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By A. J. Kraemer, H. M. Thorne

The following account of oil-shale operations in Australia is based upon infor- mation obtained by the authors while visiting Australia from September 15 to October 7, 1947, supplemented by published data, and augmented by analyses of samples of oil shale and its products at the Oil-shale Research and Development Laboratories of the Bureau of Mines at Laramie, Wyo. The primary objective of the authors' trip to Australia was to obtain, first hand, information regarding the equipment and methods used by National Oil Proprie- tary, Ltd., at Glen Davis, New South Wales, in mining oil shale, extracting oil from it, and refining the shale oil. This company was operating the only oil-shale plant that had been active in Australia since 1945. The plant comprised an oil-shale mine, 104 modified Pumpherston (Fell) retorts in 2 batteries, a hele refinery, and a 3-inch gusoline pipeline to the railroad loniing terminal t Sun Junction, 30 miles away. There were, also, the usual and necessary any uralities, such as a power house, mechanical shops, offices, and laboratories One Information regarding the company's operations was wance because of its bear- Ing upon the synthetic liquid fuels program of the Bureau of Mines, pursuant to the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of April 5, 1944 (30 U.S.C., 321-325, as amended). objective of the Bureau's program. In accordance with the maniate of the Act, is to furnish American industry cost and engineering data necessary for the development of synthetic-liquid fuel industry, and an obvious means of obtaining some of these data is to learn how oil shale is being mined and retorted and how shale oil is re- rined in countries where these operations have been conducted on a plant scale for many years. The authors spent 2 weeks at the plant of National Oil Proprietary, Lt., at Glen Davis, and were afforded every opportunity to obtain letailed and specific information regarding all aspects of the company'a operations.

Jul 1, 1951

By H. A. Wheeler

IT may surprise some of our members to learn, among the industries based on the mineral resources of the United States that of clay now ranks third, being exceeded in value of product only by pig-iron and coal. The present annual value of clay-products exceeds the value of the outputs of gold and silver, and also exceeds the combined values of copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, mercury, antimony and nickel. These facts are shown in Table I. which gives the statistics for the year 1902

Jan 1, 1905

By Arthur Notman

For the period January 1st, 1942, to January 1st, 1946, the American Bureau of Metal Statistics records the gold production of the world as 118,788,000 fine ounces. If we include 1946 at the same rate as 1945 (26,- 590,000), we arrive at a total of 145,378,000 fine ounces in the past five years . Included in these figures are estimates of Russian output at 4,000,000 ounces per annum for the five years, and 1,300,000 ounces per annum for Korea and Japan. The remaining 120,000,000 ounces represent the aggregate production from official reports of the other gold producing areas of the world, with the exception of the 1946 figures, as noted above. At $35.00 per fine ounce, this represents $5,188,230,000. According to the reports of the Federal Reserve System of the United States, on December 31st, 1941, the monetary gold reserves of the United States were $22,736,- 600,000 (at $35.00 per fine ounce) , while on October 31st, 1946 (latest available) , they had fallen to $20,402,000,000, a decline of $2,334,600,000. Adding this decline to the value of the new production for the five years, we have a total of $7,522,830,000, which has been absorbed by the rest of the world since Pearl Harbour, a rate of absorption of over $1,500,000,000 per annum. This has taken place at a rime when the advocates of purely managed currencies had convinced many people that gold performed no really essential function in the world's economy, and that we could get along perfectly well without it. It was pointed out that gold could not be eaten, it could not clothe our nakedness, it could not shelter us from storms, and, therefore, it was a non-essential, even though it could be used to settle international balances of trade. Apparently, the world as a whole still regards it as preferable to the paper promises of governments, however sound, relatively, they may appear. Actually, we have no way of measuring the true strength of this feeling, because the principal governments of the world have made it legally impossible for their citizens to own gold, except in the form of ornaments.

Jan 1, 1947

By A. L. Murray

First -aid training as an adjunct to safety is receiving more wide spread recognition in the industries every year . Moreover , the adoption of a program for giving firstaid training to practically all employees at a mine or plant is based upon the experience gained and good results obtained from standard first -aid instruction during the past two decades . In the near future industries that desire to maintain a low accident rate , to decrease compensation costs , to reduce lost time , and to build up an efficient , loyal working force , will recognize that training in first aid is one way of attaining these results with little expenditure of time and effort . Progressive organizations will require every man from the superintendent down to take first - aid training and not , as heretofore , only a small percentage of the working force . When employees learn that first - aid training can be applied not only at their daily tasks but in their homes and on tthhee highways ,, they will welcome the opportunity of learning how to care for injuries and perhaps save lives . In a limited way first - aid instruction was given to miners as early as 1899 . Later , in 1904 , a few of the companies in the Pennsylvania anthracite district inaugurated the distribution of first - aid packets to their employees and instructed them in the use of the contents . It remained , however , for a branch of the United States Government to grasp the real significance of widespread first - aid training as an effective means of saving life and minimizing suffering from the large number of accidents among workers in the mineral industries . The United States , owing to its vast resources , both natural and human , for

Jan 1, 1930

By Terry S. Cory

This report is a comprehensive summary of the results of the propagation measurements program conducted for the US Bureau of Mines under Contract H0366028. Data was gathered in the MF frequency range from a cross sample of six mines representative of the industry having typical wireless requirements. From the raw data which was gathered, a logical method of data reduction is presented which culminates in a set of average attenuation characteristics for all mines visited. These characteristics define a typical MF wireless system when the communication range requirements are known. Direct through-the-earth propagation and the range enhancement mechanism due to coupling on and off conductors are evaluated and related to the planning of a typical wireless MF communications system.

Jan 1, 1977

Jan 1, 1882

Many of the difficulties faced by the U.S. mineral industry in 1982 and 1983 emanated from the worldwide recession, from the high value of the U.S. exchange rate, and, in part, from actions taken by foreign governments to protect selected industries. While some problems will be minimized with continued worldwide economic recovery, others remain and may require special attention by U.S. policymakers. These problems include declining U.S. production capacity in selected mining and mineral processing industries, the impact of the high value of the U.S. exchange rate, and protectionist trade practices by competitor nations. Illustrative of the last is the International Trade Commission (ITC) determination in June 1984 that both the domestic steel and copper industries have been substantially injured by foreign imports. In its July 1984 recommendations to the President, the ITC suggested higher tariffs and quotas for 5 years on 70 percent of steel imports but conditioned the aid on cost-cutting and modernization steps by the domestic industry. In the copper decision, two commissioners recommended increased duties, two recommended that quotas be imposed, and one recommended that no relief be provided. The President decided in September to seek voluntary restraint agreements with nations that export steel to the United States and rejected both quotas and higher tariffs on copper imports. General Economic Setting This decade opened with the U.S. mineral industries struggling to deal with double-digit inflation, record high peacetime interest rates, and almost 7 years of oil-cartel-induced energy price increases that seriously affected the profitability of energy-intensive industries such as mineral production and processing.

Jan 1, 1985

By Charles W. Merrill

AN ADEQUATE, dependable, and continuing supply of raw materials is indispensable to tile the United States and its industries in meeting the needs of an expanding Population, a rising standard of living, and the national security. The primary responsibility for appraising the status of the country's mineral supply and for making appropriate recommendations within the executive branch and to the Congress has been pinned in the U.S. Department of the Interior. In fulfilling its role of governmental responsibility for raw-material supplies and their efficient utilization, the Bureau of Mines has analyzed the factors in current and future mineral supplies and demands and has developed 87 statements for specific commodities that assess the national position and problems for these metals, minerals, and mineral fuels. These statements, which constitute the chapters of this volume, are based on lire assumption that nearly till production and consumption of materials in the United States are to be by private individuals and organizations, in accordance with the Nation's devotion to a private-enterprise economy.

Jan 1, 1960

By Hazel B. Comstock

[This material survey on magnesium and magnesium compounds is one of a series of Bureau of Mines publications designed to serve the needs of Government and industry for comprehensive, up-to-date information on mineral commodities and activities Magnesium, the world's lightest structural metal has become a most useful material in airborne and space vehicles, automotive equipment, machine tools, and consumer products. Use of magnesium on in basic refractories for iron and steel furnaces has expanded as the production of iron and steel has increased. Progress in converting steel furnaces to the use of oxygen has further increased the use of magnesium and magnesite brick.]

Jan 1, 1963

By Hazel B. Comstock

This materials survey on magnesium and magnesium compounds is one of a series of Bureau of Mines publications designed to serve the needs of Government and industry for comprehensive, up-to-data information on mineral commodities and activities. Magnesium, the world's lightest structural metal, has become a most useful material in airborne and spare vehicles, automotive equipment, machine tools, and consumer products. Use of magnesium ores in basic refractories for iron and steel furnaces has expanded as the production of iron and steel has increased, Progress in converting steel fun cares to the use of oxygen has further increased the use of magnesia and magnesite brick.

Jan 1, 1963

LOCAL COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. Major J. W. Powell, Chairman; F. P. Dewey. Secretary; S. F. Emmons, A. S. Hewitt, J. P- Hilgard, Charles Knap, and F. W. Taylor. THE opening session was held in the hall of the new National Museum, on Tuesday evening, February 21st. President Metcalf introduced General W. T. Sherman, one of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who read the following address: ADDRESS OF GENERAL SHERMAN. MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN : I have been invited to meet you here this evening to extend to you the cordial greeting of the regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and to assure you that they are most happy to have it in their power to place at your disposal this beautiful hall, dedicated to science and art. This National Museum is the property of the United States, of which the regents of the Smithsonian are simply the custodians, and the board has delegated to its secretary, Professor Baird, the right to extend its use to the National Academy of Sciences and like kindred societies, among which we are glad to class the Institute of Mining Engineers. It is eminently fit that you should meet here at this, the nation's capital, under a roof partly your own, devoted to natural sciences, and in the shadow of the Smithsonian, founded for the exclusive purpose of collecting and diffusing knowledge among men. Of all the workers employed on earth no single class seem to me more worthy the respect of their fellows than those who seek beneath the surface for the useful minerals and metals which contribute so largely to the wealth and comfort of mankind. In no branch of human industry does intelligence come so immediately in contact with labor. To the mining engineer chemistry, mineralogy, and geology are as reading, writing, and arithmetic to the merchant;

Jan 1, 1882

By R. Van A. Mills

Rapid deterioration and destruction of metal equipment in oil and gas fields cause waste of resources and financial losses that must be lessened or eliminated if operations in many important fields are to continue profitable. The magnitude of this destruction is proved by the huge consumption of iron and steel pipe, tubing, casing, pump valves, and sucker rods to replace worn-out equipment, and by the amount of such equipment that is left in wells or junked. (See PI. I, A and B, and PI. II, A and B, and Fig. 14, p. 61.) This destruction of equipment constitu~es in itself a serious waste, but contingent production troubles, such as underground leakage of oil through defective tubing and pumps, and the consequent loss of oil and gas because of damage to pay sands by infiltrating water and silt, frequent and costly repairs with necessary suspension of production, and the ultimate injury to or loss of valuable wells, often cancel all operating profits. Many of these troubles result from rapid destruction of metal equipment by corrosive waters. The strata penetrated by the wells usually contain saline waters. Certain types of these waters, with their associated gases, are intensely corrosive; they attack well casing or tubing so vigorously as to riddle it with holes, rendering it useless in a few years or even a few months or weeks after it is installed. Pump plungers, working barrels, balls and seats of valves, and screen pipe, as well as lead lines and other surface equipment, are ruined with equal rapidity. The development and application of practical methods to retard or prevent this corrosion are among the most urgent problems of the oil and gas industry. Although much progress has been made in preventing the corrosion of metals, the need for reducing the damage from corrosion in oil and gas fields is still imperative. This is especially true of underground corrosion in the wells, because underground conditions favor corrosion and are difficult to study; hence they have not been thoroughly understood. In efforts to stop ~amage to oil and gas field equipment by corrosion, numerous methods have been proposed or tried with varying success. Some of these methods are cheap and effective. However, it is surprising that in many important fields the damage by corrosion is accepted as necessary or unavoidable, although cheap and effective methods that have been developed and successfully tried elsewhere might greatly reduce the trouble or eliminate it. This bulletin describes common causes and effects of oil and gas field corrosion and outlines methods of abating the damage. In order to accomplish this purpose best, the writer has avoided taking sides in controversies between the advocates of different metals for oil-field use; instead he describes the methods of combating corrosion in the various fields and suggests experiments that may yield valuable results. Throughout the paper he has freely used information from published reports of other investigators.

Jan 1, 1925

By Scott G. Britton

Mine exploitation is a broad subject whose focus is the technical skills or efforts needed for the extraction of mineral from a known ore body. Mine exploitation can be considered the very core of the mining engineering discipline. It begins at the conclusion of the exploration and development stages of mining and ends when the ore body is exhausted and the mine (or mines)closes and is reclaimed. Section 8 on mine exploitation is comprised of seven chapters: (1) classification of mining methods, (2) mine surveying and mapping, 3) systems engineering, (4) computer methods, (5) labor relations and training, (6) management and administration, and (7) mine closure, sealing, and abandonment. Each chapter focuses its efforts towards providing detailed and useful information for the engineer on basic mine exploitation principles. The information can be applied to a broad range of mining problems without regard to mineral type or mining method.

Jan 1, 2008

By G. T. Austin

This is an overview of the gemstone industry with special attention on particular states within the united states. The U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior compiled and analyzed the information contained in this report. The report should be viewed as a current "still photograph" of a dynamic system. The information presented on a specific gemstone or for a specific state can and will change with time. This overview presents historical and reference information on the principal gemstones and their production in certain states. The report is not a definitive work on gemstones within the select states or United states.

Jan 1, 1995

By Robert J. Shanley

The computer program, HYBMODE, has been developed to meet the need for a fast and economical method for clustering data points on the sphere. The algorithm used in this development is an extension of D. Wishart's one-level mode analysis. The program can be used to cluster either vectorial or axial data; it is currently being used by the Bureau of Mines to cluster fracture orientations.

Jan 1, 1974

By J. B. Dilworth

I. INTRODUCTION. THE purpose of this paper is, first, to give a general account of a little-known coal-district of SE. Kentucky, its topography, drainage, and mineral resources, for those who may be interested in its economic development; and secondly, so to describe the geologic features of the field as to furnish available data to those engaged on the broader problems of Appalachian coal-geology. The data from which the major portion of the paper has been prepared were obtained, in professional investigations for private individuals and corporations, within the last decade. The area under review, defined by a heavy line on the map, Fig. 1, lies between Little Black and Pine mountains, and extends from Harlan on the west to a N-S. line crossing Looney creek 3 miles from its mouth on the east. This area can be divided for description into a Western and an Eastern Division. The character of investigation pursued in the Western Division, below Fugitt creek, was very different from that employed in the Eastern. In the former, only a rapid reconnoissance was attempted : such coal-openings as had been made by prospectors or by citizens in obtaining fuel were visited, their sections measured and, in many instances, sampled. Elevations were obtained barometrically and approximate locations sketched on a small-scale map. In a field where the coals are so well opened, the reconnoissance method gives a very fair idea of the number and character of the principal beds and their relative positions, and affords much evidence for their correlation over wide areas, without permitting the more refined work required to discover all the seams of the measures and to determine the details of geologic structure.

Feb 1, 1912

By Albert H. Fay

The first data compiled by the Bureau of Mines relating to coal- mine accidents in the United States were published in Bulletin 69," in which the total fatalities by years and States were tabulated from 1896 to 1912. Since the publication of Bulletin 69, further research has been conducted, with the result that the bureau is now able to publish for the first time all of the fatal accidents described in the State inspectors' reports by States, causes, and calendar years, from the beginning of inspection service to date. For the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania, there is a continuous record since 1870; the records of the Pennsylvania bituminous mines are continuous from 1877, and, with the exception of one year, the Ohio records are complete from 1874 to date. In fact, the records of all of the States, with few exceptions, are complete; and incomplete data for any year may generally be attributed to the fact that no report was published during that year. The magnitude of the coal-mining industry in the United States is such that too much stress can not be placed on the need of safeguard- ing the three-quarters of a million men employed. Although the figures given herein show an appalling record for past years, they are not published for the purpose of proclaiming the high fatality rate of the past. They are a record of experience covering a period of 45 years, showing causes and results of many accidents in the coal mines of the United States. They represent a diagnosis of the hazard of the mining industry, pointing out the principal physical causes of accidents, and make available a body of uniform facts that will serve as a basis of preventive measures for use in future operations. It is with these great purposes in view that the Bureau of Mines presents the classified data in this report. Classification and study of mine accidents on the basis of number of persons killed is common and very old, but fails to throw enough light upon the problem involved. Many serious accidents in mines have no fatal results, hence in a tabulation of fatalities they are overlooked and the real hazard of the industry is not made clear. An accident does not necessarily include an injury that may result therefrom. Such accidents as the breaking of a hoisting cable, an explosion of powder, gas, or dust, a runaway car or motor are all serious. Although no loss of life results, they should be recorded, investigated, and studied to prevent their repetition. No accurate data for the United States are available showing how far the personal element as related to the miner and his co-worker, the mine foreman, or to the superintendent and others in authority, contributes to accidents. Many accidents are due to inexperience on the part of the miner, his failure to heed orders, a misunderstanding of instructions and last, but not least, carelessness of himself or his fellow worker. A foreman or superintendent may fail to give proper warning regarding the conditions of certain parts of the mine; he may not have inspected certain rooms or entries on the day of a mine accident; the mine may not be properly equipped, or the operator may neglect to comply with the inspector's recommendations. There is, therefore, a personal element on the part of both the operator and the miner that must be considered. Legislation and the enactment of compensation laws will make the operator realize the seriousness of the mine-accident situation, when fatalities and injuries are to be paid for in legal tender of the realm. The miner must be educated and made to realize the dangers he encounters; he must learn that self-preservation and the safety of his fellow workmen should receive his first attention; he should cooperate with his employer, his asso- ciates, and the State mine inspector to the end that the mine hazard may be reduced to a minimum. "Cooperation for safety" should be the watchwords of the operator, miner, State inspectors, and all others in any way interested in the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1916

By Russell R. McLellan

The Tertiary channel gravel deposits in northern California were selected Or detailed investigation by the U. S. Bureau of Mines as part of a national program to locate potential sources of gold that might be developed rapidly by large-scale mining operations. Five bureau research centers representing mining and metallurgy subsystems coordinated their efforts in a team operation to identify and investigate possible solutions to the problem area, that long have discouraged the resumption of large-scale mining in the deposits. This report summarizes the individual investigations, conclusions and recommendations conducted and prepared by all mining subsystems research groups after the completion of two years of field work at the deposits on San Juan Ridge in Nevada County, California. The studies indicate that modern mining technology can cope with the environmental problems that closed the immense hydraulic mines in 1,884. however, they also indicate that mining can be conducted with only marginal profits its unless the price of gold remains substantially above $70 per ounce or unless sufficient by-products can be recovered and sold to place the average value per cubic yard of gravel into a positive commercial range. The by-product potential of the Tertiary gravels remains to be investigated in more detail.

Jan 1, 2012

By Leroy E. Schulze

A review of development and a reevaluation of uses of the hydraulic air compressor are suggested by the constant changes in technology, which frequently make an old art valuable in solving current problems. Contacts with research workers in various branches of engineering indicate that this older method of producing compressed air may not be familiar to some or that its salient features might be useful in solving problems involving uses of compressed air. Briefly, a hydraulic air compressor may be described as an inverted siphon, consisting of an intake head where water and air are mingled, followed by a gravity-fall tube in which air is intimately mixed with the water and is compressed as the water pressure increases during the fall down the tube, then a separating, or stilling, chamber in which air bubbles rise to the surface of the water and collect in the upper portion of the chamber at a pressure equal to the weterhead maintained by the height of water in the discharge leg of the circuit. The water, which now contains only the fraction of air that has gone into solution, passes out of the separating chamber and rises up the discharge leg to the surface, which is, of course, at some suitable distance below the level of the intake. Present-day applications include (1) utilizing low hydraulic heads, which otherwise have little commercial values; (2) utilizing low hydraulic heads in reclamation work to supply compressed air, or in some instances to produce a small suction, for air-lift pumping (or for operation of air motors), with minimum attendance and without need for electric power; (3) utilizing medium heads, as at dam and lock installations, to produce compressed air for pneumatic operation of airlifts, gates, valves, and rubber gate seals; (4) utilizing underground waters, as in mines, to produce compressed air for general mine use; (5) using this method of isothermal compression of air in combination with standard compressors wherever hydraulic head is available, thereby securing the advantages of low-temperature intake to the mechanical compressors and reduction of moisture content below that of atmospheric air; (6) development of large air supply at pressures up to 150 p.s.i.g., which, after performing work in reciprocating or centrifugal expansion cylinders, is available at temperatures approximating -50° F. Possibilities in freezing and reheating should be mentioned which may prove economical for obtaining uniformly dry air for process work, wind-tunnel tests, or large air-conditioning installations, such as ventilation of underwater traffic tunnels, and may be economic for supply of supercharged air to gas-turbine plants.

Jan 1, 1954

By Robert B. Hoekzema

This Bureau of Mines report describes the history, characteristics, distribution, and mineral development potential of 21 lode gold deposits in or near the Chugach National Forest (CNF), AK. It includes findings from a 4-yr (1979 to 1982) mineral evaluation of the CNF conducted by the Bureau and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This evaluation, undertaken to provide the U.S. Forest Service with mineral resource data for use in making decisions on land use, included site-specific mapping and sampling of more than 200-lode gold deposits. The data presented here were compiled from the findings of this 4-yr evaluation and from existing literature. Fourteen of the 21 lode gold deposits described in this report contain a combined identified resource of 117,750 short tons (st) averaging 0.55 oz/st Au and 0.2 oz/st Ag. Two mineralized felsic dikes in the Summit Lake-Palmer Creek area contain a combined identified resource of 18 million st grading 0.02 oz/st Au and 0.16 oz/st Ag. Identified resources were not determined for the remaining five deposits because of a lack of information.

Jan 1, 1987