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By William Fink

THE investigation of the phase relations of high-purity aluminum-base alloys is a part of the fundamental research program of the laboratories of the Aluminum Company of America. The results of a number of binary and ternary systems have previously been published in the transactions of this society. The aluminum end of the binary aluminum-titanium system has been studied. This system has received relatively little attention. To the authors' knowledge, there are two previous papers on this subject. E. van Erckelens1 determined the constitutional diagram reproduced in Fig. 1. .According, to this diagram, the liquids represents the separation of TiAl4 (Ti = 30.7 per cent.). He concluded that this is the composition of the compound, because in his work the eutectic horizontal terminated at 30.7 per cent. titanium and the metallographic examination of a sample of this composition revealed only one phase. According to the constitutional diagram developed by W. Manchot and A. Leber,2 reproduced in Fig. 2 from data given in their article, the liquidus represents the separation of the compound TiAl3 (Ti = 37.2 per cent. ). The composition of the compound was derived in a manner similar to that utilized by van Erckelens. Moreover, Manchot and Leber confirmed the composition of the compound by analysis of the constituent left as a residue after dissolving the alloys in weak sodium hydroxide solution. Although these are the only publications describing the constitution of the system, other investigators have studied the composition of the titanium compound. L. Wöhler3 says that there is a compound TiAl3 which was later confirmed by W. Manchot and P. Richter4 and by

Jan 1, 1931

By A. R. Marder

Fe-C alloys have been investigated at temperatures below the eutectoid transformation to determine whether the superplasticity phenomenon exists for these materials. As a result of void formation at the carbide-ferrite interfaces that led to void coalescence and premature failure, the large elongations characteristic of superplustic matem'als did not develop. It had generally been assumed that the conditions for obtaining superplasticity include: a) T/Tm =0.5, b) a strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress that results in m s 0.3, and c) fine-grain structure. Although superphsticity was not observed in the alloys studied, stress-strain rate measurements indicated that an additional condition for the existence of superplasticitv in Fe-C allovs is that the fine-wain structure be equiaxed in agveement with previous results on Zn-Al al1oys. MANY investigations have been made on the hot deformation of iron-base alloys in order to obtain an understanding of the variables that may affect high-temperature strength and ductility.'-6 However, only a few papers have studied the effect of carbon content on the high-temperature properties of iron-base alloys. Peretayat'ko and Zaikov and Wallquist and carlen4 studied the effect of carbon on strength in the y temperature range, and recently Robbins, Shepard, and sherby6 studied the influence of carbon on the torsional behavior of iron in the a and cu-plus-cemen-tite temperature ranges. In addition to studying hot deformation behavior, current investigations have also been concerned with the phenomenon of superplasticity in nonferrous materials, and, in particular, ferrous alloys. Superplasticity is identified by the increased resistance to necking that results from a high strain rate sensitivity of the flow tress. ackofenr proposed the strain rate hardening coefficient m = d log a/d log e as a measure of strain rate sensitivity and showed that m must be "-0.3 for superplasticity to exist. In addition, a fine-grained microstrcture,- a eutectic or eutectoid ornosition,- and a test temperature in the creep range (TITm > 0.5)" have also been advanced as necessary conditions for superplasticity. Although many workers""23 investigated superplasticity associated with the allotropic transformation in iron and the eutectoid transformation in steel, and recently chadler " and orrison have studied superplasticity in the a - y phase region, no one has measured the superplastic effect in the a + cementite temperature region. Therefore, the purpose of this investiga- tion was to determine the effect of carbon content, microstructure, and test temperature on the strain rate sensitivity of Fe-C alloys at temperatures below the eulectoid transformation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Fe-C alloys with carbon contents of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 wt pct were prepared as 100 lb 54 in. ingots by vacuum-induction melting. The compositions are listed in Table I. All the ingots were soaked at 2100°F for 2 hr prior to rolling to 4 in. plate. The minimum finishing temperature for rolling was 1800°F. The plate was sheared in 10-in. lengths and tensile bars were rough-machined prior to heat treatment. The samples were heat-treated according to the schedule in Table I1 in order to obtain a fine-grained microstructure consisting of finely dispersed carbides in a matrix of small ferrite grains. All the tensile specimens were heat-treated prior to finish machining, and tensile testing was accomplished on an Instron machine in conjunction with a clamshell furnace. The buttonhead specimen configuration is shown in Fig. 1. An inert atmosphere, helium, was maintained during testing with a steel tube shroud in a bell jar arrangement. Predried helium was continually purged over the buttonhead specimens and exhausted through ceramic fiber at the bottom of the tube to keep oxidation at a minimum and to prevent

Jan 1, 1970

By P. G. Guest

MANY of the gases and vapors used in anesthesia form explosive mixtures with oxygen or air. Sources of ignition for these mixtures always have existed in operating and anesthetizing areas. When ether was first introduced, candles,5 gaslights, and coal stoves caused fires and mild explosions of the vapor-air mixtures. Today the chief causes of ignition are electrical. Fires and explosions are still much too frequent; and, because many of the mixtures are rich in oxygen, the explosions sometimes are very violent. Obvious sources of ignition, such as electric-power sparks and arcs in open motors, switches, and receptacles, as well as exposed incandescent wires and hot plates, usually are recognized by hospital personnel and corrected. A source of ignition that is not so obvious to many is static electricity. Until quite recently the presence of this hazard in a large majority of anesthetizing areas was not even suspected. However, numerous explosions-many of them fatal to patients-have been attributed, with good reason, to sparks from static electricity.

Jan 1, 1953

O.F.S. Branch Minutes of the Committee Meeting held in the Committee Room at the St. Helena Club at 4.45 p.m. on Wednesday, 3rd September, 1975. Book reviews JONES, M. J. (ed.). Minerals and the environment. London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 1975. Mining Companies of the world.. 1974/75. London, Mining Journal Books Ltd (15 Wilson Street), 1975. £12. 303 pp. NIM reports Report no. 483 Summary of the mineralogical investigation of pegmatites. (11th April, 1969; re-issued October 1975). Report no. 1697 A petrographic and mineralogical investigation of silica samples from the farm Elandskraal 470JQ, Rustenburg district. (24th Jan., 1975; reissued October 1975). Report no. 1761 The determination, by atomicabsorption spectrophotometry, of minor elements in anode sludges and residues. Report no. 1762 The determination, by instrumental neutron-activation analysis, of some elements in the NI M ROC standard reference materials. Report no. 1770 The spectrophotometric determination of vanadium in chromiumbearing materials. Foundry conference An international foundry confcrence, spomored and organized by South African Institute of Foundrymen, will be held in Johannesburg from 23rd to 27th February, 1976. The themes for each day are follows: Coordination chemistry A symposium on coordination chemistry in extractive metallurgy is to be held in Kelvin House, Johannesburg, on 18th and 19th March, 1976. Practical jet cutting The third international symposium on jet-cutting technology to be organized by BHRA Fluid Engineering will be held in Chicago from 11th to 13th May, 1976, in conjunction with the lIT Rese:uch Institute of Chicago. Hydraulic transport The fourth international conference on the hydraulic transport of solids in pipes (Hydrotransport 4) is being organized by BHRA Fluid Engineering.

Jan 12, 1975

BUFFALO J R Atkinson, Chairman (Hamilton, Ont, Canada) C E Moyer, Vice-Chairman H A Morlock, Secretary CHICAGO H Erler, Chairman (Gary, Ind ) M E Nickel, Vice-Chairman A M Kroner, Secretary-Treasurer CLEVELAND C W Cravens, Chairman (Cleveland) E J Sobey, Vice-Chairman E Kondas, Secretary Leo Svete, Treasurer

Jan 1, 1958

By Richard B. Stein

Section 25 has been assembled to give the geological, mining, or metallurgical engineer an overview of some of the important downstream operations that typically follow mining activities. This subject is obviously too broad and complex to be covered in detail within this Handbook. However, the engineer will be interested to learn about the basic fundamentals, and especially how they might affect the economics of the total project from prospecting and mining through to metals recovery and marketing. In this way, it is hoped that the engineer will have a better overall appreciation for the technical and commercial prospects of a mining and metal-producing project.

Jan 1, 2008

By Afonso Garcez de Azevedo

As indústrias cerâmicas do Parque Industrial do Município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ utilizam como matéria-prima a argila oriunda das jazidas presentes na planície de inundação do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Os artefatos produzidos por essas indústrias, que são na sua maioria tijolos e telhas, apresentam propriedades provenientes das transformações que ocorrem na constituição mineralógica da matéria-prima após queima, bem como do processo de fabricação empregado. Com o intuito de melhor entender o processo de fabricação destes artefatos e como suas propriedades se desenvolvem, este trabalho pretende caracterizar e identificar os minerais constituintes de uma camada argilosa do Município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, usando, para isso, técnica de Difração de Raios-X, e analisar as transformações térmicas ocorridas através de ADT/ATG/TG e microscopia óptica.

Oct 30, 2017

By C. K. Eilerts

Knowledge of the phase relations of the fluids that exist in the porous spaces of rocks constituting natural petroleum reservoirs and of the behavior of these fluids under various field conditions of operation is essential to the conservation of petroleum and natural gas and to their efficient recovery. The problem of determining whether these fluids axe in the liquid or gaseous state send of recognizing the transitions that may take place as the material in the reservoir is subjected to different conditions of pressure and temperature confronts many producers today, especially in certain fields. The subject has grown rapidly in importance since the discovery of and production from deeper reservoirs that have correspondingly higher pressures rind temperatures as compared with shallower

Jan 1, 1938

By G. T. Adel, P. E. Richardson, R. Pazhianur

Cathodic protection using impressed current was employed to reduce mill wall wear during ball milling. Wear rates were determined from weight-loss measurements made on four 1-in.-diam mild steel coupons that were installed flush with the interior surface of the mill wall. Grinding tests were conducted on quartz, pyrite and quartz-pyrite mixtures at pH levels of 4.6, 7.1 and 9.2. Cathodic protection was shown to reduce mill wear by 30% to 60%. An examination of the coupon surfaces using scanning electron microscopy showed that cathodic protection greatly reduced pitting corrosion. The presence of a sulfide mineral, such as pyrite, was found to increase the wear rate significantly, possibly due to galvanic interactions. It was also found that the wear rate is significantly higher than the sum of abrasive wear and the corrosive wear, due to a synergistic effect.

Jan 1, 1998

By D R Quick

The Goodall gold mine is located 30 km east of Adelaide River, within the Pine Creek 1:250 000 map sheet, at 8 525 000 mN: 750 000 mE, on the AMG grid. The first gold was poured in April 1988 and the mine closed in September 1993, having produced 228 400 ounces of gold from 4.095 million tons of ore, at a head grade of 1.99 g/t. Oxide and primary ore was mined from one large open cut and low grade oxide ore from three smaller pits. The gold mineralisation was discovered in 1981 by means of a helicopter borne rock chip sampling survey, which delineated 13 discrete anomalies. Systematic grid sampling of rock chips outlined an area of 1300 m by 300 m within the 2.0 g/t contour. Over 7500 m of costeaning was used to delineate the A and B-Pod mineralised areas. Geochemical soil sampling played only a minor role in the discovery and geophysics none at all. By the end of 1984, 40 diamond drill holes had been completed and a resource of 3.63 million tonnes at 3.0 g/t calculated. In January 1985, Western Mining Corporation Ltd became a joint venture partner and funded exploration to cam a 60 per cent interest. Additional drilling led to a feasibility study in 1987, based on a Measured and Indicated resource of 4.25 million tonnes at a grade of 2.35 g/t. The host rocks are quartzo-feldspathic wacke and interbedded phyllitic siltstone, of the Proterozoic Burrell Creek formation. The main zone of gold mineralisation, A-Pod, occurs in a sub-vertical vein array, up to 50 m wide and 800 m in length, of quartz and sulphide veins (5-20 mm wide), It is parallel to and on the east limb of an upright, north plunging anticline. Five types of veining have been recognised, with the bulk of the gold mineralisation associated with quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite and chlorite-quartz-pyrite veins. The gold occurs as particles, from 1-20 micron, as inclusions and along fractures in pyrite and arsenopyrite and to a limited extent in chlorite. The mineralisation is epigenetic and structurally controlled by fractures developed during an earlier folding event. The gold is assumed to have been derived from the underlying sediments of the Koolpin Formation by hydrothermal fluids emanating from the deep seated northern margin of the Cullen Batholith. Precipitation of gold may have been controlled by variations in temperature and pressure.

Jan 1, 1994

By J. D. Miller

Physical separation of bitumen from low-grade Utah tar sand deposits containing a relatively high viscosity bitumen phase (Sunnyside and Tar Sand Triangle deposits) has been accomplished by traditional size reduction and froth flotation techniques. At appropriate experimental conditions more than 90 percent of the bitumen can be recovered in a concentrate, containing more than 20 weight percent bitumen, which should be a suitable feed material for subsequent hot water or thermal processing. The efficiency of bitumen recovery depends on the extent of size reduction, promoter and dispersant addition. Rejection of greater than 60 percent of the sand at ambient temperature and ease of water removal from the concentrate make such a process strategy both energy and cost effective. The energy required to achieve effective separation by the ambient temperature process is significantly less than the energy required for the recently developed hot water process. The flotation behavior of the tar sand has been analysed with respect to flotation pH, contact angle measurements and the apparent iso- electric point of the bitumen. The best flotation response at pH 7.8 to 9.0 can be correlated with the maximum in contact angle developed between the air bubble and bitumen surface and with the apparent iso-electric point of the bitumen (-pH 8.0).

Jan 1, 1981

By Maurice Grieves

The great majority of shafts constructed today are still excavated by drilling and blasting, a method which changed very little in over 100 years until the introduction of the mechanical lashing unit and cactus grab by the South Africans, which enabled muck to be removed as fast as massive hoisting systems could handle it and resulted in very rapid rates of sinking. Record breaking month's performances were achieved at -Hartebeestfontein No. 4 shaft, October 1960-337.1 m; Western Reefs No. 4 shaft, October 1961-340.7 m; and Buffelsfontein eastern twin shaft, March 1962-381.2m. The method was very labor-intensive, requiring a crew of over 60 workers at the shaft bottom during the drill cycle. Safety precautions were strict, but in the drive to achieve rapid advance, cases of personal injury were still somewhat high because of the large number of people engaged in this potentially hostile environment. The South African method, as it came to be referred to throughout the rest of the world, was adopted in the United Kingdom in the late 1950s in a modified form with greatly reduced manpower and nonsimultaneous sinking and lining, which was insisted on by the British Mines Inspectorate. In that instance, it was successfully used to sink the 7.3-m-diam concrete-lined shafts at Kellingley to 770 m depth, with rates of advance of over 90 m/month achieved, a British record at that time. During the sinking of the 1.15-km-deep twin shafts at Boulby potash mine in the UK in 1970, the method was again used, but for the first time ever in Britain exemptions from the mining code permitted the use of crash beams, crash doors, jack catches, and semi-simultaneous sinking and lining techniques. New British shaft sinking records of over 120 m/month were achieved in both shafts. Similar equipment and techniques were used in the early 1970s to sink several deep shafts in Canada, notably Creighton #7 and the Con zinc mine at Yellowknife in the NW Territories. Today, this equipment is standard for deep shafts in the US and the rest of the world. However, with the tremendous escalation in mining labor costs, the impact of health and safety legislation, and environmental regulations, coupled with a very real shortage of miners willing to work in this exposed situation it was apparent that an alternative to the labor-intensive conventional method of shaft construction had to be found. Recognizing the trend is inevitable, one or two major German shaft sinking contracting firms began to take a fresh look at full face boring techniques applied to tunnels and raise bored shafts. The results were most encouraging. Tunnel drivage techniques using moles had developed considerably from Colonel Beaumont's original channel tunnel machine circa 1880 to the superbly engineered Priestley machine selected to cut the British side in 1975 and the double shielded Robbins Grandori borer on the French side of the English Channel. Full face tunnel machines were being successfully used to drive uphill in inclined shafts in Austria and Switzerland. At Mapprag in Switzerland, the Demag mole drove the first (intentional) vertical transition and curve, and then went on to successfully complete the 730-m-long penstock shaft at an inclination of 35°. In Austria, the Wirth mole drove the Kaprun Glacier ski-lift railcar tunnel at record breaking rates of 457 m/MONTH (best 30 m/d) through green schist at an inclination of 29° for a distance of 3.35 km while the Hydro tunnel at Sarrelli in Switzerland was being driven by the Robbin's mole at an inclination of 35°. Simultaneously, extremely promising results were obtained using large assemblies of cutter discs on raise borer heads, such as the 4.87-m-diam X 460-m-deep shaft raised by Teton for Jim Walter Resources Inc. Bearing in mind that most mine shafts in the future (unless in exceptionally competent rock) will require some form of lining, and the trend will be toward deeper shafts as the more easily accessible mineral deposits become exhausted, it was seen that normal raise boring had definite limitations in vertical accuracy, in the limitation imposed by the drill string on the available torque that could be applied to the cutter head, and in the risk of collapse of the unsupported shaft rock wall in friable or jointed and fissured ground, since it is not possible to apply any form of temporary support until the permanent lining is being installed. A further problem was the economics of installing a subsequent lining, necessitating setting up a headgear and hoisting arrangement approaching in size that required for conventional drill and blast sinking and lining. Because of the economics, German contractors opted for a phased transition from drill and blast to the full face, rodless, out of the solid shaft mole, by starting off with a down-the-hole shaft boring machine -without a drillstring-but using a pilot hole to get rid of the muck.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. A. Cooper

The objectives of this research were to define the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the aerosols associated with attached radon daughters in operating uranium mines, and to investigate the relationship between these aerosol parameters and operating conditions. Major Results and Conclusions The organic, inorganic and radiological characteristics of test chamber and active U-mine aerosols have been measured as a function of particle size. These measurements represent the first detailed analyses of the organic and inorganic components in U-mine aerosols and the first determinations of the details of the individual and total radon daughter distributions in operating U-mines. The following is a list of the major results and conclusions:

Jan 1, 2012

By P. Kordi, L. Egorova, R. J. Bowell, D. Gurevich, V. Sedov, A. Mikhailov, D. A. Holwell

ABSTRACT Reconnaissance exploration in the Kuene region Namibia has included geological mapping, soil and stream sediment geochemistry, and ground geophysical methods. Copper mineralization occurs within a well-defined belt with north-northwest to south-southeast trend, parallel to the regional strike of the sedimentary rocks. The occurrences vary in size but are generally stratabound. The mineralization is centred on the transition from calcareous shale and interbedded limestone, through carbonate rocks, to quartzite. Geochemical anomalies have been identified correlating to induced polarization (IP) and magnetic anomalies. The anomalies identify one potential metallogenic zone more than 17 km in strike length.

Jan 1, 2012

By Bernard Lewis

This report summarizes fundamental research end technical studies conducted in the Explosives and Physical Sciences Division, Region VIII, of the Bureau of Mines in the 2 years July l, 1950, to June 30, 1952. It is the fifteenth of a series of, ordinarily, annual reports whose aim has been to provide the reader with a resume of the research results that have appeared in published form during each fiscal year under the authorship of members of the staff. These are referred to throughout the report. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments art, made to the following members of the Division wider whose mediate supervision the described studies were carried out. Stuart R. Brinkley, Jr., chief, Mathematical and Theoretical Physics Section, and special assistant to the chief of the division.

Jan 1, 1953

By R. V. Sara

Determination of the Hf-C phase diagram was conducted primarily by metallographic and X-ray diffraction studies on appropriate alloys. The only intermediate phase observed in this binary system was HfC. This phase was found to be homogeneous between 34.0 and 48.0 at. pct C at 2200°c and between 36.0 and 49.3 at. pct C at 3150°C. The lattice-parameter variation was also determined for HfCI-, compositions prepared at 2200° and 3150°C. The most most refractory composition, with a melting point of 3830°c, was established at 47.5 at. pct C from melting-point data. Solidus temperatures of 2240' and 3150°C occur on the high-kafnium and high-carbon sides of the monocarbide, respectively. The invariant point between HfC and carbon is located at 66.0 at. pct C, whereas the 2240°C solidus corresponds to the peritectic temperature at which hafnium is formed from HfC and hafnium-rick liquid. Hafnium has a melting temperature of 2208°C and is capable of taking carbon into solution to the extent of 10.5 at. pct at this temperature. ALTHOUGH the Hf-C phase diagram has not been previously evaluated experimentally in its entirety, the belief has been that the general configuration would resemble the chemically similar Group rV carbide systems, Ti-C and Zr-c.' These binaries are characterized by a single carbide phase with a simple NaC1-type structure which is maintained over wide compositional ranges. This family of carbides has high thermal stability that increases substantially as the atomic number of the metal component increases. This trend characterizes HfC as one of the highest melting materials. According to Agte and Alterthum,2 the melting point for this monocarbide is 3890°C, a value that has been quoted quite extensively for the past several decades. Recently, in repeating the work of Agte and Alter-thum, Adams and Beall3 determined the melting point of HfC to be 3895°C. A significant departure from the commonly accepted version of the Hf-C system was reported by Avarbe and his coworkers,4 who proposed that there is an extreme stabilization of a hafnium in a narrow field to 2820°C, above which it melts peritectically to form HfC and liquid. Their study was also concerned with the melting temperature of various HfCI-, compositions, but the peak melting point was taken from the work of Agte and Alterthum. Avarbe and his associates were not concerned with the high-carbon region of the system. However, three widely varying temperatures have been reported for the HfC-C solidus by other investigators. Cotter and Kohn5 observed approximately 2800°C; Portnoy et al.' reported 3260°C; and, more recently, Krikorian7 indicated 2915°C. Equally as uncertain is the solidus between hafnium and HfC. As noted above, Avarbe et al. report a peritectic temperature of 2820°C, Krikorian7 measured 2150°C, and Benesovsky and Rudy' estimated 2000°C on their diagram. I) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The starting materials for this study consisted of reactor-grade hafnium hydride obtained from Fair-mount Chemical Co., Newark, N.J., hafnium carbide supplied by Wah Chang Corp., Albany, Ore., and Union Carbide spectroscopic-grade graphite, SP-1. The graphite analysis indicated impurities at levels of only 0.5 ppm or less. According to the suppliers, the hydride and carbide contained the typical impurities listed in Table I. The samples required for these studies were prepared by dry blending either graphite and hafnium hydride or hafnium hydride and hafnium carbide powders for approximately 5 min in a "Spex Mixer Mill". The latter combination was used only for preparing several samples in the HfC1-, melting-point studies. Small pellets, varying between 3/16

Jan 1, 1965

By Yongjie Bu, Wei Sun, Zhiyong Gao, Yuehua Hu, Hongbiao Tao, Runqing Liu, Central South University

"The flotation behavior of O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC) and pH for chalcopyrite and galena was studied through pure mineral test, adsorption quantity determination, solution chemistry calculation and Materials Studio simulation. The results show that the recovery differential value of chalcopyrite and galena is about 20% when pH of the pulp 9.5 and IPETC is 7×10-4 mol/L, the flotability differences of the two minerals is significant. There is competitive adsorption between OH? and IPETC on mineral surfaces, it lead to galena flotability is lower than chalcopyrite flotability. IPETC can remove the hydration layer on mineral surface and adsorb on active sites for collector adsorption, minerals have a better hydrophobicity.INTRODUCTIONCopper and lead are two of the most widely used metals in industrial and living, their applications include building construction, various metal alloys, heat and electricity, machine manufacturing (Zhang et al., 2014). Chalcopyrite and galena are the major source of copper and lead, normally they associated with each other. With the growing use of these resources, high grade and dissemination large particle sizes minerals are less and less, the use of low grade and complex dissemination minerals have to be paid more attention (Chen, Ye, & Li, 2010; Liu, Sun, Hu, & Wang, 2009). As the special properties and complex composition of copper-lead sulfide ore, flotation separation of chalcopyrite from galena effective is a research emphasis and difficulty point in mineral processing (Bruckard, Sparrow, & Woodcock, 2011).In the separation process of chalcopyrite and galena, it is rather important to choose effective collector (Huang, Wang, & Liu, 2014). Enlarging and using the two mineral flotability will be a good basis and start in flotation (Reyes-Bozo et al., 2014). Qin et al. (2013) made a great deal of research on flotation separation of copper/lead concentrate, collector O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC), butyl xanthate (BX) and ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate (ADTP) were investigated, BX and ADTP floated both chalcopyrite and galena well, specific adsorption appeared in the surface of mineral, the problem was the collectors were not selective enough, however IPETC showed better selective."

Jan 1, 2016

By William H. Tavenner

1. The 1952 Annual Report of the West Virginia Department of Mines lists nine beds that arc being mined in Logan County, of which the Cedar Grove and Chilton are the most important. The Cedar Grove group, No. 2 Gas, and Alma beds have the largest remaining reserves, in the order given. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and 1,800 short tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 5,411 million tons as of January 1, 1954. Of this total, 3,939 million tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics were too meager for making an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimate reserves.

Jan 1, 1956

By Louis Schaffer

The purposes of the research were to assess the applicability of new accident investigation methods to mining accidents, and to adapt those found to be applicable in the development of a new methodology for use in mining. The development included field testing, evaluation and modification of the new methodology. The report is in two volumes. This, volume one, discusses primarily the Phase I work: background research, design of a methodology for field evaluation, and preliminary field tests in Utah mines. Phase I was completed in June, 1980. Also discussed are some activities to prepare for a field evaluation during the period May 1980 -October 1981. Volume 2 discusses the subsequent field tests, modifications of the initial methodology and the results of use of the methodology in two mining companies for a period of approximately eighteen months, and in other companies for selected loss incidents during that period.

Jan 1, 1986

By Harry H. Ku

In December 1975, a report entitled "An Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Coal Mine Dust Sampling Program Administered by the Department of Interior" [1] was prepared by the Analytical Chemistry Division of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), in response to a request by Senator Harrison A. Williams. Chairman, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. The report attempted to evaluate the adequacy of (1) the personal sampler unit used to measure the coal dust concentration in the mines, (2) the procedures used by the Department of Interior (DOI) to analyze the dust samples obtained from mine operators, and (3) any recent studies made by the Department or private industry concerning the coal dust sampling equipment. Recommendations in the report of NBS included continued research efforts by the appropriate organization to correct the personal sampler deficiencies and to consider the use of area or stationary samplers as a supplement to the personal samplers. Concurrent with the NBS report cited above, the General Accounting Office (GAO) also issued a report in December, 1975 [2], suggesting that improvements are still needed in coal mine dust sampling programs and procedures relating to penalty assessments and collections. Among recommendations made by GAO, the following paragraph specifically called for actions by the agencies involved:

Jan 1, 1979