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The injection of grouting compounds into the consolidated rock surrounding underground mine workings has long been practiced for the purpose of sealing against water flows. In more recent times however, grout injection has also found application for the purpose of rock mass reinforcement. Mines in Europe,America, Australia and elsewhere now make use of significant quantities of chemical grouts in both preventative and remedial strata control work.   Despite the increasing usage of grouting for these purposes, there is limited knowledge about the effects of grout injection on the rock mass, and acceptance of the method is by no means universal. In some cases grouting has been applied with little understanding of the factors that control its effectiveness, and disappointing results have been obtained.   This paper reviews the basic concepts of how grout injection may contribute to the control of rock surrounding underground mine excavations, and highlights the factors which may serve to limit the efficacy of the method and the uncertainties that complicate the appraisal of grouting as a method of strata control.

Jan 1, 1994

By Felipe Buboltz Ferreira

O Pó de Aciaria Elétrica (PAE) é um resíduo sólido originado da fabricação de aços em Fornos Elétricos a Arco (FEA). Este resíduo contém metais nocivos ao meio ambiente e é constituído, em sua maior parte, pelos elementos ferro, zinco e oxigênio. Devido aos custos crescentes para disposição e por tratar-se de um resíduo perigoso, a indústria procura tanto opções de reciclagem quanto a possibilidade de retorno ao processo produtivo do aço. Uma das alternativas é a reintrodução na aciaria elétrica através de aglomerados autorredutores como parte da carga do FEA. Nesse trabalho, são confeccionadas misturas autorredutoras contendo PAE e coque de petróleo, apresentando as correspondentes caracterizações químicas e físicas. É feita também uma avaliação do comportamento destas misturas em ensaios termogravimétricos, mostrando a possibilidade do emprego desta técnica na aferição prática do teor ótimo de coque.

Aug 16, 2017

By Gerald G. Griswold, Allan G. Provost

INTRODUCTION The Norad Expansion Project was located 10 miles southwest of Colorado Springs, Colorado, within Cheyenne Mountain. The expansion areas to be excavated would be adjacent to the existing underground Norad complex, which would remain in operation during the work on the expansion. The original complex had been constructed approximately eight years earlier and had been in full operation for approximately five years. Phase I, Excavation was awarded the Tiro Construction Corporation, a subsidiary of Harrison Western Corporation, Denver, Colorado, in the fall of 1970. Notice to Proceed was given to Tiro on 28 December 1970. The project owner was the U. S. Air Force, design was performed by the U. S. Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, who would also serve as the construction agency. [ ]

Jan 1, 1979

By G. Thodos, W. F. Stevens

The point-source function introduced by Horner' us a solution to the general unsteady-state equation for the flow of fluids through porous media has been utilized to calculate pressure profiles for adjacent wells as a function of time. By trial and error, the time at which the pressure waves meet to cause interference can then be calculated. For this calculation, the time of interference is arbitrarily defined as that time when both pressure waves exhibit a pressure decrease of 25 psi ar the same point within the formation. To illustrate the method, an example involving two adjacent wells producing at different rates has been worked out and is presented in detail. INTRODUCTION The initiation of production of a new well is usually accompanied by pressure drawdown measurements in order to establish the extent and characteristics of the formation. The interpretation of such pressure drawdown data is based on mathematical developments involving a single well in an infinite reservoir. If more than one well is present in a reservoir, the possibility of interaction between wells exists. Therefore, care must be taken in interpreting the pressure drawdown data. It becomes important to be able to determine when this interaction, or interference, becomes significant. This paper presents a method for the prediction of the approximate time of interference between two such adjacent wells. The basic differential equation describing the pressure distribution existing during unsteady-state flow of a slightly compressible fluid has been solved by Hor-ner.' for a constant production rate from a circular homogeneous reservoir of infinite extent. The solution utilizes the point-source function to define the pressure at various points within the formation as a function of time. The resulting expression is: q = production rate, STB/D ,;= formation volume factor, dimension-less µ = fluid viscosity, cp k = formation permeability. md H = formation thickness, ft C - fluid compressibility, psi' F = formation porosity, dimensionless R = distance from centerline of well, ft T = production time, hours Ei(—u) = Ei-function of U Eq. 1 may be used to calculate the pressure profiles generated during production from a single well in an infinite reservoir.

By Brian Flintoff

"When I was first asked to prepare this paper and presentation in late June, I thought it might be fun to ""step back and paint the bigger picture."" Having attempted to do this, fun is not the first descriptor that now comes to mind, and speaking dyslexically, I've had 'nuf.'Unlike Nostradamus, or even Orwell, I've discovered that I'm ""clairvoyantly challenged"" and not even the psychic hot-line was of much help, at least with respect to process control! I am somewhat comfortable speculating on evolutionary change, but the radical developments that will arise from revolutionary changes are well beyond my mortal capabilities. Even with evolutionary change, I'm reminded of the lessons of time series analysis which show the prediction error to grow exponentially as the horizon moves into the future. As Macluhan is reported to have said: ""Predicting the future based on the past is a little like driving your car while looking in the rearview mirror!""Having honestly presented my qualifications, allow me to try to look at process control and to offer some conjecture on where we're probably headed. In the end, it is said that: ""The plant of the future will have only two employees, a man and a dog. The dog will be there to keep the man from touching the equipment.1""IntroductionA little less than a decade ago Andy Mular and I co-edited a monograph entitled ""A Practical Guide to Process Control in the Minerals Industry."" The work was commissioned by the senior management of a consortium of Canadian mining companies, since it was widely perceived that control was an area of great economic potential, but one that had not been effectively tapped. The concern was that if the industry could not soon deliver on the ""potential"", the term may well have appeared in the epitaph of what was, to these men, a very attractive investment opportunity. I think it is fair to say that over the past few years process control has clearly established itself as an essential technology in plant operation and optimization. That isn't to say that we get it all-right, all-the-time, but, the circumstances are much different than they were. In the eyes of many, process control has attained the distinction of being considered a mature technology, even though there are still countless avenues for exploration."

Jan 1, 1998

By Andre Zingano

The variation in pillar behavior at underground coal mines working in the Bonito coal seam is observed in both research and mining company case studies. There is no consistency in pillar behavior, as it varies from mine to mine. In some cases, it is possible to find rib yields for both excavation modes and pillar sizes. This paper?s objective is to investigate pillar behavior for different load conditions and pillar sizes. Three-dimensional numerical simulation models considering these factors were built. A matrix was then assembled to compare pillar behavior between loading conditions, as well as between different pillar sizes with the same loading condition. The results showed some pillar rib plasticity due to vertical loading and stress relief independent of the pillar size and load. For the same load conditions, the yielding thickness is the same for different pillar sizes.

Jan 1, 2012

Air tabling of zircon-rich non-conductor products containing quartz enables most of the fine quartz present to be rejected without a markedloss of zircon. The coarser quartz in the air table feed can be separated from the zircon by screening one or more air table products, the oversize products containing most of the quartz and little of the zircon. Air tabling, with or without screening, is more efficient than wet tabling alone for the removal of fine quartz, but not for the removal of coarse quartz. Practically all of the quartz can be separated from the zircon by using wet tabling in conjunction with hydraulic classification, or by using air tabling in conjunction with dry launder treatment, in which a degree of sizing takes place that is advantageous for subsequent air tabling.INTRODUCTIONBack-dune and inland beach sand deposits usually contain fine wind-blown quartz, and neither spiral nor wet table concentration, alone or in conjunction, makes a clean separation of heavy minerals from quartz. Many rutile plants recover rutile and zircon from a low-quartz, wet-table concentrates by means of magnetic and electrostatic separation; some rutile and zircon are lost in the table tailings. Other rutile plants, and two of the ilmenite plants in Western Australia, recover rutile or ilmenite respectively, from a spiral concentrate containing several per cent of quartz, and then subject the non-conductor product to an additionalgravity concentration process to separate the zircon from the quartz. Some zircon is lost in the additional gravity process, but all of the rutile or ilmenite in the spiral concentrate is, or should be, recovered as high-grade concentrate. The higher recovery of rutile or ilmenite by this treatment method is offset by the expense of drying part of the feed twice, as a wet process is usually used to separate the quartz...

Jan 1, 1962

By M. Mikhaylenko

Rhenium, molybdenum and tungsten are the elements demanded by high-end technologies. These metals are found in process solutions in forms of their oxyanions: ReO4-, MoO42- and WO42-. The later two can exist in forms of iso- and/or heteropolyanions. Basically all three metals demonstrate very similar chemical behavior in aqueous solutions. Unfortunately, in their mineral sources these elements commonly accompany each other, like pairs of rhenium-molybdenum or molybdenum-tungsten. Their economical separation is a challenging task.

Jan 1, 2012

By Mark Van Dyke, Ted Klemetti, Joe Wickline

"The identification and mitigation of adverse geologic conditions are critical to the safety and productivity of underground coal mining operations. To anticipate and mitigate adverse geologic conditions, a formal method to evaluate geotechnical factors must be established. Each mine is unique and has its own separate approach for defining what an adverse geological condition consists of. The collection of geologic data is a first critical step to creating a geological database to map these hazards efficiently and effectively. Many considerations must be taken into account, such as lithology of immediate roof and floor strata, seam height, gas and oil wells, faults, depressions in the mine floor (water) and increases in floor elevation (gas), overburden, streams and horizontal stress directions, amongst many other factors.Once geologic data is collected, it can be refined and integrated into a database that can be used to develop maps showing the trend, orientation, and extent of the adverse geological conditions. This information, delivered in a timely manner, allows mining personnel to be proactive in mine planning and support implementations, ultimately reducing the impacts of these features. This paper covers geologic exploratory methods, data organization, and the value of collecting and interpreting geologic information in coal mines to enhance safety and production.The implementation of the methods described above have been proven effective in predicting and mitigating adverse geologic conditions in underground coal mining. Consistent re-evaluation of data collection methods, geologic interpretations, mapping procedures, and communication techniques ensures continuous improvement in the accuracy of predictions and mitigation of adverse geologic conditions. Providing a concise record of the work previously done to track geologic conditions at a mine will allow for the smoothest transition during employee turnover and transitions. With refinements and standardization of data collection methods, such as those described in this paper, along with improvement in technology, the evaluation of adverse geologic conditions will evolve and continue to improve the safety and productivity of underground coal mining."

Jan 1, 2019

By Leticia Gabriela Winck

As escórias de aciaria, além de ser um coproduto da fabricação do aço, desempenham um papel importante na qualidade dos aços produzidos. Entender como elas se comportam durante o processo de refino é fundamental. Por exemplo, no refino secundário, a absorção de inclusões pela escória é umas das principais formas de se obter aços com maior limpeza inclusionária, e consequentemente, mais nobres. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização de fases de escórias de refino secundário do sistema CMAS (CaO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2), a fim de se obter informações a respeito de sua composição e fração líquida, além de prováveis fases sólidas. Para isso, quatro amostras de diferentes composições químicas foram fundidas em forno elétrico resistivo a altas temperaturas. As amostras também foram analisadas por diferentes técnicas como: microscopia eletrônica de varredura com sistema EDS acoplado (MEV/EDS), difração de raios X e simulação termodinâmica. Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente foram condizentes com as simulações termodinâmicas e com os resultados encontrados na literatura.

Aug 16, 2017

By Darrell L. Beddard

Pile driving started October 29, 1993 and was completed on January 27, 1994. Field work included driving piling from ground surface at one site and at or near proposed footing elevations for the remainder. Piles were driven to specified tip elevations or the elevations directed by the Project Manager. In an attempt to address what installation technique(s) performed the best, several methods were used, including varied predrilled depths, open ended piles, closed ended piles, and the use of both impact and vibratory hammers. Piles were driven closed ended where possible to study the feasibility of this option to reduce construction costs associated with pile cleanout. Piles were driven to different depths to measure capacity variations. The 24-inch (610 mm) diameter piling were driven in one piece while the 42-inch (1.07 m) diameter piling was driven in two segments. A total of 79 piles were driven for the four sites, 74 of the 24-inch (610 mm) diameter and 5 of the 42-inch (1.07 m) diameter. Various hammers were used to determine which hammers provided viable solutions to the potential problems anticipated in the design phase. Hammer selection was based on the driveability studies. Equipment included a 175 ton (1.56 MN) crane, support crane for pile stabilization, crane mounted auger drill, offshore leads, Delmag D30-32, D46-32, and D62-22 diesel hammers, an HPSI 2005 single acting hydraulic hammer, a Foster IHC S-90 double acting hydraulic hammer and a Kencho VM2-25000AII vibratory hammer with the weights set to produce 17,500 pound-inch (1.98 kN-m) of eccentric moment.

Jan 1, 1996

By D F. S Natusch, R J. Hooper

Recent lignite investigations indicate their potential as a strategic long-term fuel resource. This potential however would be determined not only by lignite quantity and quality, but also by economic, physical and social resources required to support it. The following discussion uses the example of a typical lignite mining operation to review the major resource requirements. While recognising that the implications of supplying those resources may be as important as their actual existence, this paper has purposely omitted such discussion as this will be one of the main target areas for the next phase of investigations.

Jan 1, 1983

By Janaina Gonçalves Maria da Silva Machado, Carlos Mateus Braga de Almeidar, Leandro Miranda Nascimento

Knowing the reduction of the concentration of iron in the mineral load extracted in the last decades and, therefore, greater need for comminution processes, there is no denying that iron ores tend to get increasingly thin for steelmakers. In Reactors such as Blast Furnace and others of fusion-reduction, where the reduction of the iron ore for the metallic iron for the steel production occurs, we observed that one of the alternatives is to agglomerate the raw materials in the form of briquettes, improving the kinetics of the chemical reactions, since ores in the form of fines impair factors such as the permeability required for reduction. These agglomerates are composed of a reducer, fines of ferrous materials and a binder material, and require, in addition to satisfactory Metallization, mechanical resistance, avoiding losses when the compound is fragmented during transport or during its deposition in the Steel Reactor. In the following work, Briquettes were produced with Charcoal, Pellet Feed, Molasses Cane and Hydrated Lime. The mixtures were pressed under different conditions of Pressure (1, 2 and 3 tons-force), and pressing time (20 , 60 and 100 seconds), aiming to analyze the influence of these two variables on the drop tests, mechanical resistance of the briquettes generated.

Oct 1, 2019

By P. A. Olubambi1

Representative samples of the hydrothermal vein deposits of the bulk complex sulphide ore deposit, 10 km south of Ishiagu, in Ebonyin State, South Eastern part of Nigeria were collected from two small scale mining companies. The samples were mixed and successively crushed in a jaw crusher and cone crusher, and ground in a rod mill. Characterization was carried out with SEM, EDX, XRD, XRF and ICP-OES. Mineralogical analysis revealed the presence of sphalerite, galena, siderite, pyrite, quartz and chalcopyrite. X-ray Diffractometry showed that sphalerite mineral in the ore occurs as sphalerite ferrous with varied percentage of Zn and Fe within the various sizes while chalcopyrite occurs as a chalcopyrite group mineral with chemical formula Cu2MnSnS4. Results of the elemental analysis showed variations in elemental composition within the different sizes.

Jan 1, 2006

By Douglas W. Fuerstenau, Pradip Pradip

The design and development of selective flotation collectors has been the key to the remarkable success of flotation in beneficiating complex, difficult-to-process ores. Sustained research efforts in the field over the past hundred years have led to delineating the scientific basis of selective mineral flotation in terms of the crystal chemistry and the surface and colloid chemistry of minerals including their solubility, and the aqueous solution chemistry of added reagents. It is now well-established that the electrical double layer theory (EDL) is the most powerful means of quantifying the relative strength of mineral-reagent interactions in the case of nonsulfide minerals. We illustrate the utility and the power of the EDL in delineating the science underlying selective mineral flotation with the help of a few examples taken from our own work, in particular on the selective flotation of rare-earth minerals (bastnaesite) from associated semisoluble minerals (barite and calcite) using alkyl hydroxamate collectors and the flotation separation of lithium-containing minerals (spodumene) from associated alumino-silicate minerals with oleate (fatty acids). Both of these mineral separation systems are of contemporary research interest and of immense value to the industry today. Recent advances in utilizing molecular modeling computations, particularly in the context of quantifying the effect of crystal chemistry and the relative distribution of adsorption sites available on mineral cleavage planes, are also reviewed.

By Christopher B. Kapes

To reduce concentrate dewatering and drying costs, the Concentrator Division at Phelps Dodge Morenci, Inc. investigated available filtration technologies. Numerous methods were explored, including: drum, disk, belt, pressure, hyperbaric, and ceramic media filtration. An economic evaluation of the individual filtration technologies indicated the advantages of ceramic media filtration for Morenci concentrates. This paper discusses the technological development culminating in the first full scale application of ceramic media disk filters in North America. Low moisture contents are obtained at high production rates and greatly reduced operating costs.

Jan 1, 1994

By J. W. van der Merwe, A. Palazzo

"Owing to the corrosiveness of the untreated brackish cooling water typically used for steel mills (and other environments), it is important to treat the water and monitor corrosion in such systems. Generally, corrosion rates are monitored with corrosion probes inserted into a pipeline or vessel. This has been standard practice for many years, and is widely accepted in industry. Typically, two kinds of probes are used - electrical resistance and linear polarization resistance (LPR) probes.In this study, the effectiveness and accuracy of the LPR technique was evaluated by comparing the electrochemical measurements with the results of mass loss tests using corrosion coupons. The corrosivity of the environment, a synthetic brackish water, was varied by varying the calcium hardness and alkalinity, and to simulate actual plant conditions temperatures of 35°C and 45°C were used. In addition to the corrosion rate measurements, the iron concentration was measured, as well as the imbalance from the probe.The corrosion rates obtained by LPR were from 57% lower to 385%higher than those from the immersion tests. Most probe measurements were higher than the immersion results, and 50% of the probe results were50% or more higher than the immersion results. The best correspondence between the two methods was obtained at low calcium levels, except for one measurement that was 93% higher than the coupon results. There was no clear correlation between parameters such as temperature and total alkalinity and the difference between the results. It would therefore appear that LPR measurements can differ significantly from immersion results, and LPR results should therefore be used with caution in industrial applications."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. Crummy, I. K. Anderson, A. J. Hall, R. S. Haszeldine

Bedrock gold mineralisation has been located in association with an extensive float train 25 km west of known alluvial gold. It is in the form of open, matrix-supported breccias comprising pyritic quartz/sericite clasts in a vuggy, cherty chalcedonic and crystalline quartz matrix. Fluid inclusions in pyritic clasts indicate trapping temperatures for gold mineralising hydrothermal fluid of 170-240 degrees C. This mineralisation could represent the upper part of a feeder zone to an exhalative hydrothermal system. It is possible that other high-level feeder zones could be preserved elsewhere in the area. Deep weathering of such a system could provide a source for the alluvial gold localities near Helmsdale. It is suggested that east and central Sutherland presents good prospects for exhalative epithermal gold mineralisation and the associated feeder zones

Jun 19, 1905

By J. Drelich, M. Pawlik

An improved experimental procedure to measure contact angle has been consolidated with coal surface preparation involving polishing with abrasive paper, alumina powder, and a cloth, followed by ultrasonic and mechanical cleaning. Specifically, the captive-bubble measuring technique has been compared with the sessile-drop technique and the former has been recommended for the examination of the hydrophobic properties of coal surfaces. Results of the research program, which is currently under way, on the examination of the effect of the nature, amount, size, and distribution of mineral inclusions in coal, on its wettability are briefly reviewed.

Jan 1, 1999

By D. B. RUSHNORE, K. A. Pauly

Bulletin. No. 41, May, 1910. ABBREVIATIONS. Al. Ind., Alliance Industrielle. am. Elec'n.. . American. Electrician. Bull. As. Ing. El Bulletin de la Association des Ingenieurs Elec- triciens Sortis de l'Institut Electrotecnique Montefiore, Liege. Bull. Soc. bilge d' Elec Bulletin de la Société belge d'Electriciens. Col. Guard . Colliery Guardian. D. R. P Deutsches Reich Patent. Dilly. Poly Dingler's Polytechniches Journal. E. & DI. Jour Engineering and Mining Journal. E. T. Zeit Electrotechnische Zeitschrift. Eclair. Elec. L'Eclairage Electrique. 1;1. Anzeig Elektrotechnischer Anzeiger

Sep 1, 1910