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By R. J. Durrheim, Y. Yabe, M. S. D. Manzi, DSeis team, N. Z. Nkosi, S. B. Mngadi, Jr. H. Ogasawara

On 5 August 2014, the Orkney M5.5 earthquake, the largest in South African gold mining districts, occurred with an unusual strike-slip mechanism at great depth of 4.78 km below the surface. In a rare case, the ML 5.5 earthquake occurred within the area covered by the legacy 2D and 3D reflection seismic data acquired in the 1990s and 2000s for gold exploration and mine development. In addition, the earthquake ML 5.5 rupture plane was recorded and accurately delineated by the underground in-mine seismic network near the source region. The integration of the legacy 2D reflection seismic data and mine seismicity data allowed us to identify a near-vertical structure, striking northnorthwest-south southeast (NNW-SSE). The ICDP-DSeis team drilled three holes (Hole A, Hole B, and Hole C), and two holes (Hole B and Hole C), intersected the upper edges of the ML 5.5 rupture. These holes recovered metasediments, metabasalts, intrusive rocks including dolerite sills and lamprophyre dykes adjacent to the fault zone, and the fault gouge. Late Prof. Tullis Onstott and geomicrobiologists installed a packer in Hole A and successfully recovered saline water and detected gas (~10 MPa). Slip weakening and rupture propagation are significantly influenced by the existence of fault gouges and the production of wear material between two sliding rock surfaces. Using the fault gouge material recovered from Hole C, we conducted friction experiments under dry and room temperature conditions at high slip velocity of ~100 mm/s and normal stress of 2 MPa. The resulting steady-state frictional strength was ~0.66 over a slip weakening distance of ~9.1 m. The steady-state frictional strength was high, which may be caused by large gouge thickness, and the rate of wear generation. As a result, it is proposed that the Moab Khotsong ML 5.5 seismogenic zone is complex and could be controlled by three main processes: a) the complex structural architecture of the seismogenic zone (e.g., intersection of fault, lamprophyre dykes, and dolerite sills); b) the mechanical process induced by tectonic and/or mining related stresses; and c) the mechanical and chemical processes caused by the water and rock interaction.

Jan 12, 2025

By V. van der Merwe, C. W. Siyasiya

"A petrochemical company experiences premature thermal fatigue failure of the casting moulds used in catalyst production. The aim of the project was to find an alternative alloy that would outperform the current low-alloy cast steel used for the moulds. Based on their thermo-fatigue properties, 3CR12 ferritic stainless steel and H11 tool steel were chosen for testing and comparison with the currently used BS3100 B7 cast steel. Samples of each material were subjected to temperature cycling in a Gleeble 1500TM thermo-mechanical processing simulator, followed by surface analyses. The main parameters derived from the test work were the total true strain, the hot strength of the materials, and the number of cycles to failure. Additionally, the coefficient of thermal expansion for each material was measured using a Bähr dilatometer. H11 tool steel yielded the best performance by way of having the fewest surface cracks, the lowest total true strain per cycle, the most cycles to failure, the highest hot strength, and the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion.IntroductionThe Catalyst Manufacturing Plant (CMP) is a dusty environment with temperatures higher than ambient. Molten mill scale (magnetite, Fe3O4) is tapped from the electric arc furnace into the casting moulds at temperatures close to 1600°C. After 10 seconds the magnetite is quenched with a water spray for 50 seconds to a minimum temperature of 400°C. Sometimes there is residual water in the pans from the cooling fog process (water sprays) in the empty mould. In a typical plant, the factory produces 40–44 batches a day containing between 150–300 moulds, depending on the time required for the specific batch (Buchholz, 2014). The typical batch in the CMP usually weighs about 6 t. The thickness of the tap, speed of the casting belt, and tilting angle all affect the number of moulds per batch.One of the main problems faced during the molten mill scale casting is the premature failure of the casting moulds. Cracks initiate on the surface of the mould, which is in contact with the hot catalyst, and propagate into the interior of the mould. Cracks are generally concentrated in the middle area of the mould where the catalyst makes first contact with the mould, and which experiences the highest temperature fluctuations. This suggests that the cracks are caused by thermal fatigue during the casting process."

Jan 1, 2016

By J. P. Gouvea, T. R. Stacey

A research project was carried out on a gold mine in the Vaal River region of South Africa (Witwatersrand Basin) to evaluate the effect of two particular aspects of rockbolt installation – the angle of inclination of the bolt relative to the orientation of the rock surface, and the protruding length of the bolt – on the mine’s gully support system. A keyblock analysis approach indicated that these factors do not have an adverse impact on the stability of the strike gullies. This was confirmed by extensive empirical data collected from the case study mine. While safety is the primary concern, cost saving opportunities can be realized through reconsidering historically inherited support standards that are perceived to be correct and appropriate. The research described in this paper sets forth a practical approach, that is easy to implement and repeatable, to evaluate the role of rockbolts in stoping gullies.

Feb 12, 2024

By M. Ataei, F. Sereshki, R. N. Masir

Given the inherent risks and disruptions in underground coal mining operations, strengthening the resilience of critical infrastructure has become a vital priority. This paper aims to evaluate the resilience of the underground coal mining environment using historical data and expert judgment. The study serves as a framework for optimising the utilisation of critical infrastructure to minimise operational disturbances. To achieve this, a practical methodology has been developed, incorporating nearly two and a half years of collected operational data, a hierarchical structure, and a systematic approach. Furthermore, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the real-world applicability of the proposed method. Finally, the resilience index isintroduced as a straightforward summation of ranked impact factors, providing a clear metric for resilience assessment.

Dec 15, 2025

By V. Miguel-Silva, B. C. Afonseca

Drill-hole spacing analysis (DHSA) and optimization are becoming commonplace for uncertainty assessment and management in the mining industry. However, there is no standardized DHSA workflow, and the outputs of certain methodologies are not interchangeable. We group available simulation-based DHSA methods according to their accounted uncertainty into (i) raw uncertainty, assessed by drawing realizations from synthetic data-sets with the drilling spacings to be tested; and (ii) model uncertainty, in which these synthetic data-sets are used to assess the variation between the estimated model and the (unknown) actual value. DHSA workflows available in the literature ignore the differences between both types of uncertainty. Commonly, the DHSA algorithm is chosen without a detailed analysis of its uncertainty output, which may lead to misleading results and suboptimal decisions. While available solutions are based only on assessing raw or model uncertainty, the proposed approach simultaneously analyses both and their relationship for models at different stages of the mine. The integrated analysis results deliver more information to support decision-making than available methods. Principles, practical considerations, and discussions of the advantages of the proposed integrated analysis are presented. The approach is applied to a real gold deposit to illustrate its use.

Jun 2, 2022

By T. C. Maswanganyi, G. L. Smith, R. C. A. Minnitt

This paper identifies the strategic gaps and opportunities for the South African mining industry’s contribution towards advancing sustainable development. Mineral resources companies are confronted by a range of complex social performance challenges, which largely manifest in sporadic community and labour unrest, undermining the sustainability and profitability of these companies. Integrating supply chain management, strategic long-term planning and sustainability planning is identified as a strategic gap that can contribute towards the sustainability of mining companies, if effectively implemented. Contributing towards sustainable development by the South African mining industry is not merely a voluntary requirement on the industry but a legal requirement in terms of the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act No. 28 of 2002. This Act is legislation aimed at advancing socioeconomic development in communities that host mining operations and in areas that provide labour to the South African mining industry. In contributing towards the advancement of sustainable development in mining host communities, not only will mining companies fulfil a legal requirement in terms of the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act, but they will also prevent negative social and economic impacts in those communities. This paper identifies innovative and cost-effective ways of advancing sustainable development by integrating strategic supply chain management, strategic long-term planning, and sustainability planning.

Dec 15, 2025

By G. Coetzer

"Prior to operating a non-recovery coke pilot plant oven, it was essential to ascertain coal cake stability during the loading of a 1 m3 (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) coal cake into the cold pilot-plant oven by a pusher mechanism. Previously established laboratory-scale compaction parameters, to obtain coal cakes with sufficient stability, were employed during the loading tests of the coal cakes. Two different coals were evaluated, namely Waterberg semi-soft coking coal (sscc) and Oaky North hard coking coal.It was demonstrated that lower applied compaction forces (14%) can be utilized during 1 m3 compaction, in comparison to laboratory-scale tests, to obtain similar wet cake densities, owing to differences in the effect of frictional forces. Wet cake densities for Waterberg sscc improved slightly (3%) to 1.13 t/m3 when utilizing 79 t/m2 applied force for a 1 m3 coal cake, in comparison to laboratory-scale tests. Similar results were obtained for Oaky North hard coking coal, with a 6% density increase to 1.27 t/m3 at a similar applied force. Porosities decreased by 13% and 32% for Waterberg sscc and Oaky North coal, respectively, when 1 m3 compaction was compared to laboratory-scale tests. An opportunity exists to further decrease the porosities of Waterberg sscc during compaction, whereas acceptable compaction parameters were achieved for Oaky North hard coking coal. Most major vertical cracks and the partial collapse of coal cakes were mitigated, and high-stability coal cakes were obtained that could be successfully loaded into the pilot-plant coke oven by a pusher mechanism.Factors contributing to the instability of the coal cake during loading into the oven, such as vertical cracks, are (i) the cubic geometry (1 m3) of the coal cake, (ii) friction exerted by the oven floor, and (iii) mechanical problems, such as a misalignment between the pusher machine feeder plate and the oven floor. IntroductionOperation of the stamp-charging horizontal 1 t electrically heated coke pilot-plant oven at Exxaro Resources requires coal cake stability during the loading of a 1 m3 compacted coal cake into the oven. In this case, a pusher plate is utilized to push the coal cake into the oven over the oven floor. This is in contrast to a ‘spoon’ or bottom plate feeding mechanism as found in industrial horizontal coke ovens. The pusher plate loading mechanism dictates that the coal cake should possess high stability and inherent strength owing to frictional forces exerted by the oven floor. In order to obtain a coal cake of acceptable stability for the 1 t coke oven, various compaction parameters need to be verified and established."

Apr 1, 2019

By E. Vascotto, S. M. Rupprecht, H. C. Grobler

Shaft sinking survey practices in Southern African mining operations have been refined over many decades to meet the stringent accuracy, safety, and productivity demands of deep vertical excavation. However, much of this specialised knowledge remains poorly documented, and the decline in new shaft sinking projects presents a risk that these proven practices may be lost to future generations of mine surveyors. This paper reviews and synthesises current survey control methodologies employed during shaft sinking operations, with particular emphasis on the establishment and maintenance of surface and underground control networks, shaft verticality control, and elevation transfer. Traditional techniques, such as plumb-wire plumbing systems, steady brackets, and calibrated steel shaft tapes, are discussed in detail, alongside quality control principles and common sources of error affecting coordinate transfer. The paper further examines the integration of modern technologies, including total station resections and LiDARbased laser scanning, highlighting their benefits, limitations, and practical constraints in active shaft environments. By documenting both established and emerging practices, this review aimsto preserve critical institutional knowledge, support consistent survey standards, and provide guidance for accurate spatial control throughout the shaft sinking lifecycle.

Mar 30, 2026

By A. Mabentsela

A furnace freeze lining is necessary for safety and economic reasons in several smelting operations. The integrity of the freeze lining is put at risk by furnace power imbalances. Although numerous models have been derived to model the growth and depletion of the freeze lining due to power imbalances, no model exists for thermomechanical damage to the freeze lining. This study provides an initial pathway for modelling thermomechanical damage to the freeze lining in an ilmenite smelting furnace using information from the literature and experimental work. A methodology under the framework of continuum damage mechanics is proposed to model mechanical damage to the freeze lining due to phase changes, thermophysical changes, and constrained thermal expansion. Drill cores of solidified slag ingots were used to represent the freeze lining. The modified power law proved to be the best predictor of the softening response of the drill cores. Damage driving parameters were extracted from the raw data, and governing equations of the parameters with respect to temperature were derived for use in a finite element method (FEM) code.

Jan 26, 2023

By S. Schutte, J. Pelders

Worker participation in equipment development can result in improved user acceptance and product quality. This paper focuses on worker engagement in equipment development processes in the South African minerals sector. Qualitative data was gathered during interviews with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and industry experts. A lack of inclusion in equipment design from workers from all organizational levels in mines was reported. Meanwhile, the historical context and workplace culture of the mining industry (including leadership, trust, training, performance, and remuneration factors) were evident barriers to the implementation of new technology. Worker engagement processes should include securing management commitment, creating multidisciplinary teams, effective facilitation, shared understanding of needs, training and development, and iterative design. Human-centred design approaches and independent platforms for engagement on equipment design requirements are recommended.

Feb 2, 2021

A Special General Meeting, followed by the February General Meeting of the Institute, was held in Kelvin House, Johannesburg, on 18th February, 1970, at 4.30 p.m. Mr J. K. E. Douglas (President) was in the Chair. There were also present 24 Members: Messrs A. R. C. Fowler, R. C. J. Goode, Prof D. D. Howat, Messrs D. G. Maxwell, J. A. Nixon, P. W. J. van Rensburg (Council Members), C. A. Border, J. C. Fritz, E. K. Gibson, P. L. Grimbeek, S. D. Hill, D. A. Immelman, P. J. Uoyd, M. Mrost, C. S. Macphail, D. G. Malan, W. D. Ortlepp, R. S. Pearson, A. J. H. Pole, Dr W. S. Rapson, L. W. P. van den Bosch, R. A. von Maltitz and Dr A. Whillier. Eight Associate Members: Dr M. I. Brittan, Messrs J. Brett, I. E. Clarke, C. L. de Jongh, W. B. Evans, D. Loubser, R. C. More O'Ferrall and G. R. Still. One Graduate: Mr T. J. Kotze. One Student: Mr J. A. Cruise. Nine Visitors: including Dr N. G. W. Cook, Messrs M. D. Labuschagne, A. Nicoll, S. Sadowski, Dr A. M. Starfield and Dr H. Wagner. Secretary: Mr D. C. Visser. Total present: 45. SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING The President: "You will have received notices of the Special General Meeting and I declare it duly constituted. In keeping with the trend of overseas and local institutes, your Council recommends that we should change our membership classification as indicated in the notes of the meeting. The new grades are proposed to replace those presently in the Constitution and By-Laws. In terms of Clause 4.8 of the Constitution a special general meeting must be held for the purpose of considering and, if approved, adopting with or without amendments, the revision of the undermentioned clauses of the Constitution, which Council now recommends should read as follows. Clause 2.2 'Corporate Members shall comprise the grades of Honorary Life Fellow, Fellow and Member', these being the equivalent of Honorary Life Member, Member and Associate Member. Clause 2.6. 'Non-Corporate Member shall comprise the grade of Honorary Fellow, Graduate, Associate and Student.' Are there any questions in regard to this proposal? If not would someone propose that these clauses be amended and adopted?" Proposer: Mr A. J. Nixon. Seconder: Prof D. D. Howat. The motion was then adopted. The President: "It is recommended that Clause 2.15 should read, 'A Corporate of the Member of the Institute shall be entitled to use the following authorised letters designating the grade of Membership in Honorary Life Fellow and Fellow, F.S.A.I.M.M. and Member, M.S.A.I.M.M.' Previously we used the letters M.S.A.Inst.M.M. and your Council considered that we should adopt the simpler lettering. Could I ask someone to propose that this amendment be adopted?" Proposer: Mr R. C. J. Goode.

By Sabine Verryn, Johan de Villiers

"Through the application of the Rietveld method, X-ray diffraction analysis has developed into a fully quantitative method for phase analysis. The Rietveld method itself has progressed from an unstable method that required constant operator intervention to a stable and robust method suited even for routine analysis. The method however, requires a good initial calibration and periodic checks on its precision and accuracy.Several examples from minerals processing, pyrometallurgy, and materials science show the strengths and applicability of the method. The limitations and sources of error are also discussed.1. IntroductionDiffraction of X-rays by matter has been used for more than 80 years, initially to elucidate the structure of crystalline matter, and to investigate the bonding between atoms. The first development of powder diffraction cameras and the later development of X-ray diffractometers saw the development of methods to identify phases and to try to quantify them in mixtures. A comprehensive database and search-match techniques have been developed over the ensuing years. Effective and accurate quantification had to wait for the so-called Rietveld' analysis where the total diffraction pattern is used and where the crystal structure data for the constituent phases are needed as input. Overlapping of diffraction peaks of different phases is handled without difficulty and reliable results can be obtained in spite of this occurrence.The development of methods for structure analysis from powder data has also progressed rapidly and more and more complex structures are being solved from first principles, i.e. without knowledge of unit cell or space group data. Because of the ease of use of the Rietveld method, it is finding increased application in metallurgy, especially in the quantification of phases of importance in minerals processing, in pyrometallurgical processes, and in materials characterization. This study will examine the principles of the Rietveld method, its application in metallurgy, and finally also the common pitfalls that need to be avoided.2. Rietve1d AnalysisAs the Rietveld method compares the experimental diffraction pattern with one calculated from known crystal structure data, the following data are needed:•,An XRD Pattern with as Iowa background as possible. This should have good resolution and high diffraction peak intensities. With modem X-ray detectors, this can be achieved in minutes rather than hours.•,Instrumental parameters such as goniometer radii and slit sizes are needed. These are the so-called ""Fundamental parameters"". They are used to calculate the shapes of the resultant diffraction peak profiles that are caused by the instrument. The parameters are used to correctly separate the instrumental effects on the diffraction pattern from the sample effects."

Jan 1, 2014

By N. Theron, R. F. Meeser

The global emphasis on conserving energy resources has led to the adoption of hybrid power systems in vehicles. Optimally applied, hybrid systems can save up to 40% on fuel costs. To optimally manage a hybrid vehicle's energy flow it is necessary to know, in real time, all the energy requirements to complete a given route. The energy consumption depends mainly on the vehicle mass, speed profile, and route topography. Of these, the topographic profile is the one factor that is only route-dependent and not influenced by the vehicle or driving styles. The heading vs. distance profile is also an example of a route characteristic not influenced by the vehicle or driving style. In this study the topographic and heading profiles are used to identify routes, and are easily measured by means of digital barometric pressure and compass sensors. Correlations between the current route and previously travelled/stored routes are performed based on their topographic and heading profiles in a point-by-point manner. Above-ground tests were first performed using a road vehicle and six routes to evaluate the system. The system consistently and correctly identified a 20 km route within the first 4 km. It also proved to function correctly in underground tests through the implementation of an instrumented hand-held surveyor's wheel. This system finds direct practical application in optimizing the energy management of an underground hybrid locomotive used by the mining industry in South Africa, but can also be of benefit in applications where route identification is required and using GPS is not feasible.

Jan 26, 2023

By Piotr M. Kapias

Keywords: extraction, lead refining, Pb-Tl solutions, PbCl2-TlCl solutions. The theoretical part of the paper presents an analysis of the conditions of Tl extraction from Pb using different extractants and determines the activity coefficients in liquid solutions of Pb-Tl and PbCl2-TlCl. The dependence of the solution activity coefficients upon the composition and temperature is presented in the form of Krupkowski and Krupkowski-Fitzner equations. An analysis and evaluation were made of the influence of the methods of PbCl2 introduction into a Pb-Tl solution upon the efficiency of the Tl extraction process under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The analysis made it possible to formulate relevant equations describing the dynamics of the process of Tl extraction from Pb under stirring conditions as well as under the extractant injection into the liquid Pb-Tl solution conditions. In the part concerning experimental work, results are given for tests on the Tl extraction process from Pb-Tl liquid solutions of initial Tl content of approximately 0.05% mass using PbCl2 or, alternatively, Cl2(g) conducted in laboratorial scale. The tests made it possible to establish the influence of time, temperature, mass and the method of introducing the extractants into the liquid upon the level of Tl extraction from a Pb-Tl solution. Labels used in the text. WT1m - TI content in metallic phase, % mass WT1s - TI content in chloride phase, % mass wpTlm - TI content in metallic phase in initial state, % mass W°Tlm - TI content in metallic phase in equilibrium conditions, % mass m°m - initial mass in metallic phase mm - mass in metallic phase mPbC12 - lead chloride mass fed to the system MPbC12-TIC1 - mass in chloride phase MPb - lead atomic mass, g/mole MT1 - thallium atomic mass, g/mole K - Nernst distribution coefficient Xi - mole friction of solution component X°PbC12 - mole friction of PbC12 in saturated solution X°T1C1 - mole friction of T1C1 in saturated solution T - temperature, K R - gas constant, J/(mole K) k - kinetic equation constant, 1/(%-min.) ?i - solution component activity coefficient e - extraction rate, %

Jan 1, 2008

By E. R. Leeman

INTRODUCTION The first references in the literature to the so-called C.S.I.R. 'doorstopper' strain cell were made in 1964 1,2,3,4. These were the climax of nearly two years of experimental and developmental work with the instruments and the operating techniques involved. Since that time numerous field measurements have been made with 'doorstoppers' and they have been developed to a stage where they are in commercial production and are being supplied to users throughout the world. No detailed description of the latest 'doorstopper' equipment has, however, appeared in print and this paper is written to bring the literature up to date in this respect. The triaxial strain cell was developed three years ago 5, 6, 7 and was first described at the First Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics in Lisbon in 1966 8. Since that date laboratory tests and-particularly important-field tests 7' 9 have demonstrated the validity and practicality of the instruments and techniques. These instruments have also been developed to a stage where they have been released for commercial production. In this form they are very different from those described two years ago and a full description of them at this stage seems to be justified. THE INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY 'DOORSTOPPER' AND TRIAXIAL STRAIN CELLS Both the 'doorstopper' and triaxial strain cells were designed specifically to determine the absolute stress in rock using an overcoring stress relieving technique. They were not designed to measure changes in stress. They may, however, be used for the latter purpose provided the glue which is used to stick the strain gauges to the rock is known to possess sufficiently stable strain-time characteristics as not to affect the accuracy of the results during the time the measurements are made. The 'doorstopper' was designed primarily to measure the major principal stress in situations where its direction and those of the two other principal stresses were either known or could be assumed. For example, at great depth in undisturbed virgin ground, it is reasonable to assume that the maximum principal stress is vertical and that the other two lie in a horizontal plane. The borehole in which the 'doorstopper' is installed would thus be drilled in the horizontal plane parallel to one of the minor principal stresses, the direction of which would either have to be assumed or determined as described later. The stresses measured would be the vertical major principal stress and the principal stress acting in a horizontal plane normal to the borehole axis. It is possible, as will be shown later, to obtained the complete state of stress using 'doorstoppers'. In this event, it is necessary to make measurements in three boreholes drilled in any three known directions to each other and relative to a system of three orthogonal axes. The triaxial strain cell was designed to determine the complete state of stress in a single borehole drilled in any direction in any stress field. At first glance it would appear to supersede the 'doorstopper'. This is not necessarily true since there are

By R. P. King

An Analytical Solution to the Batch comminution Equation R. P. King, Pr. Eng., B.Sc. (Eng.), M. Se. (Eng.), Ph.D. (Visitor). An analytical solution to the batch-grinding equation is presented in terms of the generalized hypergeometric series and the confluent hypergeometnc function. This solution is valid for selection functions that are describe~ piece-wise by functional forms of the type KOXB and by normalized breakage functions of the type B(x,x') = (x/x')x. These functional forms are sufficiently general to Include most practical cases. In particular, they can be used to describe selection functions that have a maximum.

By M. Steyn

The coordination compound tetrakis(1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanediona to)zirconium(IV), [Zr(DBM)4], (DBM = dibenzoyl methane/1,3- diphenyl-1,3-propanedionol) was synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. [Zr(DBM)4] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (a = 24.769(4) Å, b = 10.216(5) Å, c = 19.314(4) Å, and = 101.541(5)°). The coordination geometry around the zirconium atom, formed by the eight O-donating atoms of the four -diketonates, is found to be a near-perfect square antiprism. Crystal packing is stabilized by C?H... interactions throughout the crystal lattice. This structure is a noteworthy example of the application of ambient condition synthesis of zirconium compounds in N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) as reaction and crystallization solvent, highlighting the possibilities of aerobic condition metal purification through chelation.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Becker, R. Tait, S. L. George, A. Carlisle

Surface treatments like laser shock peening (LSP) induce residual stresses penetrating up to 1 mm deep, surpassing traditional methods, thus significantly increasing the potential impact on materials prevalent in the automotive and aerospace sectors. Through extensive fatigue testing and fractography investigations, it was determined that LSP resulted in a fatigue life increase of over five times for aluminium alloy AA7075-T6 and titanium Ti-6Al-4V. Increased fatigue life was also noted in AISI316 stainless steel, which showed increases in fatigue life of 1.7x. While fatigue life in all cases improved, the efficacy of LSP was shown to be material dependent.

Jul 23, 2025

By C. Aldı, O. Yaral

For the more economical excavation of tunnels in underground mining activities, the selection of mechanised excavation machines (such as roadheaders, electro-hydraulic drills, etc.) and the analysis of performance prediction that can be used in estimating machine energy consumption have been subjects of research from past to present. One of the parameters to be considered in studies examining these methods, is the grinding process. The success of increasing efficiency in grinding is expressed by a reduction in energy consumption. The goal of a grinding process is to maximise the grinding amount at the appropriate grinding size while minimising the energy consumption per tonne of the fragmented material. Today, the depletion of high-grade ore deposits has largely directed the mining industry towards low-grade but large reserve ore deposits. This shift has particularly increased the importance of the grinding process, as it is dependent on particle liberation. Grinding is a critical step in reducing the mineral to the appropriate size, and energy consumption poses a significant challenge in this process. As a result, researchers have conducted various studies focusing on energy efficiency and cost optimisation in this field. In this study, the grindability of 7 different coal environment rocks (sandstone, siltstone) from the Zonguldak Basin, Uzulmez Region was investigated. For this, Hardgrove Grindability Index and Bond Work Index tests were conducted. While determining the relationships between grindability and other parameters, the results obtained from the Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) test were used. The energy values found in the Bond Work Index (BWI) test were used to evaluate the excavatability of the rocks. Additionally, tests for strength, hardness, drillability, and abrasiveness were conducted to observe the impact of other parameters on grindability. Considering the results obtained from the experiments, significant relationships were found between the grindability of the rocks and other parameters.

Mar 30, 2026

By D. F. Malan, J. A. L. Napier

This paper describes some important aspects associated with historical underground measurements in South African gold and coal mines. Deformation measurements were used to confirm the use of elastic theory to simulate the rock mass behaviour in the Witwatersrand gold mines in the 1960s. Although a prominent time-dependent component of stope closure was measured as early as the 1930s, it was ignored owing to the benefit of adopting elastic theory. Neglecting the time-dependent response of the rock for many decades resulted in important aspects such as the effect of mining rate, the effect of advance per blast, and the need for enhanced design criteria not being explored. Recent work is only now starting to address this gap in knowledge. In-situ measurements of large coal specimens in the 1960s and 1970s indicated that a linear formula may possibly be a better approximation of coal pillar strengths. This alternative formulation was never adopted, however, as the power law strength formula was already deeply entrenched in the industry at that stage. In spite of these apparent failures to continuously generate and adopt new knowledge, a key lesson learnt is that major advances in rock mechanics will not be possible without careful monitoring of the rock mass behaviour in experimental sites. Areas requiring further research, such as pillar strength formulae for the Bushveld Complex and enhanced design criteria for the gold mines, can only be developed using extensive undergroundmonitoring programmes.

May 1, 2021