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By L. Russell Payne

The use of shock tube in the blasting industry is relatively well characterized and understood within the realms to which it is used. Non-conventional uses of shock tube within the EOD and the Aerospace Industry however has not been as widely researched and published. Characteristics of shock tube such as its reliability, simplicity and its non-electric nature make it ideal for functioning or driving mechanical mechanisms, detonators, and timing devices. Outlined in the text are the performance characteristics of shock tube in an array of atmospheric environments including pressures ranging from ambient to 100,000 ft equivalent atmosphere. In addition the useful exit work energy or impulse of the shock tube for driving these various EOD and Aerospace mechanisms is published as a function of tube lengths and atmospheric pressures. Of particular interest to these devices is the required length of shock tube needed to produce the steady state detonation energies and the accompanying properties of the shock tube at these lengths. Various sources publish an arbitrary run distance for steady state detonation and output some where between 20 cm and 1.0 meter. Statistical and experimental evidence with in the text show these numbers to be low and provides an updated reference for shock tubes usage in nonconventional situations.

Jan 1, 2008

By Lizbeth A. Escobar, Phol M. Llanos, Maritza Y. Avila

The present research develops the estimation of critical parameters such as the distances and times between holes to avoid failure due to dynamic pressure in electronic detonators based on the near-field ground vibration model of Holmberg & Persson and the hydrodynamic model of Neyman.

Feb 1, 2020

By Michael S. Wieland

Underground coal-mine explosives (permissibles) can be substantially degraded by the underground stress waves from the explosion of neighboring borehole charges. This cross-borehole interaction generally yields the worst receptor (impacted) charge performance when the borehole separations are too close. For explosives which recover, the receptor degradation is worst when the delay until firing is small. Except for a poor quality muck pile or unreacted cartridge fragments, degraded charge malfunctions of this type are difficult to detect in coal-mine delay blasting. A simulator which reproduces the underground wave/receptor charge interaction and special underwater donor/receptor tests were utilized to study this transient desensitization problem. Test results revealed reductions in receptor energy output, delayed transitions into detonation, inferior reaction rates, or sympathetic reaction responses from the impaction. Tests on detonators showed reduced tip-strength, abnormal functioning times, or sympathetic firing as a result of transient impaction. The cross-borehole desensitization and sympathetic reaction response problems warrant concern because they are logical mechanisms for raising the risk of hazardous mining conditions, including blown-out shots, flyrock, charge deflagration, and methane/coal dust ignitions.

Jan 1, 1987

By Frank Lucca

This paper includes research and investigation into blast design and blast optimization for vibration control in municipal and tight blasting situations, where specifications were extremely stringent. The paper is written for the field blaster to understand and develop blast plans based on field conditions. The paper includes blast design considerations, utilizing seismograph arrays to check and predict vibration results, and problems encountered in vibration monitoring in extremely tight situations (0-20 feet). Blast vibration frequency, acceleration, peak particle velocities, and relative displacement are discussed with effects in the near and far fields and blast designs utilized to stay under limits. The paper also discusses using the latest in technology for blast design to control vibration. Equipment includes 2D and 3D laser profiling systems, digital video, fragmentation analysis, seismograph arrays, and borehole tracking devices. Other topics are discussed such as public relations, working with regulatory personnel, unions, and other project consultants, and the problems associated with municipal blasting situations, such as, flyrock and proximity of other personnel and equipment on the project.

Jan 1, 2004

By Raymond V. Adolphson

The introduction of a new explosive component in 1955-56, called ANFO, featured much safer, effective blasting characteristics when compared to dynamite, accompanied by a notable reduction in cost. These savings mounted as borehole diameter or depth was increased with ANFO volume subsequently enlarged.

Jan 1, 1983

By Richard A. Dick

Few topics in the blasting industry are more controversial than the proper riming procedure for large-diameter ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (AN-FO) charges, despite the considerable amount of research that has been done both in the laboratory and in the field. The January, April, and June 1975 issues of Emphasis on Blasting contain interesting discussions on priming (5). An ideal primer is one that will surely and efficiently initiate the AN-FO column at the correct location to assure optimum blasting performance. During the 20 years of AN-FO's existence, singlepoint priming, axial priming, multiple-point priming, thermal priming, and shock riming have all been advocated as the "optimum" method. This is not surprising because blasting specialists have often differed on even the most fundamental concepts. To define the optimum primer, we must know what detonation characteristics in the AN-FO column are most desirable. Again, authorities disagree. This paper will discuss conclusions of various studies in an attempt to clear up some of the confusion.

Jan 1, 1976

By Jesus Pascual, Benjamin Cebrian

A new Convention Center is going to be built in the millenary city of Toledo, right in the old city limits. The workings will need to excavate some 80.000 cubic meters of granite, which has, a trench-like structure already blasted for the construction (60 years ago) of a parking lot and a shopping area. Surrounding this trench, some few feet away, there are structures and buildings from the 16th century and remainings from previous times that need to be preserved from any damage caused by blasting. Because of this, a vibration analysis was designed according to the special characteristics of this work. Structures to monitor were located at several levels. It considered three different directions of study in order to evaluate the impact of vibrations of the structures located at three different heights of the granite trench. On top, the historical convent of Santa Fe, with some remaining from the 8th century (Muslim domination of the Iberian Peninsula), on the bottom, the Justice Hall of Toledo with 16th century walls, and, in the middle, a wall and a tower from times of the king Phillip II (16th century, the time of the Spanish Empire).

Jan 1, 2004

By Ingvar Hansson, Bjorn A. Jonsson, Bernt Larsson

In the Kiruna Research Mine, Sweden, four large open stopes have been mined, leaving intermediate piIlars and crown pillars. At the final stage of mining mass blasting of the crown pillars above two of the stopes was carried out. The crown pillars contained some 290,000 tons of iron ore. In the mass blast a new initiation technique was used, utilizing the new non-electric system NONEL ? UNIDET. The blasting technique including vibration control is described. The mass blast resulted in high recovery, good fragmentation and low vibration levels.

Jan 1, 1986

By D Vrkljan, Z Ester

Excavating the building pit for the World Trade Center at Rijeka, it was necessary to blast over 160000 m3 of hard mass in fused condition. The building pit is located at a densely populated residential part of the main Croatian port Rijeka, close to the railway-track and traffic routes of the town. The permanent seismic monitoring points are foreseen on endangered housing and infrastructure facilities around the pit during designing and excavation of it. The seismic monitoring has been performed on 15 permanent points by occasion of over a hundred production and continuous blasting operations. The article considers the speeds of ground oscillations depending on applied maximum quantities of explosive charge according to fire degree, total quantities of explosives at the mine-field, structure of explosive charge, applied delay of mine boring and lines initiation mode and rock mass structure

Jan 1, 1999

By Paul Worsey, Terry Nixon

The development and testing of a simple mechanical stemming aid (Patents pending) resulting from a Joint venture by Incubator Technologies Inc. and the University of Missouri-Rolla and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy is described. The aid comprises a solid unit placed in the stemming above the explosive column and is designed to improve blasting efficiency and reduce drilling and blasting costs. It works with back filled drill cuttings or any other suitable stemming material.

Jan 1, 1988

By Enrique Munaretti, Cathy Aimone-Martin, Vitor Rosenhaim, Jair Koppe

Production blasts at one of Copelmi’s coal mine operations will be carried out 100 m (330 ft) from a neighborhood located in the town of Butiá, southern Brazil. Mine management is concerned about the possibility of damages and complaints due to blasting operations at close distances to structures of substandard construction. Blasting in the area is characterized by the use of very low powder factor resulting in confined shots in which movement is restricted to a point of almost undershooting the rock. Over the past year, tests were conducted mainly in the overburden area to determine the best approach to be implemented when blasts move closer to the town. Mine management wants vibration levels to be reduced lower than the damage limits proposed by Brazilian regulations to ensure a safety margin and mitigate perception by the community hoping to reduce the number of complaints.

Jan 1, 2013

By Agus Setiabudi

East Pit Wira II Project in South Kalimantan, Indonesia with a radius of <500 meters (1,640 ft) from residential has about 454,168 tonnes of coal reserves, with a total remaining reserves of 3,369,383 tonnes (topography per end of June 2011). Thus, reserves may be lost as much as 13.48%. Therefore, it is needed to determine safe blasting technique which meets the Indonesian National Standards (SNI) No. 7571:2012 of vibration threshold, the maximum vibration of 3 mm/s (0.118 in/s) and air blast of 120 dB.

Jan 1, 2014

By Alan Tordoir, Mark Roberts

The drill and blast process is a critical function within the production cycle which significantly impacts the ability of an operation to effectively meet its safety and production targets. Acknowledging that D&B design and reconciliation practices were conducted inconsistently across operations, a Group wide initiative was launched to embed a standardized design and reconciliation platform in line with the company’s Operating Model principles. A technical system was selected to deliver the digitalization of critical D&B information and enable ‘analyze and improve’ routines for design compliance monitoring and downstream productivity optimization.

Jan 1, 2019

By Kaushik Dey

Bord and pillar is the most predominant method of wining of coal in Indian underground coal mines. Development heading in coal mines often encounters roof stability problem and results in roof overbreak. Research on this reveals that the blast-induced ground vibration may have significant contribution in roof overbreak, especially, when solid blasting is carried out in the bord and pillar method. Solid blasting, in general, is associated with higher charge confinement due to lack of free face and generates higher ground vibration, which in turn results in excess overbreak.

Jan 1, 2008

By Everett Clausen, Richard Walker

CIL/EVANinc and the Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory of the Government of Canada have evolved a concept developed by Research Energy of Ohio, into a landmine neutralization system that is the most innovative to date.

Jan 1, 1999

By Tuan Nguyen, Dirk Hummel, Ruilin Yang

In a tunnelling site in Japan, it was found that detonators failed to initiate with their shells and primary explosive intact. Their capacitors, however, were discharged due to some damage on the application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). These detonators are distinctly different from other commonly observed failures, where the shells are rather crashed due to excessive dynamic pressure received from neighbouring blastholes which fired earlier. Such incident has not been reported elsewhere. Detonator failures during a blast are deemed not safe and can cause disruption on the project productivity. It is therefore desirable to understand the origin of such event. Various measurements were conducted to diagnose the problem, but the root cause had yet to be identified. This paper applies a discovery from a 60-year-prior-laboratory experiment and formulates a theory that could explain the observed detonator failure and predicts the measurements and observations.

Feb 6, 2023

By R Yang, P D. Katsabanis, W F. Bawden

Understanding the mechanisms which are taking place during the propagation of a stress wave generated by an explosive charge is of high importance in the detection, characterization and prediction of blast induced damage to the rock. Vibrations caused by the detonation of an explosive are suspected to contribute significantly to the extension of the damage zone. Vibration monitoring close to a blasthole is a relatively new field of research, the hindrance being the scarcity of transducers capable of sustaining extreme accelerations without damage. This paper focuses on the vibration monitoring aspect of a blast induced damage study; the experiment took place at Queen's test site and was meant to record near-field vibration as close as 1 m from 100 mm diameter blastholes.

Jan 1, 1993

By Stafan Rose, Art Madsen

Four years ago, Peabody’s North Antelope Rochelle Mine (NARM) site started experimenting withANFO and Liners in its Cast Blasting operations. The motivation to use ANFO was based on the following:1. ANFO generates more gas thereby resulting in greater heave/movement. 2. ANFO is a more consistent product because there are less components/ingredients. 3. ANFO when protected from water contamination does not produce NOx smoke.

Jan 1, 2007

By Martti Hagfors, Mervi Hokkanen

The Finnish Defence Forces has destroyed obsolete and spoiled ammunition in open surface mass detonations at Hukkakero fell, in municipality of Kittilä, in Lapland since 1988. The de-struction method was learned from Sweden in 1987. The disposal camp is organized every au-tumn and it lasts four to six weeks. A gross weight of an average charge varies from 150 to 250 tons and the net weight of explosives from 15 to 25 tons. As a booster there have been used 2 to 3 tons of emulsion explosives. The explosives mainly consist of trinitrotoluene (TNT) containing smaller a mounts of amatol and hexotol. The Finnish Defence Forces Tech-nical Research Centre (PVTT) has studied the environmental effects of these mass detona-tions since they began in 1988.

Jan 1, 2011

By Kfw Eick

The paper describes the use of the Nonel millisecond delay blasting system in narrow, deep, tabular ore bodies and briefly describes the standard stoping method as used on Harmony Gold Mine and compares this with the new Nonel short panel system.

Jan 1, 1990