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By Carlos Dinis da Gama

Dada la importancia del equilibrio entre minería y la protección del medio ambiente, es necesario desarrollar una política ambiental a través de una técnica adecuada que evalué técnica-económicamente las soluciones posibles considere no solo los factores cuantificables, sino los parámetros intangibles, de difícil cuantificación, sobre los factores humano, sociocultruales, ecológicos y culturales. En esta perspectiva, el presente trabajo describe los nuevos métodos de control ambiental, donde no se legisle de modo insensato sobre los requisitos ambientales en la industria minera, y desarrolle una actitud proactiva que incluya un planeamiento y asesoría de especialistas experimentados.

Sep 13, 2001

By Robert W. Waytulonis

Mining regulations pertaining to the use of diesel engines were solicited from foreign countries with mining operations by the Bureau of Mines. Responses were received from 27 countries; the information received and U.S. regulations were reviewed, and those parts pertaining to the use of diesel engines in underground mining were synopsized according to the following subject categories: types of engines permitted, testing and certification procedures, fuel quality specifications, emission control requirements, procedures and frequency of testing exhaust gases, mine air quality and quantity (ventilation) requirements, procedures for testing mine air quality and quantity, and noise standards. All categories except the types of engines permitted and testing and certification procedures are summarized in tables. Contacts are provided for each country to facilitate inquiries concerning regulation revisions or interpretation.

Jan 1, 1987

By S. Tumionen

El sistema de análisis ha estado en operación en cinco de las plantas concentradoras de la compañía por un tiempo suficientemente largo para realizar un análisis adecuado de los beneficios logrados en el control de los procesos de concentración. En ese sentido, el presente texto describe el analizador en flujo Courier 300 y su experiencia en plantas concentradoras. El primer sistema analizador fue instalado en la mina de Pyhasalmi a fines de 1967 y se divide cuatro grupos funcionales: equipo o sistema de muestre, analizador, equipo de salida y equipo auxiliar. Posteriormente se instalaron cinco sistemas analizadores Courier ( Kereti, Pyhasalmi, Vihanti, Vuonos, Kotalahti), donde se lograron mejoras considerables en el control y economía de las plantas concentradoras. Por ello, el conocimiento inmediato de los cambios en el proceso y la posibilidad de corrección rápida han permitido obtener una producción más uniforme y mayor capacidad de recuperación.

May 1, 1975

Jan 1, 2003

By Steve Hubbard, Brad Marchant, Rolando Cuadra

"Triton Mining Corporation acquired the rights to Mina El Limon in Nicaragua in 1993 by international bid. The bid included the gold operations at Limon and an exploration concession of approximately 4000 km2. Triton assumed control of operations and exploration in May 1994.The Limon mine is located in west-central Nicaragua, approximately 100 kilometers northwest of Managua. The climate is tropical, characterized by a wet season from May through October, and a dry season November through April. Gold at Limon is associated with both banded quartz and silicified breccia veins in Tertiary volcanic rocks, belonging to the lower Coyol Group. Mining is from two open pits and one mechanized underground operation. A second underground mine is currently under development for production during 1997.This paper describes the expansion of the milling facility at El Limon from a nominal capacity of 400 tonnes/day, producing approximately 20,000 ounces of gold annually, to the existing 900 tonne per day mill operation. Engineering of the new mill facility was initiated in September 1994 and construction was completed a year later."

Jan 1, 1997

By S. Fletcher, C. Calle, K. Constanti-Carey, R. Ruzbacky, M. D. Horne

Laboratory test-work has established that two classes of redox catalysts based on anthraquinone and bipyridinium derivatives are effective in accelerating the rate of removal of metallic iron from reduced ilmenite (RI) in the aeration step of the Becher process. Two water-soluble anthraquinone derivatives are efficient: 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonicacid, disodium salt (catalyst AQ-2,6) and 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid, monosodium salt(catalyst AQ-2). When 0.2 per cent w/v of either was added during aeration the rate of metalliciron removal was accelerated by two to three times. Furthermore, the addition of either compound resulted in magnetite (Fe3O4), the iron oxide phase preferred in commercial practice, being formed. However, both AQ-2,6 and AQ-2 were rapidly lost from solution during aeration although their catalytic activities persisted even when their concentrations in solution were low(<0.05 per cent w/v). The negatively charged anthraquinones were lost from solution most probably by adsorption onto the magnetite that has a net positive charge at the pH values encountered during aeration. To address this problem, the catalytic activities of positively charged bipryridinium derivatives were tested. Two water-soluble bipyridinium compounds, paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium dichloride) and diquat (6,7 dihydrodipyrido [1,2-a:2’,1’-c] pyrazinediiumdibromide), were found to significantly accelerate the rate of removal of metallic iron from reduced ilmenite, and both gave magnetite as the oxide product in the laboratory tests. Moreover, recycle tests showed they were not lost from solution as quickly as were the anthraquinone derivatives. Results in larger scale plant laboratory reactors also showed a significant increase in aerationrates when diquat was added and magnetite was again the oxide formed. However, the oxygensupply to the reactors was insufficient to achieve the maximum effect of the catalysts on theaeration rates. The limited supply of oxygen in a full scale aerator may prevent the application ofthe catalysts in a commercial Becher operation. Keywords: Becher process, aeration, anthraquinone, bipyridinium, redox catalyst, reduced ilmenite

Jan 1, 2003

By Albert L. Toenges

Early in 1944 the Chilean Government expressed a desire for assistance from the Bureau of Mines in a study of the coal deposits, coal-mining methods, and preparation and benefication of coals in Chile. A Memorandum of Understanding setting forth the purpose of the work was executed by the United States Government and the Government of Chile. Parts of this agreement are quoted: On February 4, 1944, the Ambassador of Chile in Washington expressed the interest of his Government in obtaining the loan of a mission of experts to assist in the conduct of a survey looking toward the utilization of the low-grade coals of Chile and the application of such technology as may be developed for the distillation of these coals and the use of oil shales. The matter has since been the subject of correspondence between the Secretary of State and the United States Department of the Interior, and the latter Department has agreed to cooperate with the Government of Chile, through the Bureau of Mines, subject to the following understanding:

Jan 1, 1948

By Baxter J. L

Post-tertiary training programmes have been designed and produced for geologists at different levels of understanding and expertise in the relationship between gold mineralization and shear zones. A workshop format was used as it allowed both clients and facilitators to participate in the learning process. Evaluation by facilitators and participants refined the workshop programme as an effective skills oriented learning process. The general observation is that post-tertiary training in small, interactive, practical, learning oriented groups is far better than lecture oriented short courses for developing skills based learning. The evaluation indicates that the process in post-tertiary training must include aspects which are both useful and used.

Jan 1, 1989

By Wallace Ernesto Sant Anna Ramos

O Buckman Onsite® é um novo portal web para clientes com interface para um painel de dados, que propicia ao cliente e representante de serviços da Buckman, o acesso a informações essenciais sobre as operações neste cliente. O presente trabalho visa mostrar as vantagens e benefícios de se utilizar esta nova ferramenta manipulando os dados de controladores automatizados, dados de controle manual, ficha de segurança de produtos químicos e outras informações importantes para o processo.

Aug 17, 2017

By Andrés Galarza Flores

En la minería metálica subterránea se desarrollan casos frecuentes de accidentes por gaseomiento a través del monóxido de carbono y los vapores nitrosos. En este sentido, el texto describe un programa de seguridad que comprende la higiene industrial, la composición de los gases nitrosos, su origen en la industria minera, los límites permisibles de los vapores nitrosos, el reconocimiento y evaluación de los gases nitrosos en las fuentes conocidas, los vapores nitrosos en el organismo humano, los casos de accidentes con vapores nitrosos y las medidas preventivas.

Nov 20, 1978

By Juan Ayza

Dado que la geología económica estudia las materias del reino mineral que el individuo extrae para sus necesidades vitales, el presente texto señala la relación de ciertos minerales (estaño, tunsgteno, antimonio, manganeso, oro, plata, cobre, zinc) de la zona minera sur del Perú, con la geología regional y sus contribuciones económicas a través de personalidades como Balta, Steinmann, Dueffas, Douglas, Bulman, G. Peteraen, Newell, Heim; Newell, Chronic y Roberts; Jenka, Ahlfeld y Bruggen. De acuerdo a este estudio geológico se infiere que tanto el oro y el hierro pertenecen a la costa, así como los yacimientos de plata, plomo y zinc son de la cordillera volcánica, la línea de tungsteno de Cabanillas se encuentra asociada a granitos, los depósitos telegramáticos de cobre, antimonio, mercurio y plata, se encuentran relacionados a líneas tectónicas en la depresión del Titicaca. Asimismo en el yacimiento oriental, tenemos el peri y apomagmáticos de calcopirita, plomo-zinc, plata, plomo-plata, antimonio, oro, tungsteno y estaño. Finalmente, la repartición de zonas mineralizadas responde a dos causas: la asociación a varias clases de intrusiones y la relación directa a distintas categorías de líneas y regiones tectónicas.

Jul 20, 1956

By Guillermo Florez Pinedo

El presente texto es un análisis del aspecto económico y social de la minería en el Perú, así como sus efectos en el sector industrial. Para ello, se revisa la producción minera de los cinco metales más importantes del país tanto por su volumen como por el valor de su venta: cobre, plomo, zinc, plata y hierro, la contribución de esta actividad en el desarrollo nacional , industria nacional, las reservas, plan de desarrollo minero y las perspectivas para la industria nacional.

Sep 1, 1979

By Juan Languasco de Habich

El presente texto señala la situación actual de la pequeña minería, así como las ventajas, decreto ley 18880, garantía, reservas, requisitos, características del financiamiento, crédito minero, rol de tasa, modalidades del crédito minero, y las fuentes de financiamiento para la pequeña y mediana minería.

Sep 1, 1979

A clear understanding of the meanings of terms is important when discussing a project. Whether it is a submission, an investment study, a feasibility study, an environmental impact statement, an estimate, a tender, a contract, or a close-out.report, the need for all parties involved to understand what is under discussion or what has been written is paramount. The clarity of definition and the level of understanding can affect the outcome of the project. It is vital that all parties know what is wanted, what is expected, and what it will cost. This paper draws attention to some of the problems that beset many projects, clients, project managers and contractors, and it is hoped that its presentation will encourage us to pay more attention to defining what it is that is required. Ultimately we should all be the richer for having defined and understood the requirements at the beginning rather than at the end.

Jan 1, 1990

By Víctor Enrique Zapata S

El presente trabajo señala los métodos adecuados para lograr una optimización en la evaluación, diseño de la implementación y el abastecimiento de los fluídos de las operaciones mineras. Para ello, se estudia el problema de cada sistema y se diseña las modificaciones que se requieran para satisfacer la demanda de los servicios correspondientes como el abastecimiento de agua, relleno hidráulico y aire de ventilación.

Nov 8, 1984

By S. J. Hussey

This Bureau of Mines report presents a discussion of the statistical approach to the design of experiments and indicates, by concrete examples, how and when statistical design is essential for obtaining meaningful data with a minimum number of experiments. Every research worker plans his work and designs his experiments in a manner which, based on his experience, seems most rational to him and which he believes will produce the information essential for resolving the problems. If the results obtained are open to multiple interpretations and are not of definitive reliability, the failure of the experiment design to produce the desired information may be due to several causes, These include faulty judgment in selecting the factors to be tested, ignoring the importance of interaction between factors, failure to adequately control test variables, and assuming that meaningful trends in the results can be identified without comparison to a predetermined experimental error. An experienced researcher probably will deduce from the nature of the data obtained that the design is faulty and may by trial and error ultimately arrive at the correct solution to the problem. Statistical methods of planning research minimize the chance of faulty experiment design, embody concrete procedures for testing the validity and reliability of the test data and for indicating mandatory changes in the design, and enable the researcher to obtain meaningful information with the least number of tests.

Jan 1, 1963

By Juan José Retamozo Padilla

El presente texto señala los beneficios de la gestión en salud ocupacional a través de NATCLAR, empresa con estándares OIT (Organización Internacional del Trabajo) de Gestión de Salud Ocupacional y Competencias Laborales del Perú. En este sentido, el estudio de causalidad de los riesgos o accidentes de trabajo nos derivará a causas inmediatas y básicas, las cuales se dividen en factores personales y de trabajo, para así identificar peligros y evaluar los riesgos directamente relacionados a la salud de los trabajadores por grupo ocupacional. Asimismo, contribuir con la empresa para evitar problemas legales, laborales y en beneficio de la salud del trabajador a partir de una adecuada planificación de perfiles de evaluaciones médicas específicas y finalmente, contribuir a la maximización de la productividad de los trabajadores a través de un programa de recuperación física para las personas con alteraciones anatómicas.

Sep 14, 2009

By J. H. Rhee, H. B. Ku, J. S. Lee, H. J. Park, B. S. Jang

A large wedge failure had occurred in the study area which was under construction. Therefore, in order to analyze the potential instability for this rock slope, the authors conducted numerical analysis with DEM and then the behaviour of rock mass was analysed after appropriate reinforce-ments were applied. Ein großer Keildefekt geschah in dem Untersuchungsgebiet, das im Bau befindlich ist. Deshalb, um die potentielle Unbeständigkeit für diesen Felsenabhang zu analysieren, führen die Urheber zahlenmäßige Analyse mit DEM. Und dann wird die Bewegung der Felsenmasse ana-lysiert, nachdem angemessene Verstärkungstruppen angewandt werden. Un grand échec de coin sèst passé dans le région étudié qui était en construction. Par conséquent afin d’analyser linstabilité potentielle de cette pente de roches, les auteurs ont mené une analyse numérique avec DEM. Ensuite le comportement de la masse de roches pourrait être analysée après les renforts appropriés étaient appliqués.

Jan 1, 2003

8053. Andreev, B. A. Zakashanakii, M. S., Samsonov, N. N., and Fotiadi, E. E. A Textbook of Gravitational -Surveying, (in Russian). Gosgeolizdat, Moscow-Leningrad, 1941, 432 pp. This textbook was written at the suggestion of-the faculty of geophysical exploration of the Leningrad Mining Institute. It contains two parts: (1) Theory and technique, and (2) Applications to geology and exploration. The features bringing; the text up-to-date include: (a) Description of the principal modern gravimeters; particular attention to the method of simultaneous oscillation of 4 pendulums; (b) discussion of the aperiodic oscillation of torsion balances; outline of the construction of variometers Z -20 and Z-40; (c) material for aid in interpretation, such as reference-charts, formulas with their derivation, atlas of theoretical curves, and examples of interpretative calculations; (d) considerations in the planning of surveys and the densities of various rocks; and (e) detailed analysis of significant examples. The text is provided with a bibliography, V. S.

Jan 1, 1946

By H. Tveit, E. H. Myrhaug, J. K. Tuset

Silicon metal as a commodity material is produced by carbothermic reduction of quartz in electric submerged arc furnaces, where CO2 forms as a by-product. Since 1997 the Norwegian Ferroalloy Producers Association have been engaged in research programmes aiming for reduced CO2-emissions associated with fossil carbon in their processes. One important issue has been to study how charcoal and wood chips perform compared to coal and coke in the silicon process. The ability of the carbon-rich reduction materials to react with SiO-gas is commonly assumed to be of large importance to the performance of the process. Based on laboratory experiments with different carbon materials, combined with estimation of parameters in a mathematical model of the reaction between carbon and SiO-gas, a foundation for a theoretical study of the performance of the carbon materials in a silicon furnace is established.

Jan 1, 2004