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NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period May 10 to June 10, 1914. Members ABE, ASAKA, Chief Min. Engr., Yamagano Gold Mine, Satsuma-Gori, Satsuma, Japan. ANDERSON, FRANK M., Geol Cartagena Refining Co., Cartagena, Colombia, S. A. BACON, MAURICE W., Genl. Mgr Stewart Mining Co. Butte, Mont. BACON, RAYMOND F., Chem Director, Mellon Institute, Pittsburg, Pa. BAKER, HAMILTON WALLACE, Min. Engr Fernley, Nev. VON BAYER, AUGUST HECTOR, Supt Kentucky Solvay, Coke Co., Ashland, Ky. BISHOP, WHEELER SCOTT, Research Chem Care Braden Copper Co., Rancagua, Chile, S. A. BOWEN, CHARLES GILMAN, Timekeeper 208 School St., Grass Valley, Cal. BOYER, SAMUEL L., Mine Operator, Mgr., Mike. Horse Min. Co., W. 2808 Boone Ave., Spokane. Wash.

Jan 7, 1914

By Flloyd J. M

A continuous oxygen probe,incorporating a SIRO2 solid electrolyte oxygen sensor which measured the oxygen potential of a small volume of gas enclosed above the melt's surface,was constructed and tested. The oxygen potential of iron-silicate slags in equilibrium with solid iron in the temperature range 1250 to 1300¦C were measured continuously for tests of up to 40 hours duration. Results were in agreement with those of previous workers using gas equilibration techniques. Tests on non- iron buffered slags proved unsuccessful due to corrosion of the probe's component in contact with the slag and an alternative material is Required.

Jan 1, 1987

CONTENTS CATES, LOUIS S.-Factors Affecting Bank Slopes in Steam-shovel Operations. Discussed by Fred Hellman, Louis S. Cates, W. D. B. Motter, Jr., George S. Rice 1 CRANE, W. R.-Mine Subsidence in the Red Iron Ore Mines of the Birmingham District, Alabama. Discussed by George S. Rice, W. R. Crane, Louis S. Cates : 3 Factors Affecting Bank Slopes in Steam-shovel Operations Discussion of the paper of Louis S. CATES, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1925, and issued, as Paper No. 1360-M, with MINING AND METAL-LURGY, August, 1924. FRED HELLMAN, New York.-My experience with shovel mining has been restricted almost entirely to Chuquicamata as far as operation is concerned. We had there an unusual condition in that the rock is cohesive because of the salts in it, so that you can probably work higher banks than is possible in most places. Recently they have reduced the height of the banks and have found that lower bank affords better working condition than the higher bank. It took two years of experimentation to determine the best height of bank for that particular mine. Each mine should be considered by itself and, to state off hand the best height of bank. for any given mine is impossible. We worked the high banks in Chile without much trouble. We adopted high banks in the beginning in order to obtain the minimum expense in railway approaches at that time. The first plan was for 50 ft.; then to get production started with the smallest possible expenditure of money, the approach to the deposit was changed and the first bank had an ultimate height of about 180 ft. We worked that bank; quite success-fully, but I do not think that it could be done anywhere else.

Jan 7, 1925

By John Chipman, Minu N. Dastur

This paper presents equilibrium data on the reaction of water vapor with vanadium dissolved in liquid iron at 1600°C. The thermo-dynamic behavior of vanadium and oxygen when present together in the melt is discussed. A deoxidation diagram is presented which shows the concentrations and activities of vanadium and oxygen in equilibrium with V209 or FeV2O4. STUDIES of the chemical behavior of oxygen dissolved in pure liquid iron1-3 have served to determine with a fair degree of accuracy the thermody-namic properties of this binary solution. The practical problems of steelmaking, however, involve not the simple binary but ternary and more complex solutions. Only a beginning has been made toward understanding the behavior of such systems. The silicon-manganese-oxygen relationship was studied long ago by Korber and Oelsen4 and more recently by Hilty and Crafts." The carbon-oxygen reaction was investigated by Vacher and Hamilton6 and by Marshall and Chipman.7 A number of deoxidizing reactions have been studied empirica1lys'10 with the object of determining the appropriate "deoxidation constants." The work of Chen and Chipman" afforded a clear-cut view of the effect of the alloy element, chromium, on the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in liquid ternary solutions. These investigators determined the oxygen content of experimental melts which had been brought into equilibrium with a controlled atmosphere of hydrogen and water vapor and were able to show that the presence of chromium decreases the activity coefficient of oxygen. They determined also the conditions under which the two deoxidation products, Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4, were formed and showed that the activity of residual oxygen is considerably less than its percentage. It was the object of this investigation to apply a similar method to the study of molten alloys of iron, vanadium, and oxygen. Vanadium was once considered a moderately potent deoxidizer, but this is now known to be erroneous, in the light of its behavior in steelmaking practice. Its reaction with oxygen retains a certain amount of practical interest in that a high percentage of one element places a limit on the amount of the other that can be retained. As a deoxidizer it will be shown that vanadium lies between chromium and silicon. Experimental Method The apparatus was that used by the authors3 in their study of the equilibrium in the reaction: H2(g) +O = H2O(g);K,= [1] PII., ao Crucibles of Norton alundum or of pure alumina were used. The latter were made in this laboratory and were of high strength and low porosity. Under conditions of use they imparted no significant amount of aluminum (less than 0.01 pct) to the bath. Temperature measurements were made with the optical equipment and calibration chart of Dastur and Gokcen.= The charge was made up of calculated amounts of ferrovanadium (20 pct V) and clean electrolytic iron totaling approximately 70 g. The first few heats were made in alumina crucibles with an insufficient amount of vanadium so that no oxide of vanadium would be precipitated under the particular gas composition. All the heats were made at 1600 °C under a high preheat and with four parts of argon to one part of hydrogen in the gas mixture to prevent thermal diffusion. The rate of gas flow was maintained constant at 250 to 300 ml per min of hydrogen. The time for each heat was three quarters of an hour after the melt had melted and attained the required temperature (1600°C). The water-vapor content of the entrant gas mixture was gradually raised in succeeding heats, keeping the vanadium content of the melt constant. This was controlled by manipulation of saturator temperature. A point was reached when for a given H2O:H2 ratio some of the dissolved vanadium was oxidized and appeared as a thin, bright oxide film on top of the melt. By raising the temperature of the melt it was possible to dissolve the oxide film which reappeared as soon as it was cooled down to 1600°C. The temperature readings taken on the oxide film were consistently higher by 80" to 85 °C as observed by the optical pyrometer. The heat was allowed to come to equilibrium under a partial covering of this oxide film. At the end of the run the power and preheater were shut off and the crucible containing the melt was lowered down into the cooler region in the furnace. This method of quenching proved quite

Jan 1, 1952

By H. Wilcox, M. Prichard, Y. P. Chugh

Environmental considerations related to the disposal of coal combustion byproducts (CCBs) and the impacts of deforestation associated with the harvesting of timber for utilization as roof supports in mines should become more severe in the future, as landfill space and suitable timber reserves become more scarce. To help address these concerns, lightweight artificial supports, such as post and crib elements, that use large percentages of coal combustion byproducts as aggregate have been developed for use in underground mines. These structural products show equal or better engineering characteristics than timber, and they have the potential to replace timber support in underground mines. CCB-based ultralight structural material (ULSM) has also been developed and commercialized for use in the construction of ventilation stoppings in underground mines. The bulk densities of these blocks range from 0.40 to 0.64 g/cm3 (25 to 40 lb per cu ft) with more than 75% CCBs. Efforts are also given to develop and demonstrate large volume CCB-based subgrade improvement technique for road construction. Soil treated with SIUC fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) fly ash developed an immediate bearing value exceeding 25% with a swelling strain of less than I %, which is greater than untreated soils, and met Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) standard specifications. In this paper, development procedures, engineering characteristics and beneficial uses of CCB-based structural products are given.

Jan 1, 2002

By G. Richards Gwinn

Vermiculites are secondary minerals formed by the: alteration of biotite and philogopite mica and are associated with basic rocks such as dunites, serpentines, and pyroxenites. Vermiculite was first described by T. H. Webb in 1824. It remained a mineralogical curiosity until 1913, when the first commercial deposit was discovered in the Turrett mining district of Colorado. Expanded or exfoliated vermiculite was first marketed in 1915 from a deposit in this district 5 miles southeast of Hecla, Colo. This activity was brief, but successful and continuous commercial development began in 1921 in Montana. 'Deposits in other States have been found and developed, but Montana is by far the largest producer. Vermiculite has also been found in South Africa, Western

Jan 1, 1944

By John F. Papp

Based on a review of historical domestic and international chromium metal production capacity, production, consumption, trade, and trade literature, world annual chromium metal production capacity in 1995 was estimated to have been 38,300 metric tons, a drop from 43,500 tons in 1994. World chromium metal production and consumption were estimated, on average from 1984 through 1992, to have been 21,000 tons per year. U.S. consumption was estimated, on average over the same time period, to have been 6,200 tons per year. The major world chromium metal producers between 1984 and 1995 were China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States. From 1984 through 1992, world trade averaged 8,400 tons per year. Germany and the United States accounted for over 75 percent of imports on average during the same time period. U.S. chromium metal import value rose from under $1 per kg before 1964 to over $6 per kg in 1993. Over the same time period, prices rose from about $4 per kg to about $10 per kg. Chemical specifications have become more stringent. Detailed chromium metal trade, prices, value, chromium metal chemical specification, and production capacity by country are reported. A shift in trade patterns was anticipated as Japan exits production and displaces Germany as the second largest importer and as Russia increases its role in world trade.

Jan 1, 1995

By J. N. Van der Merwe, M. Mathey

"The development and mechanical characterization of coal-crete, a composite material generated from coal fragments and some binder material, is described in this paper. Coal debris was obtained from a colliery in South Africa. The binder used in the study basically consists of cement and water, and further ingredients are added to the mixtures, such as sand, fly ash and polymers, in order to investigate alterations of the mechanical properties of coal-crete.Results from over 220 mechanical tests on coal-cretes with various binder mixtures give consistent trends for the material’s behaviour. Linear relationships are suggested between the uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s Modulus and the indirect tensile strength of the coal-crete.It is shown that mechanical properties comparable to coal can be achieved. Coal-crete is therefore suitable for physical modelling of mining situations in experimental studies and for use as backfill in underground coal mines. The latter application is particularly attractive when refuse coal is used as aggregate material. The indicated trends in this study may be used as a guideline for individual coal-crete design needs. However, some uncertainty remains as to the influence of particle shape, size and gradation, coal rank and age of the coal-crete. These aspects are recommended for further research."

Jan 1, 2015

By F. Woller

The territory of Czechoslovakia is well endowed in deposits of a variety of industrial minerals. At present, 29 different types of industrial minerals are mined from some 600 individual deposits in Bohemia and Moravia only. About half of those production centres involves structural materials like aggregate and common brick clays and loams. A significant proportion of industrial minerals produced in Czechoslovakia are exported. Destinations of main products are shown in Figure 1. Production of industrial minerals in Czechoslovakia has a long history. Glass has been produced since the 14th century, sulphuric acid since 1578, graphite since 1750, and chinaware since 1790, to name just a few; but most of the present production comes from deposits developed during the past forty years. For a variety of reasons, only about 30 per cent of registered and explored industrial minerals deposits in the country are in production (Table 1). Two of the reasons may be the complexity of processing or conflicting interests of parties involved, but lack of market research, investment funds, or processing capacity have also had an impact on the level of utilization of the resource base.

Jan 1, 1992

By John D. Kalasky

Continuous mining has revolutionized the coal industry but intensified the problems of earlier mechanization. From the installation of the first miner, it was recognized that face ventilation would be one of these problems. To establish an efficient work cycle for the equipment being used, conventional mechanized mining provides four or more development faces. Continuous mining, relying on a single machine, requires only one face, although more than one can be driven alternately by the same machine. In gaseous areas mined by the older methods, the intermittent rate of exposure allows time for the face to bleed off or be cleared, and the width obtained with conventional units makes it possible to hang a brattice line almost to the face. Continuous mining increases the ventilation hazards; there is no margin of time, and very limited space.

Jan 9, 1959

By Merlyn B. Buhle

FOR the past 20 years electrical earth resistivity exploration has been used in Illinois in many phases of study undertaken by the State Geological Survey, chiefly in locating and outlining deposits of water-bearing sand and gravel from which to obtain ground water for municipal and industrial supplies. At least 43 municipalities in the state derive their total water supply from deposits of sand and gravel discovered by resistivity methods. These deposits occur in both Quaternary and preglacial valleys and within much of the glacial drift which covers .a large portion of the state

Jan 4, 1953

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Mar. 10 to Apr. 10, 1914. Members ADAMS, DANIEL T., Mining 1416 Westminster Bldg., Chicago, Ill. BLICKENSDERFER, FRANK CLEVELAND, Sampler Morenci, Ariz. CAVERS, THOMAS WILLARD, Met Copperhill, Tenn. CLAPP, CHARLES H., Geol Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. CLARK, PATRICK T., Pres Bullwhacker Mine, Spokane, Wash. COMSTOCK, HARRY, Mining Mineville, Essex Co., New York. COOKE, JOSEPH H., Gen. Mgr Mono Dev. Co., Gisborn, Tooele Co., Utah. COOPER, DEXTER P., Civ. and Hyd. Engr 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. DEGOLYER, E. L., Geol Apartado 269, Tampico, Mexico. DESHAYES, ERNEST F., Mine Foreman Baldy, N. M. DOUGLASS, WILLIAM CRAWFORD, Min. Engr 107 Leonard Hotel, Butte, Mont.

Jan 5, 1914

By Jeongbok Seo

The Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project (DCMP) involves the design and construction of a 23.1-mile extension of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) rail system. The initial 11.7-mile extension, with five transit stations and a new service and inspection yard, is to be constructed. The construction plan for the initial 11.7-mile extension includes installation of a total of an estimated 4,250 or 160,000 linear feet of driven 12x53 steel H-Piles at more than 80 different locations. At the time of this paper, approximately 40 percent of the piles have been installed and the remainder of piles will be installed by the end of 2010. This paper describes: 1) subsurface investigation program, 2) application of existing Codes and impact on the design of H-Pile, 3) design methods to determine geotechnical bearing capacity and pile tip elevation, 4) verification of capacity including PDA and Static Load Tests, 5) project specific pile load tests, and 6) QA/QC during pile driving.

Jan 1, 2010

Queensland hosts vast deposits of brown and black coal, significant accumulations ranging in age from Permian to early Tertiary. The great diversity of coal resources in the State to some extent reflects the proximity of Queensland to plate-marginal tectonic processes through much of the Phanerozoic eon. Coal is contained within sedimentary basin fills of four fundamental types; 1. extensional, 2. foreland, 3. strike-slip, and 4. intracratonic. Thick (10 m+) though laterally restricted coal bodies are characteristic of extensional and strike-slip basins, whereas coals of more modest thickness but much greater lateral extent are typical of foreland and intracratonic basins.

Jan 1, 1991

By M. H. Lin, S. Kou

"Czochralski pulling has been a very widely used process for growing single crystals for electronic and optical applications. Dopant segregation can significantly degrade the quality and yield of single crystals. We have used the floating-crucible technique for segregation control in Czochralski pulling, our floating crucibles being unique in that the melt passageway is very long. As such, dopant back diffusion is suppressed, even when the cross-section of the melt passageway has to be relatively large to help the melt go through or when the pulling rate is very low. Single crystals of model materials K-doped NaN03 and Pb-doped Sn have been grown with very uniform dopant concentrations. IntroductionSingle crystals of electronic and optical materials are often doped with a small amount of impurities to develop required physical properties, e.g., P and B in Si for n-type and p-type semiconductors, respectively, and Nd in YAG lasers. Dopant segregation can result in nonuniform physical properties, thus degrading the quality and yield of the resultant crystals.Figure 1 is an illustration of the conventional Czochralski process for crystal growth. Several techniques have been developed to control dopant segregation in Czochralski pulling, including the push-pull technique (1,2), the drop-pull technique (3-7) and the floating-crucible technique (8-13). The first two techniques require precise sensing devices and feedback control systems to keep the feeding rate equal to the pulling rate. The last technique is simple since the feeding rate is automatically equal to the pulling rate."

Jan 1, 1994

By Simona Markic

With the aim of environment protection the program package HOMOGEN is used for realizing the planning and noxious components control in the coal produced. Using the program package PRIPREMA the division in levels and transformation (Hermite polynoms) in the N (0,1) distribution are made. By separated kriging 50 m x 50 m blocks are estimated on the levels and detailed distributions of the estimated component content are obtained. The face - longwall face is built in the blocks estimated in this way, and the direction of mining is determined. Using the stochastic simulation the distribution of the estimated production component (e.g. sulfur) on the face is obtained. Simulating the production of all faces in operation the distribution of the estimated daily mine production component is obtained. The estimated depot component is obtained in the same way. This procedure is used in the short-term planning of the estimated component movement for a given period in advance, and also in the daily production control in the case of changing conditions, e.g. the increased atmospheric pressure. The technology is successfully applied to the Velenje Lignite Mine Slovenia.

Jan 1, 1992

By José Marcelino dos Reis

Com o empobrecimento das jazidas minerais, os novos projetos industriais e as expansões das atuais usinas de tratamento de minério de ferro, em sua grande maioria, têm sido concebidos/ adaptados para processar itabiritos pobres para produção de pellet feed. Neste contexto, a otimização dos processos já existentes e/ou a implantação de projetos mais eficazes, são medidas fundamentais para a redução do teor de ferro no rejeito; consequentemente, maximiza-se a produção e a vida útil da jazida, além de reduzir os custos operacionais. O processo de flotação reversa de minério de ferro da usina de concentração de Brucutu responde por expressiva parcela de produção, sendo constituído por quatro estágios de concentração: rougher, cleaner, recleaner e scavenger. O concentrado final é produzido no estágio recleaner e o rejeito final no estágio scavenger, cujo teor médio atual é de 18% Fe. Objetivando reduzir o teor de Fe no rejeito scavenger da flotação para teores próximos a 10%, foi realizada uma série de testes exploratórios em bancada em diferentes faixas de pH, com adição de soda caustica e/ou amido gelatinizado. Os resultados obtidos em escala de bancada se mostraram bastante satisfatórios apresentando considerável ganho de recuperação mássica/ metalúrgica, o que motivou a realização de um projeto para viabilizar a implementação desta proposta.

Aug 1, 2018

By D. E. Ranta, Neil D. O’Donnell, Thad B. Ostrowski

Ore reserve estimation at the Syncrude Canada Ltd. open-pit oil sands mine in Northern Alberta has evolved since the project's inception. Early techniques followed a conventional petroleum reservoir analysis format, with relatively widely spaced drill holes and semiquantitative grade data. Experience has developed a more standard mining approach, including classification of geological materials by both lithology and sedimentary origin, timely and multi-purpose drill holes, precise analytical data, empirical recovery factors, a computerized geological data base, and an orebody block model. Future efforts will involve enhancement of existing techniques, use of geostatistical algorithms, quantification of confidence limits, and improved control of the ore model by geological parameters.

Jan 1, 1992

By D. Lee Petersen, Charles R. Nelson, Marvin Marshak

INTRODUCTION Construction is underway on a laboratory cavern 713 m below surface at the Soudan Mine, Tower-Soudan State Park, in northeastern Minnesota. The 13.9 in wide by 11.6 m high by 71.8 in long cavern will provide a laboratory space for basic research in physics, in which experiments can be conducted with greatly reduced interference from cosmic radiation. A first generation experiment, called the Soudan 1 detector, is currently operating in a converted drift 591 in below surface at the mine. The initial phase of the Soudan 2 detector will be an 1100-metric ton unit, which will occupy approximately a 19 m length of the cavern. Control and monitoring equipment will be in a prefabricated shop office enclosure erected in the cavern. The location and planned usage for the laboratory cavern present special excavation, lining, and outfitting requirements. Temperature and humidity control, a relatively clean dust-free environment, and a long service life are required. Low cost and risk to the owner were basic requirements due to the nature of the funding. The most common type of site selected to meet these two constraints is either an operational mine or a civil works facility such as a road tunnel. There are often serious problems for such laboratories because of ongoing operations such as blasting, hauling, etc. Most of these problems do not exist for the Soudan 2 laboratory because the mine is used as a historical site with regular tours only in the summer season. The laboratory owner, the University of Minnesota, and the park owner, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, are both public agencies of the

Jan 1, 1985

By G. W. Ostroot, S. Shryock

Cementing deep, high-temperature oil wells where static temperatures range from 350 to 400F has become routine in the part decade. In the United States there were 271 wells drilled deeper than 15,000 ft during 1963. Many of these wells had static temperatures higher than 400F. Bottom-hole static temperatures near 700F are now realities in the geother-mal (steam producing) wells of California's Salton Sea area. The detailed planning initiated prior to drilling the wells is discussed together with the methods, materials and equipment used in solving the cementing problems which are encountered. Data are also presented that lead to development of cementing compositions that provide adequate thickening time, do not retrogress in strength, and maintain low permeability under these extreme temperature conditions. Field data include the cementing programs used on eight relatively trouble-free geothermal steam wells in the Salton Sea area. INTRODUCTION Not too many years ago cementing oil wells with temperatures in the range of 300F caused considerable anxiety. In some areas of the United States it is now fairly common to cement wells having bottom-hole static temperatures in excess of 400F. We are now confronted with the problem of cementing wells with temperatures ranging from 500 to 700F. Temperatures in this order of magnitude are often found in geothermal steam wells. From where does this extreme heat emanate? There are many theories as to the source of this steam flow. The most widely held views are: (1) heat- ing of ground water fairly close to the surface by an intrusive mass of hot rock; (2) steam generation from a reservoir of metamorphic rock, normally found below 25,000 ft and not at the shallower depths of the Salton Sea reservoir; and (3) high-temperature gases (water vapor) escaping and migrating from molten or semi-molten rock (magma) at a considerable depth. Of these. No. 3 seems to be the most generally acceptable explanation. Heat from springs and fumaroles has been used for years as a means of heating and cooking; however, significant progress in harnessing the vast power of underground steam reservoirs has been relatively slow. The first large-scale attempt to use the heat generated by steam from wells was made in Italy around the beginning of the 20th century. In excess of 250,000 kw of electrical power is now being produced from holes around Larde-rello, Italy. Another very active drilling program was initiated in the volcanic area of New Zealand in 1949.' Natural steam for power projects in the United States began in the early 1920's. An early commercial steam field is located at the Geysers, approximately 75 miles north of San Francisco, an area discovered in 1847 and used for many years as a health resort. Steam originates from 15 wells that have been drilled since 1957. The present output from this project is 25,000 kw. Success of the Geysers operation has been responsible for several companies taking a careful look at the feasibility of producing steam for power generation in the Salton Sea area of Southern California's Imperial Valley. Geothermal steam activity in this latter area began in 1961 when O'Neill, Ashmun and Hilliard completed Sportsman No. 1, at that time the hottest wellbore in the world.' Since its References given at end of paver. completion seven additional wells have been successfully completed in this area. Many problems encountered in drilling steam wells had to be overcome to make the ventures successful. Formation temperatures encountered in the Salton Sea seemed to be a straight-line function (a gradient of 13F per 100 ft of depth).' This imposed severe conditions on all aspects of drilling and completion. This varied, to some extent, from gradients in the older geothermal areas. Not to be overlooked is the effect of these temperatures on casing creep or elongation by thermal expansion (Table I), because standard API flanged wellhead equipment makes no provision for this kind of performance. Floating equipment was redesigned, and changes in types of downhole equipment were made in an effort to eliminate anticipated problems. In the later completed wells, standard oil-well cementing equipment has been used. During the early development of geothermal steam wells there were some problems resulting from blowouts. However, these were eliminated in the deeper Salton Sea wells and no problems were encountered with the drilling mud. A sodium surfactant mud was used on the Sportsman No. 1 to drill from 2,690 to total depth. Nevertheless, it was necessary that a cooling system be added and the mud cooled before circulating it back into the well. The difficulty in evaluating the size of the steam area and its potential in terms of pounds of steam and years of productivity still has not been resolved. Economic complexities have also entered into the steam play in the Salton Sea. The wells at the Geysers were drilled at a cost of $15,000 to $20,-000, whereas the Salton Sea wells will cost more than $150,000. This cost differential has to some extent been accounted for because of the heavily

Jan 1, 1965