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Early theories of coal formation are outlined, with special emphasis on the arguments for allochthony and autochthony. Various aspects of the nature, growth, and decay of the characteristic vegetation of the brown coal peat moors, their conversion into coal, the origin of banding, and the influence of tectonics are discussed.A description of the banding in Victorian brown coals is followed by a discussion of their vitrain, fusain, and natural carbonized coal; and concludes with the nature of the coal resin and the possibilities of its extraction.The nature and derivation of inorganic matter in brown coal, based on Lessing's classification, is described. Assimilation of mineral substances in specific plants with variations due to environmental factorsare illustrated by analyses of present day trees. Consideration is then given to possible sources of salt, marcasite, and quartz in brown coal.It is shown that part of the inherent and extraneous ash may have been removed during and after coal formation. The nature and abundance of the organically combined substances in brown coal emphasizes the anomalies that may arise from estimating the total inorganic matter from ash contents.After classifying deposits on external heating surfaces of boilers, theoretical and practical aspects of slag formation, alkali matrix deposits, and the effect of sulphur and chlorine are considered.Analyses of deposits in boilers burning Victorian brown coal are tabulated.Slagging at the Yallourn power station from sand in the Yallourn open cut, and difficulties with Yallourn North Extension coal at the Maryvale paper mills are described.Tests carried out on Morwell and Yallourn coals showed that with the former, impacted deposits formed on boiler heating surfaces, and left a high percentage of chlorides on probes. Morwell briquettescompared with Yallourn briquettes also reduced the running time of a semi-industrial boiler through deposits with sodium sulphate as...

Jan 1, 1962

By C. Cunningham

The process of initiating opencast blasts through long cables is onerous. An obvious alternative is to replace these with radio controlled firing apparatus. Such devices appear from time to time and with the advance of telecommunications, more are likely to appear. However, there are two crucial and seemingly intractable obstacles to overcome: firstly, the problem of malfunction of the system, which can either fire prematurely or go into a state of suspense in which it is unknown whether firing might unexpectedly occur, and secondly, the problem of terrorism, as such a system could provide the capability for an off the shelf remote bomb. The issues of accessibility and electronic reliability when linked to explosives in a mining environment have to be demonstrated to be adequately covered before serious consideration should be given to these systems, up to now largely confined to military applications.

Jan 1, 2003

By Ma Lijuan, Zhang Yubing, Wang Bo, Sun Huilan

The effect of lime ratio on phase composition and alumina leaching property of MgO-contained calcium aluminate clinker were investigated by analytical reagent, the XRD analysis of its mechanism was discussed. The results showed that: when the sintering temperature was 1350 ℃, C/A was 1.4, A/S was 1.3 and the content of MgO was 4%, the increase of the C/A promoted the formation of C12A7 and restrained the formation of Q-phase. The alumina-leaching ratio of the clinker (A/S was 1.3) was increased from 74.33% to 91.34% when the content of CaO was 5.21%.

Jan 1, 2015

By Ellsworth Daggett

The ore smelted in the Winnamuck furnace during the year 1872 consisted, for the most part, of oxidized ores from the Winnamuck mine, only sixty tons of outside ore (from the Spanish mine) having been smelted. The latter, like the principal Winnamuck ore, was oxidized or so-called carbonate ore. There was mixed with these oxidized ores three hundred to four hundred tons, or 7 to 10 per cent. of galena, some of which was mined with the oxidized ore, while a part was mined separately from the lower portion of the mine, and afterwards mixed with the ore, with a view of preventing the formation of deposits of metallic iron in the furnaces. The average assay in silver of all the ore handled was 51.46 oz. per ton, most of it existing as chloride of silver. The lead contents were 34.98 per cent,, all, or nearly all, in the form of carbonate of lead. The relative amount of silver is not at all constant, the best silver ore often being poorest in lead. The predominant gangue was silica, several determinations of which have been made on representative samples, yielding in three such samples 26, 38, and 58 per cent. silica, the latter test being ore containing but little lead. The average contents in silica are about 35 per cent., with 6 to 7 per cent. sesquioxide of iron, and small quantities of alumina and lime. Mechanically, the ore was very fine, and so thoroughly disintegrated that it presented few distinguishing characteristics, rendering sorting or separating of ore from waste difficult, and often impracticable. Experiments on a small scale have been tried, with a view to separate the silica by washing; but these were unsuccessful, as the finest slime, requiring a long time to settle in still water, contained a large amount of silver; and on a careful sizing and washing of the sands and coarser parts, the silver contents were found to be less dependent upon specific gravity

By Pingchao Ke, Zhihong Liu

Fe(III)-As(V) precipitates were synthesized from the Fe(II)-As(V)-SO42--H2O system at 90°C in initial Fe(II)/As(V) molar ratios of 4.0 and 5.0, respectively. The synthesis were carried out by introducing oxygen gas into the system to oxidize Fe(II) ions into Fe (III) ions, and at the same time, adding aqueous sodium carbonate solution into the system to neutralize the acid released by the hydrolysis reactions, with the purpose of keeping the pH constant at 1.5±0.05. The precipitates obtained were characterized by XRD, chemical composition analysis, SEM, XPS, and Raman spectrum. The results indicated that the particles in the precipitates were in the morphology of irregular aggregation with their sizes in the range of about 1–4 µm. The precipitates consisted of scorodite, ferric arsenate and amorphous hydrated ferric oxide, of which amorphous hydrated ferric oxide formulated as Fe(OH)x(SO42-)y. The characteristic XPS peaks of Fe-AsO43- and Fe-O in the precipitates located at 711.8 and 713.3 eV, separately, and the existence of amorphous hydrated ferric oxide led to two series of shake off lines developed over the end of high binding energy of Fe2p XPS. The precipitates were stable in TCLP tests at pH 4.93 for 60 hours with the arsenic concentrations in the leaching solutions being 0.27 mg/L and 0.59 mg/L for the precipitates prepared in the initial Fe(II)/As(V) molar ratios of 4.0 and 5.0, respectively. The tests for the long-term stability of the precipitates were carried out by leaching them for 40 days at 25°C under various media in the pH range from 9.50 to 10.57, and the results showed that the precipitates synthesized in this study were much more stable than those by previous researchers.

Jan 1, 2017

By W. E. Wallace, V. Castranova, F. Saus, D. Bates, C. A. Hill, V. Vallyathan, M. J. Keane

"Two in vitro systems are being developed to model initial stages in the interaction of respired dusts with the acinar region of the lung. Incubation of quartz and kaolin with dipalmitoyl glycerophosphorylcholine, a major component of pulmonary surfactant, suppresses the prompt C)1otoxicity of both dusts as measured by in vitro enzyme release from pulmonary macrophages or assay by erythrocyte hemolysis. Additional data is presented to quantitate the detoxification of quartz and kaolin by dipalmitoyl lecithin. Subsequent incubation of lecithin treated dusts with phospholipase enzymes results in partial to complete restoration of the assayed cytotoxic potentials, dependent on the lipase activity applied, the incubation time, and the mineral. Restored cytotoxic potential is due to removal of the prophylactic lecithin surface coating and/or due to residual lysolecithin which is produced by the partial enzymatic digestion of lecithin. Data is presented on the contribution of each mechanism to the restored toxicity. Again, this is dependent on the mineral used, the lipase activity applied, and digestion time. Additionally, a system is under development to challenge pulmonary macrophages in culture with native and surfactant treated dusts. A preliminary test of the dipalmitoyl lecithin - quartz rabbit pulmonary macrophage system is presented to illustrate the method.IntroductionRespirable quartz dust exposure is known to cause librotic lung disease; respirable clay dust exposure is less likely to do so as indicated by epidemiologic data on occupational exposures and by animal model studiesP·7) The hypothesis that damage to pulmonary macrophages in the acinar region of the lung by respired dusts is an early event in the disease process requires consideration because kaolin clay and quartz dusts are comparably cytotoxic to pulmonary macrophages in vitro.(3•9)"

Mar 1, 1989

By A. W. Furbank

IN reviewing the aerial cameras produced in different countries, it becomes apparent that in nearly all of them an attempt has been made to secure the greatest possible angle of view. This angle, of course, is determined by the objective. The objectives most commonly in use in aerial cameras have a maximum angle of 65°. The objective developed for this new Zeiss camera combines freedom from distortion and brilliant definition, with an angle of 95°. Aerial mapping, it is claimed, has been placed on a different economic basis, and new possibilities presented, par-ticularly in connection with automatic stereoscopic plotting instruments, to which some short references are made. One way of enlarging the angle of view is to couple several instruments with their axes convergent, thereby producing a multilens camera. Typi-cal of cameras of this sort in the United States is the Bagley four-lens camera, which later was developed into the five-lens camera (T3-A) of the U. S. Air Corps. More recently, in order to get away from the unfavorable Maltese cross image field of the five-lens camera, and to obtain a more practical form, two five-lens cameras were combined. By using them in tandem and rotating them by 45° relatively to each other, a ten-lens camera was produced, covering an octagonal ground area, with a total angle of view of 140°. Similar designs have been evolved in other countries. In all of them, however, a number of difficulties have arisen, quite apart from their large weight and high cost. Because of their complex mechanism, numerous shutters and magazines, and the high precision with which these parts must be interadjusted and synchronized, these cameras are far from dependable. Moreover, a multilens camera by itself does not yet constitute a complete outfit for producing pictures suitable for photogrammetric survey. Because all the component pictures, except the central one, are obliques, it is always necessary to employ rectifying apparatus which transforms the marginal views to the perspective of the central one. In multilens cameras with many individual magazines, it is not convenient to

Jan 1, 1938

By J. E. Dutrizac

The behaviour of the lanthanide elements during the precipitation of sodium and potassium jarosites at 98oC from sulphate media was systematically investigated. The lower atomic weight lanthanide elements (La to Gd) are characterized by the limited solubility of their alkali-lanthanide sulphates, such as NaNd(SO4)2?H2O, which commonly contaminate the jarosite precipitates. Hence, single phase jarosite-type compounds were precipitated only from solutions containing <0.4 g/L of the La to Sm lanthanides. The sulphates of the heavier atomic weight lanthanide elements (Tb to Lu) have significantly higher solubilities such that solutions containing up to 10 g/L of the individual lanthanides could be investigated without the precipitation of alkali-lanthanide sulphate species. Even at the highest lanthanide concentrations, however, none of the jarosite precipitates incorporated more than 0.3 wt% of any of the lanthanide elements. Comparable levels of lanthanide incorporation were noted in both Na-jarosite and K-jarosite. Although the mass of the jarosite precipitate increased with increasing ferric sulphate concentration or with increasing pH, the extent of lanthanide incorporation was not significantly affected. Clearly, the trivalent lanthanide elements do not substitute extensively for trivalent iron in the jarosite structure. This behaviour likely reflects the significantly lower hydrolyzability and larger size of the trivalent lanthanide ions relative to ferric ions.

Jan 1, 2003

By E. Bakhtavar

In this paper, problem of short-term production planning for dimension stone quarries was mathematically modeled using a binary integer programming. The model includes an objective function, which was founded as the minimization of the costs due to the total cutting planes of the blocks. This objective may cause to maximization of the net present value (NPV) in dimension stone quarries. During the mathematical modeling the essential constraints are dimension stone quarry capacities and the market demand, block accessibility for the equipment and the reserve constraints. As a base, an optimal size and shape of extractable blocks should be first assigned according to the available extraction technique and the market demand, in order to create a geological block model. Then an economical block model is provided by assignment of a value of ?one? for ore blocks and ?zero? for waste. Maximum profitability and minimum amount of the ore wastage can be gained using this plan and modeling.

Jan 1, 2012

By W. R. Ingalls

THE paramount subject of interest and concern at the present time is the readjustment in economic conditions following the cataclysmic disturbance produced by the war and the misconceptions leading to an orgy of extravagance that prevailed during two years following the armistice he, time is too short for me to undertake to review the nature and extent of the upheavals occurring between August, 1914, and October, 1920. Bulky volumes will be written about them. . But I shall have to refer to some of the results in order to outline a prognosis. It is the future, not the past;&apos; that is of most interest to us. Let me be so bold as to say, without further preface, that I am not optimistic as to the near future. .We shall, indeed, have revivals in trade, but they will be delusive if their nature be not &apos;understood. We shall build hopes and expectations upon political maneuvers and events, only to find in the end that they were folly. In the meanwhile fundamental economic influences will continue to exert their steady and irresistible pressure. The new administratiow at Washington has no magic wand with which to kindle the fires in our idle steel furnaces, or create a million new houses for the people; nor can the premiers of Europe put into motion the spindles of the cotton and woolen mills, or by any incantations compel the people of the Orient to buy goods. The people of the Orient, and of, Europe, and of the two Americas are in the grip of the same economic forces. The readjustment has proceeded further in some parts of the world than in others. In the United States I do not think we, have gone more than over the threshold. I shall tell you why 1 think thus, but in telling you I shall be limited, in view of the immensity of the subject, to a series of bald statements, without much elucidation.

Jan 1, 1921

By M. K. Mishra, U. M. R. Karanam

Relative to slender pillars, larger size pillars exhibit improved strata control. Fly ash, though traditionally treated as a waste product, is emerging as an alternate engineering material. This paper deals with the development of a strong fly ash composite material with additives. The geotechnical properties of this fly ash composite were determined and used to trap model core pillars, which resemble squat pillars. The trapped samples were tested under uni-axial loading in the laboratory and the results showed higher load-bearing capacity of the model core pillars. The reinforced fly ash composites provide lateral confinement and exhibit improved post- failure behaviour of the model cores.

Jan 1, 2008

Discussion of the paper Of JAMES JOHNSTON, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 85, January, 1914, pp. 107 to 133. CHAIRMAN E. GIBBON SPILSBURY.-I would like to call attention to the fact shown in this paper that less than five years or perhaps seven years ago nobody had thought it possible to cyanide with success silver ores. The cyaniding of silver and gold ores was first of all started in Mexico, and gradually extended to this country in the case of the silver ores alone. The average extraction, I think, for the metals in Mexico, in the case of the silver ore, is less than 85 per cent., whereas here, in the case of a very complex ore, carrying a high percentage of sulphur and arsenic, and other objectionable elements, the ore has been treated so as to extract an average of 95 per cent. of the silver contents of the ore. It is really a phenomenal revolution in the metallurgy of silver ores which has been demonstrated and worked out at the Nipissing mines. GEORGE A. PACKARD, Boston, Mass.-I would like to suggest a slight modification, perhaps, of the statement which is made that no one considered cyaniding of silver ores up to five, or perhaps seven years ago, because in 1897, when I was at Mercur, Utah, one mill near there was operating on silver ores. It did not operate very successfully from a commercial standpoint, because they did not have a great deal of ore, but the extraction, I was told, was very satisfactory, and I am quite confident that it was, because, as suggested by the name, Chloride Point, the ores were silver chloride ores, and of course very easily soluble. Some years before that, in 1892, I made some tests myself. I spent three months making tests on more or less complex silver sulphide ores at Virginia City, Mont., and while our tests on the plain sulphide ores, finely ground, were quite successful, on account of the presence of a small amount of copper we did not work out a satisfactory solution of the problem at that time; although since then a cyanide plant has been erected and for at least eight years these ores have been treated by cyaniding at Virginia City, and the mill is still in operation. The period of five to seven years should, therefore, be modified considerably, in justice to the pioneers in the cyanide processes. REGINALD E. HORE, Toronto, Ont., Canada.-I hoped that there would be metallurgists from Cobalt here to present and discuss Mr. Johnston&apos;s paper. In their absence a few remarks from me may help to make clearer to you what they have accomplished.

Jan 6, 1914

By H. Fukuyama

The wetting behavior of single crystalline MgO by fayalite-type slag melts has been studied by the sessile drop technique incorporated with high temperature X-ray radiography. The experiments were performed under oxygen partial pressures of 10-6 and 10-4 Pa at 1473 K. Mass ratios of iron to silica, Fe/Si~, in the slag employed were 1.4 and 2.0. To investigate the interfacial reaction, experiments using high density MgO crucibles were also conducted. The reactions at the interfaces were examined by Electron Probe Microanalysis. The contact angles between the slag melts and the MgO substrates were found to be relatively low, ranging from 30 to 10 degrees. The surface tension of the slag was 0.4 N/m for a slag of Fe/Si02 = 2.0. Two phases, magnesiowiistite and olivine, were observed at the interface. Interdiffusivity in magnesiowiistite solid solution was determined as a function of iron oxide content. Phase relations between magnesiowilstite and olivine, and the growth rates of both phases, are also discussed

Jan 1, 1996

A bearing isolator is a noncontact, nonwearing, permanent bearing protection device. It has a rotor and a stator, and the two are unitized, so that they do not separate from one another while in use. The rotor turns with a rotating shaft, while the stator is pressed into a bearing housing. The two components interact to keep contamination out of the bearing enclosure and the lubricant in. Bearing isolators do not require lubrication or any particular shaft finish or condition. The best bearing isolators are made of metal, usually bronze. They use a vapor-blocking feature that inhibits the free transfer of vapor contamination when the rotating equipment is cycled on and off.

Jan 1, 2004

By D. G. Westlake

The electrical resistance of a series of V-H alloys (0 to 3.5 at. pct H) has been measured over the temperature range G° to 360°. Interstitial impurities made contributions to the residual resistivity, but not the ideal resistivity. The contribution of hydrogen in solid solution is expressed by Ap = 1.12 microhm-cm per at. pct H; but the contribution of precipitated hydride was negligible. A portion of the so1vu.s for the V-H phase diagram is presented. The solubility limit is given by In N (at. pct H) = (5.828 i 0.009) - (2933 i 44)/RT. Comparison of critical temperatures joy hydride precipitation and published critical temperatures for hydrogen embrittlement suggests the two are related. ThiS study was initiated as part of an investigation of the mechanism by which small concentrations of hydrogen embrittle the hydride-forming metals at low temperatures. It has already been shown that, in the case of hcp zirconium, a reduction in ductility accompanies the strengthening resulting from precipitation of a finely dispersed hydride phase.&apos;&apos;&apos; Our attempts to detect a similar precipitation of a second phase at low temperatures in V-H alloys by transmission electron microscopy have been thwarted because we have been unable to prepare thin foils that are representative of the bulk material with respect to hydrogen concentrati~n.~&apos;~ The present investigation establishes the solvus of the V-H system at subambient temperatures. Subsequently, we hope to be able to determine whether the embrittlement temperature is related to the critical temperature for precipitation of the hydride in a given V-H alloy. veleckis5 has proposed a partial phase diagram for the V-H system based on extrapolations of the pressure-composition relations he measured at higher temperatures. Kofstad and wallace&apos; conducted a similar study of single-phase alloys but did not attempt to establish the phase diagram. Zanowick and wallace&apos; and ~aeland&apos; have studied a portion of the phase diagram by X-ray diffraction, but they investigated no alloys in the hydrogen concentration range 0 to 3 at. pct, the range of interest to us. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The vanadium was obtained from the Bureau of Mines, Boulder City, Nev., in the form of electrolytic crystals. The analyses supplied with them listed 230 ppm by weight metallic impurities, 20 ppm C, 100 ppm N, and 290 ppm 0. The crystals were electron-beam-melted into an ingot that was rolled to 0.64 mm. Strips, 60 mm long and 4.2 mm wide, were cut from the sheet, and both rolled surfaces were ground on wet 600-grit Sic paper to produce specimens 0.4 mm thick. They were wrapped in molybdenum foil, vacuum-encapsulated in quartz, and annealed 4 hr at 1273°K. The specimens were annealed in a dynamic vacuum of 2X lo-&apos; Torr for 30 min at 1073°K for dehydrogenation, and charged with the desired quantity of hydrogen by allowing reaction with hydrogen gas at 1073°K for 2 hr and cooling at 100°K per hr. Purified hydrogen was obtained by thermal decomposition of UH3. Sixteen specimens were studied: two contained no hydrogen and the others had hydrogen concentrations between 0.5 and 3.5 at. pct (hydrogen analyses were done by vacuum extraction at 1073°K). Electrical resistances were measured by the four-terminal-resistor method on an apparatus similar to the one described by Horak.~ The specimen holder was designed so that both current and potential leads made spring-loaded mechanical contact with the specimen. The potential leads were 30 mm apart, and the current leads were 55 mm apart. The current was 0.10000 amp. We used the following baths for the indicated temperature ranges: liquid nitrogen, 77°K; Freon 12, 120" to 230°K; Freon 11, 230" to 290°K; and ethanol, 290" to 340°K. Temperatures lower than 77°K were achieved by allowing the specimen to warm up after removal from liquid helium. Temperatures above 77°K were measured by a calibrated copper-constantan thermocouple (soldered to the specimen holder) and below 77°K by a calibrated carbon resistor. The temperature of the bath changed less than 0.l0K between duplicate measurements of the resistance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Typical plots of resistivity p vs temperature T are shown in Fig. 1. In the interest of clarity, only five curves are presented and the data points have been

Jan 1, 1968

By E. McCullough

"Fostering positive community relations is a principal tenet of sustainable development, but conflict can test even the strongest of relationships. While conflict surrounding resource development projects has the potential to be destructive, it may actually pose opportunities for partnership and collaboration when managed effectively. It is therefore not only important for mineral resource professionals to recognize the financial and social costs associated with legal disputes among project stakeholders, but also for them to prioritize resolving social conflict using alternative channels that allow for win-win outcomes. A variety of dispute prevention and resolution techniques do exist, but successful practice is not yet the norm. Here we review the sources and consequences of social conflict in the context of mining projects, and discuss typical and alternative approaches to conflict management in light of their respective benefits and drawbacks. We also suggest implementation of conflict resolution lessons into resource-related university curricula as a critical step in the continued shift of the mining industry towards sustainable development. INTRODUCTION Social conflict is a recurring phenomenon in the human experience and serves as a critical mechanism for change [1-5]. It occurs when two or more parties perceive that their needs and interests are in direct competition with each other and believe they cannot be reasonably accommodated. Conflict over mineral resource activities, particularly the distribution of benefit and risk, has become an omnipresent issue throughout the world [6-7]. Contrary to common perception, however, conflict can be a positive, transformative encounter in some instances [2, 8-11]. For this to be possible, society and its acting agents must reconsider how to address conflict. What if conflict were only a challenge to try something different? It is well-understood that the mineral industries must manage an increasingly significant volume of social conflict [12-13], which can be a costly externality impacting all of whom are involved. We commonly consider conflict in a two-party sense, but this deeply over-simplifies the true number of stakeholders. Besides mining companies and community members, government policymakers and regulators, public interest groups, and judicial systems, to name a few, bear the social expenses of poorly-managed conflict [4, 6, 12, 14-22]. It is desirable for interested parties to participate actively in a constructive way to pursue their needs rather than contributing to adversarial relationships, operational problems, and legal costs [1, 4, 12]. Some mining companies are of course already working to develop more productive relationships with their stakeholders, but there is undoubtedly still a gap between ideal and common practices. This gap can inhibit collaboration and threaten the potential for mutually-beneficial resolutions to complex social issues [12]."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. McCullough

"Fostering positive community relations is a principal tenet of sustainable development, but conflict can test even the strongest of relationships. While conflict surrounding resource development projects has the potential to be destructive, it may actually pose opportunities for partnership and collaboration when managed effectively. It is therefore not only important for mineral resource professionals to recognize the financial and social costs associated with legal disputes among project stakeholders, but also for them to prioritize resolving social conflict using alternative channels that allow for win-win outcomes. A variety of dispute prevention and resolution techniques do exist, but successful practice is not yet the norm. Here we review the sources and consequences of social conflict in the context of mining projects, and discuss typical and alternative approaches to conflict management in light of their respective benefits and drawbacks. We also suggest implementation of conflict resolution lessons into resource-related university curricula as a critical step in the continued shift of the mining industry towards sustainable development. INTRODUCTION Social conflict is a recurring phenomenon in the human experience and serves as a critical mechanism for change [1-5]. It occurs when two or more parties perceive that their needs and interests are in direct competition with each other and believe they cannot be reasonably accommodated. Conflict over mineral resource activities, particularly the distribution of benefit and risk, has become an omnipresent issue throughout the world [6-7]. Contrary to common perception, however, conflict can be a positive, transformative encounter in some instances [2, 8-11]. For this to be possible, society and its acting agents must reconsider how to address conflict. What if conflict were only a challenge to try something different? It is well-understood that the mineral industries must manage an increasingly significant volume of social conflict [12-13], which can be a costly externality impacting all of whom are involved. Conflict is commonly considered in a two-party sense, but this can deeply over-simplify the true number of stakeholders. Besides mining companies and community members, government policymakers and regulators, public interest groups, and judicial systems, to name a few, bear the social expenses of poorly-managed conflict [4, 6, 12, 14-22]. It is desirable for interested parties to participate actively in a constructive way to pursue their needs rather than contributing to adversarial relationships, operational problems, and legal costs [1, 4, 12]. Some mining companies are of course already working to develop more productive relationships with their stakeholders, but there is undoubtedly still a gap between ideal and common practices. This gap can inhibit collaboration and threaten the potential for mutually-beneficial resolutions to complex social issues [12]."

Jan 1, 2016

R. 8. MACPHERRAN, Milwaukee, Wis. (communication to the Secretary): The importance of carbon in pig-iron, as well as the desirability of buying, for some purposes, irons which are high in carbon, has always been recognized. Mr. Summers, I think, has given undue weight to the carbon-determinations. The combined carbon often decreases materially as the center of the pig is approached, with a corresponding increase in the graphite. Even the determination of total carbon, to be of service, must he supplemented by that of other elements. By it alone, the softness of a foundry-iron cannot be determined. Car-wheels and No. 5 iron, for instance, frequently contain 3.75 per cent. of carbon. This is the percentage specified by Mr. Summers for his No. 1 iron, " with the silicon about anywhere the furnace-man wants it." It is true that, other things being equal, the higher the carbon the softer the iron for foundry-use. But to introduce any given percentages of graphitic and total carbon into a pig-iron specification would but make the specification more complicated, without increasing its value in a commensurate degree. Mr. Summers does not believe in the governing of mixtures by the silicon, and, in support of his views, gives several tables. It seems to me that both his conclusions and his tables are somewhat unsatisfactory. He comments on the irregularity in carbon, but fails to note the significance of the irregularity in silicon..The variation of 0.7 per cent. in silicon, for example, is too great to be accounted for by difference in blast. It might better be attributed to bad grading at the furnace, unsystematic sampling, or irregular charging. Deductions drawn under such conditions are of little value. In ordinary work the castings from the same mixture should

Jan 1, 1899

By F. B. Henderson

1.0 PROLOG Since the "end" of the Cold War, revolutionary new research and commercial remote sensing capabilities are being developed that will dramatically change the way we map the earth and address its environmental problems. The technology challenge is not the growth of new environmental remote sensing technologies themselves. It is, rather, how these new innovative observing systems can be accepted and used to the benefit of both the regulatory and the mining communities in the light of present concerns about unknown risks of discovery and liability. The basis for this paper is an unpublished technology primer prepared for the industry-government Workshop on Advanced Measurement and Site Characterization for Mining Impacts held at Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, July 14-17, 1997

Jan 1, 1999

By H. Reed

The precious metal mining industry in Nevada handles and generates a certain amount of hazardous materials and waste on a regular basis. These products range from processing material additives to wastes from laboratory testing, heap leaching, and hydrocarbon treatment and disposal. The volume of materials and wastes is dependent upon the amount of ore processed. Handling, treatment and disposal is dependent on the type of material handled and the waste generated. Owing to the health and safety concerns and due to the existing regulations that control handling and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes, the mining industry is obligated to comply with all applicable requirements for proper handling of these products. Plus, in an effort to minimize any impacts from this effort, the industry is continually looking for alternative methods to accomplish these requirements and to also minimize costs. This paper will discuss the general, and in some cases the specific conditions, by which the industry is coping with the issue and efforts to minimize any impacts from handling, treatment and disposal for hazardous materials and wastes. The subject of compliance with the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) requirements and bio-treatment of wastes and other technologies will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2001