in Iran. The results indicate the applicability of the proposed method to obtain the key factors for the back analysis of a landslide in a cost effective manner.INTRODUCTIONProbably the most reliable method of determining the strength of soil and rock mass is to back analyze a failed or failing slope (Caia et al. 2007; Wyllie & Mah, 2004). This method is used in geotechnics for estimating geotechnical parameters of the rock and soil mass (Sakurai et al., 2003; Frayssines and Hantz, 2009; Cepuritis et al. 2010), but it requires that the failure mode is well established and that there is complete and precise information available on the slide surface and the sliding mass (Sjöberg, 1996). Measurement of the slope profile before failure provides the basic information required for a back analysis (Hock & Bray, 1981). The post-slide topography is another key factor. The back analysis process for determining the actual strength parameters of soil or a decomposed rock mass after a landslide requires knowledge of the sliding mass geometry, both before and after the sliding event. Many studies are reported in the literature about the application of back analysis for determining geotechnical and geomechanical parameters of rock and soil mass (Sakurai et al., 2003; Cepuritis et al. 2010; Frayssines and Hantz, 2009, Hussain and Stark, 2011), but they generally present little information about the geometry of the slide surface, and the weight of rock and soil mass that slid, although these factors are the most important parameters for back analysis process. Liang and Xue-song (2012) determined the slip surface having the minimum factor of safety (called critical slip surface in deterministic analysis of slopes) and the slip surface with the minimum reliability index (called critical reliability slip surface), but they have not considered the actual profile and geometry of the slide surface. Rocscience (2013) proposes the back analysis option in the Slide software for slope stability study, but it requires an imposed slide surface as input; alternatively, one can estimate by a finite element analysis the surface with the minimum factor of safety. However, this estimated surface is very likely different from the actual sliding surface, considering the uncertainties in input data of the finite element method."

Jan 1, 2015

By Robert B. Parsons

"It is easy to throw darts at government - and government often deserves to be a target. This month, Tax Notes examines tax legislation from a different angle, and sees some bright spots.The following article is based on a paper presented by the author at the International Gold Symposium in Rio de Janeiro in August 1989Introduction""No man's life, liberty, or property are safe while the Legislature is in session.”With one federal government, ten provincial governments, and two territorial governments all claiming to have constitutional rights to tax and otherwise regulate Canada's mining industry, and with each of these thirteen governments pursuing their respective rights with some vigor, government involvement in one way or another is an accepted way of life in the industry. While one's initial reaction to government involvement in an industry might be one of scepticism or fear, generally speaking the federal, provincial, and territorial governments in Canada tend to be pro-mining. They recognize the importance of the mining industry to Canada, especially in terms of job creation and exports. It is not surprising, then, to find that an array of valuable fiscal incentives are available to the industry through federal and provincial legislation.This paper summarizes the principal incentives that are inherent in Canada's tax legislation, as well as the Canadian Exploration Incentive Program. Although it is beyond the scope of this paper to deal with all of the incentives that are available, it is noted that various forms of federal or provincial assistance are also available outside of specific legislation, through negotiation with government departments. This latter type of assistance is generally directed toward helping with the cost of infrastructure such as roads or hydro lines, or Jess often toward loan guarantees or similar financing assistance."

Jan 1, 1990

By R. Pakalnis, H. Miller, Madill. T.

"This paper describes a methodical approach to the estimation of the orientation and the magnitude of in-situ stresses. The study was performed at the Ruttan Mine, Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. , a 6,000 T.P.D. underground operation, located in northern Manitoba, Canada. It involves an initial estimate to be made based upon: structural interpretation • virgin stress measurements conducted in other areas (world wide, regional)The verification of the prevailing stress regime was made by conducting CSIRO hollow inclusion(1) overcoring measurements. The current cost for a virgin stress determination is about $7000 per measurement(2) and the difficulty encountered in attaining a good reading is high. This paper will describe the analytical procedures employed at Ruttan in evaluating the in-situ stress magnitude and orientation based on three overcore tests. It is proposed to perform an additional six measurements in order to verify the following results:Vertical stress = av (MPa) = 0.027 by depth (m)Major principal stress = o! """" 2.5 xav (340°/-20°)*Intermediate principal stress = a2 - 1.2xav (070°/0°)Minor principal stress = a3 """" o.8xov (160°/-70°)IntroductionThe Ruttan Mine of Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd., a 6,000 T.P.D. underground operation, is located in northern Manitoba, Canada (Fig. I). The Ruttan copper-zinc orebody is a multi-lensed, steeply dipping (70 degrees) en-echelon deposit. Individual lenses have a maximum strike length of 350 m with widths varying from 7 m to 61 m. The mining method is o pen stoping with delayed backfilling and extends from surface to 860 m below surface."

Jan 1, 1985

By L. Voisin, K. Mühlenbrock

A new pyrometallurgical process is proposed for cleaning complex copper matte and for recovering copper from copper scrap containing lead. In the process, a given amount of pig iron is added to the complex material under a reducing condition to produce two or three liquid phases at the equilibrium, depending on the content of sulfur in system, of copper-rich and iron-rich alloys, and matte, respectively. The novel process is proposed based on the experimental results obtained by performing laboratory scale tests in an electrical furnace at 1473 K followed by a quenching method on the final stage. The samples obtained from the experiments were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Inductively Couple Plasma (ICP) and Carbon Infrared Spectrometry (CIS) techniques. The results were discussed on the basis of the distribution of lead as impurity in the miscibility gap where equilibrated phases coexist. According to the mass balance calculations, the elimination of lead into the iron-rich alloy phase as a harmless and smaller deposit might be feasible and the process proposed for cleaning the complex matte would be promising.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. Grant Smith

In situ bulk density of coal is a variable applied to various aspects of coal resource evaluation, such as compositing ply analyses of coal attributes that are expressed on a weight per cent basis, and determining tonnages from volume estimates. Its value is a function of composition and porosity of the in situ material. When densities of ash-free coal, ash and water are fixed, in situ bulk density of a coaly mix can be expressed as a function of proportionate weight of ash in the mix. Correlations between in situ bulk densities and weight per cent ash contents of coaly mixes have been estimated for four general rank classes of coal (low medium volatile bituminous, high volatile bituminous, subbituminous, and lignitic).

Jan 1, 1991

By J. L. Collins

"This paper deals with the quantitative analysis of mine maintenance records. Based on a case study of dozer engine records, the author suggests an easy method of deriving useful information for managerial decisions in a step-by-step manner.More specifically, the paper deals with the following topics:• determination of the most economical replacement time,• determination of reliability characteristics,• determination of the number of replacements, and• determination of the number of spares.IntroductionThe mining industry collects a lot of information about every aspect of its activities, an example of which appears in Table I. In Table I , the distribution describes the operating hours at failure of 56 different dozer engines used in severe applications. Besides calculating an average and possibly a standard derivation from the data, little else is derived, at least from a statistical point-of-view.More information can be obtained from these records that could help management in the decision-making process.To illustrate this point, the sample data appearing in Table I will be analyzed in detail by making use of well-known concepts in reliability engineering.Distribution of DataTable I represents a distribution obtained from the recorded hours cumulated from the operators' time cards. The operating hours have been divided into fourteen classes for each 1000 hours of engine running, e.g . all engines scoring an operating time of between 1001 and 2000 hours formed a class , those scoring between 2001 and 3000 hours another one, etc. Generally, the class interval should be a multiple of the equipment preventive maintenance check period.The minimum acceptable sample size should be large enough to ensure that the score in each class interval is at least one. Ideally, the score for each class interval should be at least five so that a chi-square test could be carried out if necessary.The average life of an engine can be found by adding the products of the frequency and the class mark (mid-point) values. Therefore:"

Jan 1, 1987

By H. Bannach

"This paper focusses on what seem to be the leading indicators of prosperity in the minerals industry during this decade: the geographical distribution of deposits, environmental impact, capital allocation and acid consumption. There is a potential for meeting environmental criteria at a reasonable profit margin, but those with limited acid demand within economic range will face hard times to meet growing environmental concerns, resulting in additional mine closures. At the other end, those with old waste dumps who are thinking about smelting capacity additions will need capital influx at a much larger rate than ever before. All things considered, a change should be made in the way the world's copper reserves are computed, because there is a growing need to internalize these effects back to the ore blocks before a meaningful estimate of reserves becomes available.IntroductionThe copper industry has undergone several changes during the past decade, many of which were expected to take place because they rel1ect the economics of ageing mines. However, many others took place that shocked the industry because they were not completely under control. The focus of this paper is to rel1ect on those changes, and on market expectations for this decade that somehow depend on their impact.To review the prospects for new mine developments and expansions from an industry perspective to a full extent, it would be necessary to consider not only the deposits themselves, but also geographical constraints, environmental constraints, labour composition, technology development and use, the availability of capital, ownership issues, and integration within the industry. This paper, however, will concentrate on only some of the key elements that are believed to playa major role in shaping the market in the decade that has just begun. These elements, all interconnected, are:"

Jan 1, 1992

By M. Cossette, V. H. Tran

"How can the durability of asphalt pavement be doubled without increasing highway budgets? Asphalt containing asbestos can provide the desired performance with additional costs being made up by longer life. The addition of a low percentage of asbestos to an asphalt mix permits a higher asphalt content without any consequent loss in stability. It is mainly the higher asphalt content that provides improved performance and durability, although the fibrous reinforcement plays a key role in preventing the propagation of micro-fissures. As well, several international studies show that, thanks to the latest production techniques, no environmental hazards need be incurred.RésuméComment doubler la durée des chaussées d'asphalte sans augmenter les budgets de voirie? L’asphalte contenant de l'amiante peut offrir les performances souhaitées et l'augmentation des couts initiaux peut être rapidement compensée par une durée prolongée. L’addition d'une faible teneur en amiante courte il l'enrobe de bitume permet des teneurs en bitume plus élevées sans subir une perte de stabilité en conséquence. C'est principalement la teneur accrue en bitume qui assure un améliorations propriétés physiques et une augmentation des performances mécaniques, ainsi qu'on prolongement de la durée. Cependant, le renforcement fibreux joue un rôle clef en prévenant la propagation éventuelles micro-fissures. Les nouvelles techniques évitent tous risques environnementaux"

Jan 1, 1991

By Robert B. Parsons

"The pendulum in Ottawa has swung dramatically from fiscal policy to monetary policy over the last several years. International trends indicate that the pendulum has to start its swing the other way, if Canada's mining industry is to maintain its preeminent position in the global mining arena. This article, which is based on a paper presented by the author at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Newfoundland Branch of CIM, identifies these trends and how they could interact with Canadian policy.IntroductionThe title of this paper is not a very imaginative or catchy one, but it states the topic quite succinctly, if not tersely. This paper looks into a crystal ball to see what might be in store for mine financing over the balance of the current decade.In the event that the reader feels some trepidation about the prospect that such a paper could seek to be the definitive work on the subject, it should be made clear at the outset that this is not the case. The author is, after all, not an economist, a scholar, a financial analyst, or a soothsayer, but is rather a simple accountant who has been closely involved with the mining industry, and the financing thereof, for some twenty years.The paper recognizes that, while a mine may be born when production begins, the mine is conceived when exploration starts. As this act of conception is obviously an essential part of mining, the financing of exploration is also covered in this paper. To attain a focus, this paper approaches the topic of mine financing in the nineties as follows: first, the major emerging forces in the industry are identified: and, second, the implications of each of these forces on financing are considered."

Jan 1, 1991

By John Smith

"The RTZ Corporation PLCFrom a company's point-of-view, a good investment decision is one which results in the purchase of an asset that is worth more than it costs. Thus, in order to judge the merit of an investment opportunity, it is necessary to estimate the value of the assets to be acquired.Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis has become widely adopted by companies in assessing potential new investments. The principle is a simple one: invest in projects which have a positive net present value, and reject those which do not. However, perhaps because of its apparent simplicity, DCF analysis is frequently misused. Good practice in the use of the technique is discussed, together with several common misconceptions.Sound analysis requires sound data; thus, the valuation process relies heavily upon a wide range of specialists to provide the basic input from which cash flow forecasts can be built up. The analyst must maintain close liaison with these specialists from the outset in order to ensure that the data provided is indeed relevant and complete.IntroductionBefore turning to the main subject of this paper ""How Companies Value Properties"", it is of interest to consider first a slightly different question ""Why do Companies value Properties""? In other words, for what purposes are such valuations prepared? Certainly the commonest, and probably the most important circumstance in which a valuation is required is when the company is considering an investment opportunity. This may be the direct purchase of a property or group of properties from a third party, but could also be the opportunity to develop a new operation or expand an existing one.A very simple objective in making any kind of investment is to make our shareholders richer than they would otherwise have been. That is, to make investments whose value to shareholders exceeds the consideration required to acquire them. Thus the investment decision focusses on the difference between an asset's value and its cost.This distinction between ""value"" and ""cost"" is an important one. Study of a company's balance sheet may tell a lot about the cost of this company's assets, but very little about their value. Then again, it is sometimes argued that a business should be bought because this will result in assets being acquired for less than their replacement cost. This merely compares one cost with another, it says nothing about value."

Jan 1, 1991

By Ö Yilmaz

In this study, the behaviour of rock mass subjected to blasting load is investigated using three dimensional finite difference numerical modelling. In the analyses, Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion has been used for the characterisation of the rock mass strength. Stresses acting on the borehole boundary have been simulated by an exponential function which reaches its maximum within a short time and then falls to zero value in a considerable time period. The strain rate effect on the mechanical properties of rock material has also been taken into account in the analyses. Four different explosive-rock mass combinations have been studied to investigate blast induced damage zone. It has been observed that proposed equation for the dynamic compressive strength of rock material fits very well to general suggestions. Results have shown that blast damage analysis model recommended with this study is successful.

Aug 1, 2013

By Edward Martinez

Laboratory studies had shown that the magnetite contained in serpentine asbestos ore was not uniformly distributed. Ore particles containing chrysotiye fiber responded to a magnetic f field; particles containing little or no chrysotile were essentially non-magnetic. Larger-scale tests, run with a magnetic pulley being fed various asbestos samples ranging in size from 1/4 inch to 5 inches, confirmed that magnetic separation could be used as a concentration step in an asbestos mill. Magnetic concentration was installed at the Black Lake and National mills of Lac d'Amiante du Quebec and has allowed the extraction of lower-grade ore, increasing the life of the mines. In addition, preconcentration early in the flowsheet increased the value of the feed to the fiber recovery section. An increase in fiber production was achieved, as well as a decrease in maintenance costs due to removal of flow-grade tailings early in the flowsheet. Magnetic concentration of a coarse tailings from the mill resulted in recovery of additional fiber previously discarded to tailings.

Jan 1, 1979

By T. R. Heflin

The paper provides a comprehensive discussion of pump selection for the hydrometallurgical industry. Material suitability, in addition to proper size and design, will provide extended life for pumps in erosion /corrosion service.

Jan 1, 1979