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By Masaki Imamura

A novel hydrometallurgical process for copper concentrate treatment has been developed by Niihama Research Laboratories of Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. The process has numerous advantages with respect to the operational and environmental aspects. For example, copper is leached effectively from chalcopyrite concentrates by chlorine gas under atmospheric pressure. The copper in the leach solution is then separated from iron and silver by solvent extraction and undergoes electrowinning for its recovery as a highly pure copper metal; this does not require any further purification. Moreover, iron metal can be produced from the purified raffinate by electrowinning without generating a large volume of goethite or hematite, which are solid wastes generated due to iron rejection in common hydrometallurgical processes. This process can also realize the efficient recovery of precious metals. The results of batch testing and continuous-operation testing are presented in this paper.

Jan 1, 2006

By Victor Bredykhin

The reasons of formation low quality cathode deposits and conditions of the anode passivation in electrorefining of copper silver alloys with increased (more then 5%) silver content in electrolyte, g/l: Cu - 40; H2SO4-50; 150 and 250; T= 401C have been investigated. As it is shown, increased acidity, anodic current density and silver content in anodes favor passivation. The assumption is made that the ingress of silver on cathodeis the most probable reason of growing dendrites on cathode. We have determined that addition of ethylene carbonic acid to electrolyte in the amount of 3,5 ÷ 10 ml/l suppresses the dendrite formation.

Jan 1, 2006

By F. M. Wang, J. P. Lin, G. Y. Tang, H. C. Zhou, Y. F. Liang, F. Ye

"Fe-6.5%Si alloy is a very excellent soft magnetic material compared with conventional Si steel (Si content ~ 3.5%), especially in high frequencies with reduced iron losses and noises. But it is hard to be fabricated due to its brittleness at room temperature. Dynamic electropulsing is applied to the cold rolled Fe-6.5%Si sheet during tensile deformation. Mechanical and microstructural properties are investigated with different electropulsing and strain rate. It is found that the yield stress decreases and the elongation increases dramatically with the application of dynamic electropulsing. It is indicated that the work hardening could be reduced with the dynamic electropulsing during deformation, which provides a promising way to fabricate this alloy sheet much easier.Introduction Fe-6.5%Si (weight percent, same as below) alloy has more excellent soft magnetic properties compared with conventional silicon steel (Si content ~ 3.5%), such as higher resistivity, higher permeability, near zero magnetostriction, etc. and exhibits much lower core losses and noises [1]. However, Fe-6.5%Si is very brittle at room temperature and hard to be fabricated in strip by conventional hot-cold rolling process [2]. This lack of low-temperature ductility has been generally attributed to structural ordering ofB2 and D03 phases [3]. Several methods have been developed to avoid its brittleness, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [4], rapid quenching [5, 6], dipping and diffusion [7, 8], direct powder rolling (DPR) [9], etc. However, hot-cold rolling method is still of interest for industrial applications. In our previous work, this alloy can be cold rolled after certain thermomechanical process and heat treatment [10-13]. The cold rolled sheet exhibits some extent of ductility [11]. However, side cracks are common for the rolled sheet, it is very necessary to improve the ductility of this alloy by other technical applications."

Jan 1, 2012

By Kimio Itagaki

"As a contribution to understand the smelting of copper or nickel matte by blowing oxygen or oxygen-enriched air, the phase equilibrium and the distribution of minor elements between the iron-silicate based slag and the Cu2S-FeS or Ni3S2-FeS matte at 1573K were investigated in a magnesia crucible under controlled partial pressures of SO2 at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.atm. At a given matte grade, the solubility of copper in the slag was found to be independent of p5O2 while that of nickel was dependent on pSO2 and these behaviors were analysed thermodynainically based on a concept of oxidic and sulfidic dissolution of the components in the slag. When the matte grade was specified, the distribution ratios of X, defined as (wt pct X in slag)/(wt pct X in matte}, for As, Sb and Bi increased with increasing p5O2 while that for Ag was constant against p5O2.IntroductionA combination of intensive reactors with the use of oxygen or oxygen-.enriched air as the blowing gas has provided a number of improved copper and nickel smelting processes such as INCO-Flash, Outokumpu-Flash, Mitsubishi-Continuous and IBRC (top blown rotary converter) processes. Phase equilibrium and thermodynamic studies for the slag and the copper matte or the nickel matte under high partial pressure of SO2 are of practical importance for evaluating the behaviours of the related components in the oxygen-smelting.A series of experimental studies have been already conducted in a limited range of conditions for Pso2 around 0.1 atm, which corresponds to the smelting with air-Stowing [1-5]. However, there remain very few data on the phase equilibrium in the matteslag systems under higher partial pressures of SO2. Tavera and Davenport studied the phase equilibrium between the copper matte and fayalite slag phases under the partial pressure of SO2 controlled at 0.1 - 1 atrn but without controlling the partial pressures of sulfur and oxygen [6]. A potential diagram for the Cu-Fe-S-O-SiO2 system at 1523 - 1573K suggests that the partial pressure of S2 equilibrated with the matte and the fayalite slag with saturated SiO2 under the high SO2 pressure is considerably high at 10-4 - 10-2 atrn [7]. This condition must require controlling of p52 as well as Pso2, in the equilibrium experiments, otherwise, the equilibrium condition may be hardly attained due to the continuous flushing of sulfur from the system."

Jan 1, 2000

By N. Bazzanella

The hydrogen desorption kinetics of pure and Nb-doped magnesium hydride film samples was investigated by using a Sievert-type apparatus. The overall activation energy and the reaction order controlling desorption are (141±5) kJ mol-1H and n 4 for Mg hydride and (51±5) kJ mol-1H and n 1 for Nb-doped (5% at) Mg hydride indicating that, in the doped sample, hydrogen desorption is controlled by the H migration in transformed h-Mg layers. Structural analysis performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) show that the catalytic effect of the Nb dopant is connected with the formation of NbH0.89 nanoclusters dispersed in the Mg hydride matrix. It is suggested that the catalysis process is also connected to the presence of Mg-Nb hydride interfaces where the transfer of H atoms preferentially occurs by connecting h-Mg grains and by the role of the MgH2-NbH0.89 interface as preferential site for the dissociation of the hydride phase.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. L. Apel

A conceptual approach to the bioremediation of uranium mill tailings (UMT) is presented., This approach focuses on, biosorption to remediate the. effluent solution and bioleaching remediate the. solid fraction. Comparative biosorption studies were performed with synthetic single metal solutions using a commercially available biopolymer. The maximum rate of metal sorption by calcium alginate was found to be 5.43, 6,39, 6.48, and 9.74 mg dm-3 min-1 for U022*, Ba2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+, respectively. Activation energy (AEa) for barium uptake by calcium alginate beads was determined to be 11.5 kJ, indicating a diffusion controlled reaction mechanism. Thermodynamic values (AG+ AH+ and ASt) of the metal-alginate activated complex, as reported in the literature, were found to be in agreement with those calculated from this research. Results show that this biopolymer can be effectively applied in the removal of select metals prevalent in uranium mill tailing effluents and associated waste streams.

Jan 1, 1991

By Fatma Arslan

The lateritic nickel ore sample subjected to this experimental study was taken from Çalda ore deposit (Turkey) and contains 1.43% Ni and 0.105% Co. Mineralogical investigations showed that the ore sample contains asbolane, chromite, limonite, hematite, goethite, lepidocrocite, magnetite, serpentine, and clay type minerals together with chalcedon, quartz, calcite, and chlorite. In the acidic leaching experiments, the effects of temperature, acid (H2SO4) concentration, and leaching time on nickel leaching recoveries were investigated. Leaching recovery versus time curves showed a parabolic trend and increasing the temperature shifted that curves to the higher values. The dissolution of nickel from lateritic ore can be explained by a shrinking core model and the apparent activation energy was found as 47.34 kJ/mol in the range given by the literature. The highest Ni and Co leaching efficiencies as 90.2% and 96.8% respectively were obtained at 80°C temperature, 200 g/L H2SO4 concentration, and 8 hours of leaching time.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. E. Dutrizac

The behaviour of the lanthanide elements during the precipitation of sodium and potassium jarosites at 98oC from sulphate media was systematically investigated. The lower atomic weight lanthanide elements (La to Gd) are characterized by the limited solubility of their alkali-lanthanide sulphates, such as NaNd(SO4)2?H2O, which commonly contaminate the jarosite precipitates. Hence, single phase jarosite-type compounds were precipitated only from solutions containing <0.4 g/L of the La to Sm lanthanides. The sulphates of the heavier atomic weight lanthanide elements (Tb to Lu) have significantly higher solubilities such that solutions containing up to 10 g/L of the individual lanthanides could be investigated without the precipitation of alkali-lanthanide sulphate species. Even at the highest lanthanide concentrations, however, none of the jarosite precipitates incorporated more than 0.3 wt% of any of the lanthanide elements. Comparable levels of lanthanide incorporation were noted in both Na-jarosite and K-jarosite. Although the mass of the jarosite precipitate increased with increasing ferric sulphate concentration or with increasing pH, the extent of lanthanide incorporation was not significantly affected. Clearly, the trivalent lanthanide elements do not substitute extensively for trivalent iron in the jarosite structure. This behaviour likely reflects the significantly lower hydrolyzability and larger size of the trivalent lanthanide ions relative to ferric ions.

Jan 1, 2003

By Tiejun Chun, Jian Pan, Deqing Zhu, Vinicius Mendes

"Fine manganese fines are characterized by large amount and low price compared to lump manganese ores. However, fine manganese must be agglomerated as EAF (electric arc furnace) feed. In this paper, high quality fired pellets were produced by simulating grate-kiln process to supply the feed for EAF from some imported manganese ore fines containing high combined water. Manganese ore fines assaying 44.47wt%Mn, 5.89wt%Fe, 12.09%LOI and with 72.7wt% ranging between 0.5mm and 8mm, are pretreated up to the particle size of 84.7wt% passing 0.074mm by HPGR (high press grinding roller) twice in open circuit. The finely ground manganese fines were mixed with 1.2wt% bentonite, balled at 15% moisture for 7min in disc pelletizer. The drop numbers, compressive strength and thermal shock temperature of green balls reach 11 times/0.5m, 11 N/pellet and 360oC, respectively. After the green balls drying in the oven, the dry pellets were preheated at 1050oC for 12 min and then fired at 1300oC for 12 min in electric tube furnace. The compressive strength of fired pellets reaches 2621 N/pellet. Therefore, these pellets are high quality burden for blast furnace or EAF due to high mechanical strength and high Mn grade of 49.11wt% and low detrimental elements.IntroductionManganese, mainly using as deoxidizing agent, desulfurization agent and alloying elements, is widely used in the steel company. With the rapid development of iron and steel industry in China, domestic manganese ores cannot meet the requirement, resulting large quantities manganese ores import to China [1-4]. Compared to lump manganese ores, fine manganese ores containing high combined water are characterized by large amount and low price. However, they must be agglomerated as EAF (electric arc furnace) feed. There are three ways to agglomerate the manganese fine ores, sintering, briquetting and pelletizing [5-6]. Compared to the other two methods, pelletizing technology possesses the following superiorities, such as uniform size distribution of product, stabilizing chemical composition of product and lower energy consumption in producing. Therefore, pelletizing is a superior way to treat the fine manganese ores [7]. The systematic research of producing manganese oxide pellets by fine manganese ores containing high combined water was studied in this paper."

Jan 1, 2011

By Toshiyuki Hashida, Victor M. Lopez-Hirata

"Small-punch tests and determination of fracture toughness JIC were conducted at 4 and 77 K on new cryogenic JN1, JJ1 and JK2 austenitic stainless steels, after isothermal aging. Equivalent fracture strain ?qf determined by measuring the reduction of thickness in the small-punch test specimen. A linear dependence of JIC on ?qf was found in these new materials. Regression analysis of experimental data produced the following linear relation JIC = 1304.1 ?qf + 8.09 [kJm-2]. An analysis of present work relation was pursued on the basis of material properties and evaluation method of he. Results showed that the slope value has a strong dependence on material yield strength and JIC evaluation method. This linear relation is useful for the evaluation of fracture toughness JIC, measuring the equivalent fracture strain ?qf by means of small-punch test. Thus it can be useful for assessing the degradation of fracture toughness in small areas such as, the heat-affected zone in welded components.IntroductionCryogenic structural materials for superconducting magnets of fusion nuclear reactor are required to possess a good combination of strength and toughness. The mechanical properties are required beyond the capability of conventional austenitic stainless steels [1]. New cryogenic JN1, JJ1 and JK2 austenitic stainless steels were developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) [1]. The structure of superconducting magnets is constructed by welding of 200 = thick plates of these steels, which are solution treated at high temperatures and then water-quenched to avoid intergranular precipitation. However, the welding process involves heating and cooling [2], which cause microstructural changes in both base metal and weld. In this heterogeneous microstructure, it is important to estimate the fracture toughness of these materials at cryogenic temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of aging process on the fracture toughness behavior of these new steels. To determine the cryogenic fracture toughness, the elastic-plastic JIC value has been co=only used [2]; however, the specimen size is much larger than heat-affected zones in welded components. Small-punch (SP) testing method, employing miniature specimens, has permitted to evaluate the fracture toughness behavior at different temperatures in different nuclear reactor materials [3,4]. Mao et al. [5,6] and Misawa et al. [7] found a linear relation between JIC value and equivalent fracture strain ?qf, determined by SP method in non-ferrous alloys and ferritic steels at room temperature and austenitic stainless steels at 4 and 77 K, respectively. So that, this kind of correlation would be very useful to assess the fracture toughness JICe values by means of SP test in small zones of welded components."

Jan 1, 2012

By Nagahiro Saito, Takashi Nishimura, Takamichi Ichikawa, Akio Fuwa

"Yttria-stabilized zircohia (YSZ) has high potential to be used as solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte. However, the high efficiency of SOFC has not been yet achieved due to the high internal resistance of bulk electrolyte. The resistance becomes lower with the decrease in the electrolyte thickness. Thus, the decrease in electrolyte thickness leads to lower internal resistance. . The aim of this study is as follows: (a) to prepare the thin films of YSZ by inductively-coupled RF plasma-enhanced metal organic chemical vapor deposition (PEMOCVD) process using Zr(t-OC4H9)4,Y(DPMh and oxygeil, and (b) to reveal the relationship between the structural characterizations and the process parameters.1. IntroductionYttia-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has, been widely used as not only heat-resistant materials but also the components in automotive oxygen sensors, electrolytes of solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC)(1)(2) and the buffer layers for the high-temperature superconductor because of its low thermal conductivity, good mechanical properties and high ionic conductivity. However, it is said that the internal resistance of the bulk electrolyte is too high to be appropriate as a solid electrolyte for high-efficient SOFC. The authors believe that the thin YSZ electrolyte can give a high performance to characteristics SOFC, since the internal resistance becomes lower with the decrease of electrolyte thickness. Thus the process technology to prepare YSZ thin films is desirable and must be established.In recent years, the YSZ thin films have been reported by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal CVD using metal chlorides (MC) of ZrCl4 and YC(3)(4), thermal CVD using metal organic compounds (MO)(5)(10) Zr(t-OC4H9)4 and Y(C11H19O2)(11) and plasma-enhanced (PE) CVD using MO. Here, these methods are called MCCVD, MOCVD and PEMOCVD. MCCVD has two disadvantages; a large quantity of chlorinated impurities in deposited films and high processing temperature (> 1273K). This high processing temperature leads to damage of substrates in particular, so the application of this technology is limited. On the other hands, the processing temperature by MOCVD becomes and is lower. Unfortunately, the accurate vapor pressures of these metal organic compounds have not been, known so: that it is difficult to control the composition and the film thickness by MOCVD method well. Moreover, the large amount of carbonic compounds in the films prepared by MOCVD method is produced. However, plasma-effect has been reported to decrease large amount of the carbonic impurities by PEMOCVD. However, PEMOCVD has many reaction parameters in plasma processing; the geometry of experimental apparatus, radio frequency, electronic power input and so on. Thus, the general understanding about the relationship among reaction parameters, the composition and crystal structure of thin deposit film by this method has not yet been established."

Jan 1, 2000

By W. Dresler

Design details of a 100 kVA DC electric-arc reduction furnace are described. The furnace is equipped with a 610 mm (24 inch) diameter graphite crucible hearth. A 76 mm (3 inch) diameter top graphite electrode is used as a cathode. The current passes through the bottom of the crucible and is carried to a bottom plate (the anode) by conductive magnesia carbon bricks. The furnace can be operated up to a maximum of 120 V, 1800 A, and presently 100 kW. The start-up operating experiences and metallurgical results of one reduction test with a Montana chromite containing 38% Cr2O3 are discussed.

Jan 1, 1994

By Tiejun Chun, Jian Pan, Deqing Zhu, Zhiyong Ruan

"In this paper, the desulfuration of pyrite cinder pellets was carried out. Phase analysis shows that most sulfur of pyrite cinder exists in the form of elementary sulfur. Most sulfur was removed in preheating stage. 81.25% sulfur was removed and the average SO2 concentration of exhaust gas was 1365ppm when the pellets were preheated at 950oC for 9 min. The final product, assaying 62.42wt%Fe and 0.02wt%S content at 96.88% desulfuration was achieved under the conditions of preheating at 950? for 9 min and roasting at 1200? for 15 min, which can be used as the burden for blast furnace.IntroductionPyrite cinder, as a subsidiary product of sulfuric acid production by roasting of pyrite ores, was solid waste in sulfuric acid enterprises. According to the statistics, the annual production of pyrite cinder is about 15 million tons in China. Besides, there is lots of pyrite cinder deposited for many years [1-3]. The pyrite cinder consumed in the cement and other industries as auxiliary additives only accounts for less 30% of its total discharge and the left is stored in waste pond, occupying much land and polluting environment in China [4-5]. Moreover, pyrite cinder contains iron between 30-63% which can be utilized as a cheap raw material for ironmaking by sintering or pelletizing processes, which can not only prevent pollution but also provide cheap raw materials for ironmaking [6-7]. However, compared to traditional iron ore concentrate, pyrite cinder possesses higher sulfur content."

Jan 1, 2012

By Shulan Wang, Xuan Liu, Li Li

"Electrochemistry of Fe(III) in 69CaCl2-12CaF2-19KF and 81CaCl2-19KF (mole percentage, %) was investigated at 827 oC on molybdenum electrode by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and galvanostatic electrolysis using Fe2O3 as the Fe(III) source. The reduction of Fe(III) to Fe was conducted in one step and controlled by diffusion process. Fe(III) shown greater reduction rate and diffusion coefficient in molten 81CaCl2-19KF than in 69CaCl2- 12CaF2-19KF. Galvanostic electrolysis of Fe was performed in both molten salts with a cylindrical cathode rotating at 200 r/min and dendritic iron deposit was obtained.Keywords: iron; electrolysis; electrochemistry; molten saltIntroductionThe production of iron and steel causes huge emissions of CO2. Iron electrowinning in molten salts with dissolved Fe2O3 using an inert oxygen evolving anode is an alternative process to reduce or eliminate the formation of CO2. Research on novel process of producing metal has been reported recently [1-2] by using CaCl2 as the main electrolyte and dissolving CaO in CaCl2 due to the high solubility of CaO in the melt. This process has been used in preparing many active metals and alloys [3-14]. In the present work, the electrochemical behavior of iron in CaCl2-KF was studied and transport property of iron ion in the melt was discussed.ExperimentalCaCl2,CaF2 and KF (in analytical purity) were dried in air for 48 h. Mixed salts used in experiments were placed in a graphite crucible (??58 mm inner diameter). The graphite crucible together with the salts was heated at 473 K for 12 h in a furnace with flowing Ar (99.99%) before further heating. Temperature inside the furnace was measured by an S type thermocouple. Electrochemical measurements, such as cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry, were performed in a three electrode cell by EG&G PAR273A potentiostat/galvanostatand. Galvanostatic electrodepositon of iron was conducted in a two electrode cell. Molybdenum (??2 mm) and iron (??5 mm) were used as the working electrode (WE) and the reference electrode, respectively. A graphite crucible and a magnetite rod (??25 mm ) consisted of 100% magnetite and sintered at 950 oC in argon atmosphere for 2 h with electrical conductivity of 366 O-1m-1 at room temperature were used as the counter electrodes in the galvanostatic electrolysis experiment. Carbon (??10 mm) was used as the counter electrode in electrochemical measurement. The deposits were washed in distilled water bubbled with argon and dried in air before being characterized by X-ray diffraction (PW3040/60 diffractometer) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, SSX-550)."

Jan 1, 2014

By Y. Iguchi, T. Narushima, T. Shiozawa, M. Maruyama, R. Arashi

"In situ observation system for thermal oxidation using Raman spectroscopy' was constructed, and oxide films formed on liquid pure Al and Al-Mg alloys (Mg contents = 1 and 4 mass%) were analyzed at room temperature to 1273 K in dry oxygen. In situ Raman spectra of the surface of a liquid Al-:-4mass%Mg indicated the formation of MgO • AlP3 (spinel) as oxidation products, while a -AlP3 and MgO • Alz03 (spinel) were observed on a liquid Al-1mass%Mg alloy. It was suggested that the formation of MgO film affected oxidation behavior of these alloys.IntroductionLiquid aluminum alloys are cast to ingots mainly by the continuous casting process. It is well-.known that surface cracks could be caused by oxide films formed on the surface of melt during continuous casting and defects due to the film. With regard to oxidation behavior of liquid aluminum alloys, many investigations l -s have been carried out from the view point of formation of ceramic metal composites(CMC) which are expected as cutting tools and structural materials 1.2. It is very important for reasonable continuous casting and CMC formation processes to elucidate oxidation behavior of melts.Oxidation behavior of materials generally depends on compositions and properties of oxide films formed on the surface. If in situ observations of oxide films are available during oxidation, evaluation of oxide films and interpretation of oxidation mechanism could be expected. Laser Raman spectroscopy is one of the most appropriate techniques for in situ observation of oxide films under various atmosphere at high temperatures. The authors have discussed the effects of atmospheres and sample compositions on oxide film formation mechanism on Fe-Si alloy6 and SiC-B4C composite7 on basis of an in situ observation by Raman spectroscopy. In spite of many previous studies, systematic and clear explanations have never been gotten on oxidation behavior of liquid aluminum alloys. And no in situ observation has been made except for transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD)."

Jan 1, 1996

By Jorge A. S. Tenorio, Chuanwei Zhuo, Joner O. Alves, Yiannis A. Levendis

"The ever increasing number of automobiles and the consequential increase in consumption of tires have generated a pressing environmental issue, concerning the disposal of unserviceable tires. The worldwide disposed of waste tires is approximately 1 billion units per year and this amount is expected to increase by 2% each year. This work presents a microstructural characterization of nanomaterials synthesized in a catalyst system from the effluent of burning waste tire chips in a horizontal two-stage laminar-flow furnace. Controlled combustion of waste tire chips took place at temperatures of 900 or 1000 °C, and stainless steel meshes were used to synthesize the nanomaterials at 1000°C. Produced materials were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalyst meshes were covered by materials with diameters of 20 to 200 nm and lengths of about 40 µm. They possessed structures similar to those of carbon nanotubes.IntroductionThe motor vehicles on the road have been increasing annually. World motor vehicle production in 2009 approached 62 million units. Consequently, the consumption of tires has also been on the rise; about 1.4 billion units were produced around the world in 2007 [l]. The disposal of scrap tires is a serious environmental problem. The worldwide disposed of waste tires is almost 1 billion units per year with an expected increase of around 2% each year. However, less than 7% of produced waste tires are recycled (excluding reuse, retreading or incineration). The waste rubber tires are a thermoset polymer, which cannot be reprocessed like thermoplastics polymers, therefore the recycling of this material requires special techniques that demand big investments [2, 3].A solution to the disposal of waste tires is the sequential pyrolysis/combustion process. Past research showed that waste tires are an attractive potential fuel due the high heating value (29-3 7 MJ/kg), which is comparable, or even higher to those of typical bituminous coals [ 4, 5]. Pyrolysis is a process wherein the material is thermally decomposed at elevated temperatures at the absence of an oxidizing gas. Combustion is characterized by the addition of the oxidizing gases during the process. Several studies indicate that the pyrolysis and combustion processes for the tires treatment have a great energy conversion potential [4, 5, 6]."

Jan 1, 2011

By Jamil M. Khalifeh, Shadia J. Ikhmayies, Bothina A. Hamad

"The structural and electronic properties of cubic d -NbN are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and all-electron full potential linearized augmented plane wave method (FPLAPW). The equilibrium structural parameters are determined by fitting the total energy as a function of volume to the Murnaghan's equation of state. We calculated the total and partial densities of states (DOS) and compared them with those computed by different authors. Our DOS at Fermi level is found to be very close to the experimental value. The band structure is computed, discussed and used to find the characteristic energy separations. Valence electron density contours are recorded and discussed. We deduced the partial charge densities of different bands and binding energies of valence core levels and compared them with experimental and theoretical results obtained by different authors.IntroductionNiobium nitride has been intensively investigated over the last decades because of its interesting physical properties and technological applications (superconducting microdevices, microelectronic, catalytic probes, and hard coatings) [l]. While the group IV transition metal nitrides (TMN) mainly crystallize in the cubic NaCl structure (Bl type), those of group V and VI nitrides occur as different phases. Thus for niobium nitride, many phases have been reported in the literature: cubic fcc d -NbN, tetragonal ? -Nb4N3, hexagonal d -NbN, hexagonal e -NbN, and low nitrogen content hexagonal ß -Nb2N [l, 2].Structural and electronic properties of niobium nitride were investigated theoretically and experimentally by many authors. For example, in 1975 Schwarz [3] obtained the partial density of states for NbC and NbN from APW band structure calculations. In 1975 Kallne and Pessa [4] studied the electronic structure of Nb, NbC and NbN by using X-ray emission. In 2003 Amriou et al. [5] studied the electronic structure and bonding mechanism of NbC and NbN compounds using first principle total energy calculations using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method. Also in 2006 Sanjines et. al [l] studied the electronic structure of the hexagonal~Nb2N, hexagonal' d -NbN, and cubic d -NbN thin fihns by using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. They [l] also calculated the densities of states for these phases and used them in the interpretation of the experimental valance band spectra. Most of these studies are old and there is a need for more recent studies. According to our knowledge, there are little comprehensive theoretical studies on this subject by using FP-LAPW method [5], which proved its ability to give accurate results. In this work we used the FP-LAPW method to study the structural and electronic properties of the cubic (fee) o-NbN (space group Fm-3m, prototype NaCl) crystal."

Jan 1, 2013

By P. Maraboutis

Iron removal by precipitation as jarosite from Fe-Ni-Co sulfate solutions, (synthetic or real, resulting from laterites leaching) has been investigated. Precipitation was carried out at 95 C, and at an initial pH 1.6, which was either kept constant with CaCO3 or Li2CO3 additions, or left to drift with the evolution of the reaction to lower values. The precipitation of K-, NH4- and Na- jarosite was initially examined using synthetic solutions. In all cases, hydronium ions were incorporated into the precipitate as well. Residual iron in solution was lower (0.2-1 g/1) and equilibrium was achieved faster (within 4-8 h) when precipitating K¬jarosite at constant pH, using CaCO3 for neutralization. Nickel and cobalt losses were small. Na- jarosite precipitation was also studied from real solutions with high initial iron content, under constant pH=1.5, controlled with CaCO3 additions, and it was shown that low residual iron concentration in solution (0.3-0.5 g/1) can be achieved again, with relatively small nickel and cobalt losses. The thickening and filtration characteristics of the precipitates were excellent in all cases examined.

Jan 1, 1988

By Sheng-hai Yang

The ultrafine, monodispersed, spherical cobalt powder has been fabricated by reducing cobalt hydroxide with glycol. It were investigated that the effect of NaOH concentration on the reaction rate and the effects of the concentration of cobalt hydroxide and surfactant on the morphology and particle size. The particles were characterized by the X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), laser diffraction particle size analyzer and BET specific surface analyzer respectively. The XRD shows that the cobalt powders exist mostly in face centered cubic (fcc) structure, a little in simple hexagonal. The cobalt powders prepared at Co(OH)2150g/L, NaOH 40 g/L and surfactant 30g/L, its average particle size, specific surface area and cobalt content, were 0.88µm, 2.705m2/g. and more than 99.5% respectively.

Jan 1, 2006

By Thomas Schuman, Jaan Kers, Lucas N. W. Damoah, Xiangjun Zuo, Lifeng Zhang

"Rapid technological innovation has propelled the use of electronic equipment leading to the generation of more and more waste electrical and electronic equipments (WEEE). Printed wiring board (PWB) is a component made of one or more layers of insulating material with electrical conductors. To investigate an environmentally friendly process to recycle PWBs, PWB samples with and without additives were pyrolyzed. Liquid, gas and solid products were achieved with different conversion fraction. Analysis of the exhaust gases from the experiments using GC-MS and MS showed that without CaCO3 additives poisonous gases such as C6H6 and HBr were produced which were adequately controlled if CaCO3 was added.IntroductionPyrolysis is one of the best methods for treating complex mixtures of waste polymers and to recover the material and energy content. The process consists of thermal decomposition at moderate temperatures in total absence or small amount of oxygen in which the structures of polymers break down into smaller intermediate products "". The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance breaks up into smaller substances or into its constituent atoms 2). Thermal treatment of PWBs were reported using DC Arc Plasma furnace 3), and fixed bed reactor 4). One drawback in dealing with thermal treatment of PWB scraps is the likely production of super-toxic halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans from the bromine containing structures. Pyrolysis of organic materials contained in waste PWBs leads to the formation of gases, oils, and chars which can be used as chemical feedstock or fuels ""'. Dehalogenation of the pyrolysis product of electronic scraps is essential to make it commercially acceptable. It would be obviously the most advantageous solution as pyrolysis and dehalogenation are carried out simultaneously. Reported pyrolysis investigations are at experimental stage and have been carried out in vacuum, molten salt, fluidized bed, rotary kiln, entrained, stationary, and moving bed reactors 7). Comparing to the incineration and combustion of PWBs, the pyrolysis process has several characteristics: 8'"">) 1). Converting the organic solid substance into fuel gas, fuel oil and carbon-black as storage energy; 2) Emitting toxic substances such as sulfur, bromine and heavy metals in wastes; and 3) Keeping metals from being oxidized. Although many researches into the pyrolysis of PWB wastes have been reported, most of the works have been carried out using analytical pyrolysis techniques or very small batch reactors ""~'5). Also, most of the works for the pyrolysis of PWBs haves concentrated on the composition of the organic products, particularly the brominated organics. The current study is to investigate the pyrolysis of PWB powders in a small TG-DTA scale and a 50-gram tube furnace scale."

Jan 1, 2011