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By Donald L. Colwell

THIS is a metallurgical war. More than ever before, the mechanized forces and the air-borne warfare are deciding campaigns. Both of these are primarily dependent upon metals. There are two ways of increasing the effective supply of these metals when the demand is greater than the total over-all supply. The American custom, when a shortage of anything develops, is to get more. In the case of some nonferrous metals this has been done. For example, our potential peak output of magnesium will be almost one hundred times the prewar production. Output of aluminun has also been tremendously increased, and production of other metals is being stimulated by every possible means. Our enemies, however, have another successful method of increasing the effective supply of a material, and that is, to eliminate entirely all nonessential uses, and also to use, in essential applications, alternate materials wherever possible. Sometimes, ersatz material is inferior to the original, and consequently does not do the job as well. Often, however, it has been found superior, and many substitute items are now being used both by industry and by the military which will continue even when the original material again becomes available.

Jan 1, 1943

By F. F. ESPIE

Giving the keynote address in the final session of a conference dealing with closely related topics has a disadvantage in that much of what can be said has been said. It also has an advantage, however, because it presents the speaker with the opportunity to integrate and analyse the material presented by the various speakers. I would like to look to the near future in Australia and the United States of America, to the risks, problem areas, and changes of a rapidly evolving post-industrial era-an era we are beginning to experience where industry no longer 'calls the tune'. We miners have been quick to point out and emphasize, that ours is a 'high-risk' industry in the world of business and commerce. Yet, clearly those who have survived, and been successful, have learned to anticipate and cope with risk and change. This ability has been a 'distinguishing feature of the industry's leaders who, in market studies and commodity selection, exploration and development, mine planning, metallurgical pro- cessing, and general administration and operation 1. identify areas-of risk or inevitable change, 2. analyse, test and quantify those factors of risk or change, and 3. design methods, systems, equipment to eliminate, moderate, or control or economically compensate for predicted risks or changes.

Jan 1, 1978

By Morris J. Elsing

FOR MANY YEARS lead and zinc have had the so-called protection of a tariff and it is the purpose of the following brief discussion to show what' such protection actually accomplishes with a view to forecasting the possible results of the present copper tariff. In analyzing the subject, tabulations of the United States production, consumption, imports and exports, including ore and concentrates and all of the metallic products, of both lead and zinc have been made for each year since 1900. Of these data, the relationship of the imports and exports and the relative foreign and domestic prices are shown in Table 1. The conclusions drawn from these figures are listed below. 1. The United States is an exporter of zinc. 2. The United States is an importer of lead. 3. The average price of zinc at St. Louis for the last 32 years has been no higher than on the London market even though zinc and zinc ore have "enjoyed" a protective (?) tariff of varying amounts per pound for 22 years of this period. 4. The average price of lead on the New York market for 32 years has been 1.2c. per pound higher than on the London market, the tariff varying from 0.75 to 1.5c. per pound of lead in ore, and 1 to 2c. or more on manufactured lead.

Jan 1, 1932

By F. R. Hensel

THE alloy under discussion is a nickel-silicon bronze and is one of many age-hardening or precipitation-hardening FIG. I.-EFFECT OF QUENCHING AND AGING TEMPERATURES ON HARDNESS OF TWO TYPICAL NICKEL-SILICON BRONZES, NO. 2351 AND No. 2362. copper-base alloys. The hardening con-stituent is a nickel-silicon compound.1 The quenching temperature necessary to pro-duce hardening by a subsequent aging treatment is a function of the composition and extends from about 700'C. to ()50'C.; the aging temperature range extends from 400° to 600°C. The work carried out by the authors of this paper was confined to cast alloys having compositions within the ranges of 1.5 to 3.00 per cent Ni; 0.4 to 0.75 per cent Si; balance, copper.

Jan 1, 1940

By Homer W. Riley, C S. Jenkins

SMALL power-driven, toothed, cast-iron rolls were used first to break anthracite in 1844. Prior to that time, men with hammers, who stood on perforated cast-iron- plates, .broke the large lumps into commercial sizes. In order to convert run-of-mine into the various sizes required by the anthracite industry, about 20 million tons must be broken, annually, [ ] into smaller sizes. This phase of anthracite preparation is of major importance, because the degradation accompanying reduction in coal sizes should be kept at a minimum. The exclusive use of toothed rolls for that purpose indicates that comminution by rolls is the best solution of the problem. Many improvements have been made in tool design, but the most important was a reduction of the peripheral speed of the rolls from 1000 to 300 ft. per minute. The higher speed was based upon and approximated the velocity of a falling piece of coal when it entered the rolls. Exhaustive roll tests at the slower speed showed that the same size reduction could be affected with less degradation. The adoption, there- fore, of slow-speed, compound geared rolls, especially for breaking the

Jan 1, 1943

By John A. Church

AT the last meeting of the Institute, a discussion arose upon the question, Is there pressure in coke ovens?" and many of the members seemed to think that the superiority of the Belgian furnace might be due to the fact that it is a completely closed chamber, in which the gases given off by the coal are, or may be, at more than the atmospheric reassure. It seems to me that this position is untenable, 'and that an examination of one of these ovens in operation will show, not only that there is no excess of pressure in the coke chamber, but that the contrary is true, and a partial vacuum exists. The Belgian or Francoise oven consists of a rectangular chamber closed at the ends by sliding doors, and furnished with flues in the side walls and floor. The new charge is introduced at a time when the furnace is so hot as to cause immediate and copious discharge of the volatile constituents of the coal. The gases pass downwards through the side flues giving out their heat to the walls and thus to the coal. Underneath the floor air is introduced and the gases burn, producing intense heat. Heat is also reflected from the arched roof upon the coal which is therefore heated from all sides. The especial advantage which this construction was designed to secure is that no air is admitted to the coke-chamber. All the heat is produced by the combustion of the unsociable gases, and the yield ought to be a maximum. I t is so in fact, allowing for the imperfections inseparable from furnace construction and management. Sometimes the yield is in excess of the percentage indicated by assay, showing that

By M. H. Pilkuhn, H. Rupprecht

The junction luminescence of GaAsxP1-x diodes containing up to 47 pct Gap was studied. Diodes were prepared by diffusing zinc into n-type material which was eithw boat- or vapor-gvown. Observations concerning the energy and the line shape of the spontaneous emission are presented and discussed; in particular the influence of inhomogeneous phosphorus distribution is considered. The role of reabsorption of the junction radiation is pointed out. With increasing current, the peak emission shifts to higher enwgy. This is alm true in cases where slow line narrowing occurs simultaneously. The length dependence of the threshold current density for lasing at 77 °K was examined for lasers made from the same material. It was found that longer lasers have lower threshold curvent densities, Estimates of the characteristic laser losses are given. Data concwning the range of Gap concentration in which stimulated emission was observed are presented. FORWARD-BIASED p-n junctions in mixed alloys of GaAsxPl-, emit light whose wave length depenfs on the composition of the alloy ranging from 8400A (x = 1) to 5350A (x = 0) at 77°K. Laser action in vapor-grown material was first reported by Holonyak and evacqua,' and in boat-grown material by Ainslie, Pilkuhn, and Rupprecht.' In both cases this was observed for low Gap concentration where GaAs,Pl-, is still a "direct" semiconductor with the lowest conductance-band minimum at k = 0 and a subsidiary minimum in the [loo] direction. As the Gap concentration is increased, the subsidiary [loo] minimum in the conduction band is lowered and finally becomes the lowest minimum for Gap concentrations above 50 pt,3 making the alloy an ''indirect" semiconductor. It is of interest to determine up to which Gap concentration stimulated emission can be observed. EXPERIMENTAL Boat-grown material was prepared by N. Ainslie of IBM by horizontal Bridgman technique. The material was n type and silicon-doped up to a concentration of 10'' cm-'. Vapor-grown material was made by E. Hull of IBM or received from Merck & Co. Diodes were fabricated in a similar manner as in the case of GaAs by zinc diffusion. Details about the diffusion can be found in a later paper.4 All diodes were of Fabry-Perot structure with two parallel sides cleaved and the other two sides sawed. Their width ranged from 50 to 150 p and their length from 50 to 700 p. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Spectral Distributions. A typical display of the junction luminescence of a GaAsxPl-, diode is shown in Fig. 1. The liquid-nitrogen and room-temperature curves which were taken at a very low current (25 ma dc) show a relatively sharp high-energy emission which is band-edge radiation. They also show a broad low-energy emission which is due to transitions to deep impurity levels. This latter emission line may have different shapes and positions depending on the nature of the material. It can sometimes be quite near the band gap giving rise to "bumps" in the high-energy line. The results presented in this paper will be concerned only with the high-energy emission which becomes more intense relative to the low-energy emission when the current is increased and the temperature is lowered.

Jan 1, 1964

By A. C. Rubel

WHAT does management expect of W and from an engineer? First and foremost, it expects that he should become, and therefore should fit himself in every way to be, a part of management so that he may assume as much and as many of the responsibilities of management as his ability and the opportunities of the job permit. Let me make clear at the start that the profession of pure, technical engineering offers but limited opportunities at the top levels because of the inherent organization of engineering work. The line of succession to top jobs may be likened to a cone with a broad base and an extremely sharp point. Consider any oil company, large or small, or any operating function of that company, and you will find few top engineering jobs in the organization. This is true by the nature of the work handled. There will be a few district engineers depending on the spread of operations, a chief petroleum and production engineer, perhaps a few research engineers, possibly some technical executive assistants, and that is usually all. The road to these jobs is a long one and the competition is tough. The larger the organization the greater the opportunity, but always the ratio of engineers to top engineering jobs is only a small one.

Jan 1, 1947

By L. K. Nemeth, H. T. Kennedy

The investigation presented in this paper was performd to develop a relationship between the dewpoint pressure of a hydrocarbon reservoir fluid and its composition, temperature and characteristics of the heptanes-plus fraction. This is part of an over-all program to develop correlations for the essential properties of reservoir fluids with the composition, temperature and pressure. In all, 579 dewpoint pressures, determined experimentally on 480 different condensate systems along with their compositions and temperatures, were obtained from the literature and from previously unpublished sources. Compositions were expressed in terms of mol fractions of methane through heptanes-plus, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and the molecular weight and specific gravity of the heptanes-plus fraction. Distribution of the samples assured a good representation of most of the major oil-producing areas in the world. A multiple regression analysis program written for the IBhl 7094 digital computer was used to compare numerous equations and to calculate their coefficients. The final equation containing 11 coefficients resulted in an average absolute deviation of 7.4 percent for all the samples. Segregation of data on the basis of one or more variables did not materially improve the results. The correlation developed is useful in predicting the dewpoint pressure of condensate reservoir fluids from variables normally measured in the laboratory. INTRODUCTION In any discussion of the dewpoint of hydrocarbon mixtures, it should be noted that there are two kinds of dewpoints which must be distinguished. The first type, or normal dewpoint, usually occurs at low pressures as dry gas is compressed to the point where liquid first forms. The second type, sometimes called the retrograde dewpoint, occurs when a gas mixture containing heavy hydrocarbons in solution is depressured until a liquid is formed. The first type, as applied to condensate mixtures, would normally be below atmospheric pressure and would be of no interest in reservoir performance. The second type is of great significance in interpreting reservoir behavior and is the property referred to throughout this paper. Laboratory measurement of dewpoints is laborious, expensive and subject to many errors, and it is desirable to find a reasonably accurate method to predict dewpoint pressures from the composition and other readily available properties normally measured on the fluids. A possible method of calculating dewpoint pressures would be to employ a set of equilibrium ratios (K-values). 1 However, the K-values themselves depend on composition as well as temperature and pressure; presently their use adds nothing to the accuracy of predicting dewpoints. If future correlations provide a significantly better method of estimating K-values for heavy hydrocarbons, they may be of greater use. REVIEW OF LITERATURE In 1944, Olds, Sage and Lacey 2 studied the behavior of fluids from the Paloma field. Properties of seven mixtures were studied at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250 F and at pressures up to 5,000 psia. From the information obtained, the influence of composition and temperature upon the dewpoint was determined. It was found that removal of the intermediate molecular weight components from the mixture resulted in considerable increases in the dewpoint pressures. Results indicated that the effect of changes in temperature was relatively minor when compared with the effect of modifying the mixture by removing the intermediate components. Thus, removal of propane and butanes resulted in an increase in dewpoint pressure more than 10 times greater than a change in temperature from 100 to 250 F. The authors stated that althouah

By G. L. Simard, D. J. Salley, J. Chupak

DITHIOPHOSPHATES and xanthates are the principal collectors for sulphide minerals, and consequently any knowledge of mineral-collector systems of this type is of value. In the present investigation an attempt was made to obtain information on the interaction of a typical dithiophosphate with galena. In carrying out this study, radioiso-topes, so much discussed in the past few years,', ' were extensively employed. By using radioactive dithiophosphate synthesized from radioactive phosphorus, a rapid and sensitive analytical procedure G. L. SIMARD is in the Research Division, Stamford Research Labs., American Cyanamid Co., Stamford, Conn.; J. CHUPAK, formerly in the Research Division, Stamford Research Labs., is now at Camp Detrick, Frederick, Md.; and D. J. SALLEY is in the Research Division, Stamford Research Labs. AlME New York Meeting, Feb. 1950. TP 2815 B. Discussion (2 copies) may be sent to Transactions AlME before April 30, 1950. Manuscript received Oct. 17, 1949. was at hand. This permitted determination of such important quantities as the rate of uptake of dithiophosphate by the mineral, the amount existing at equilibrium on the mineral surface and in the solution, and the desorption of the agent from the surface. Such measurements were possible even on single crystals of galena. In addition the exchange of dithiophosphate between the solution and the sorbed phase was examined, a matter which could be accomplished only by the use of isotopes. It is desired to point out at this time that throughout this paper the term "sorption" has been employed to designate the uptake of agent by mineral, without implication as to the nature of the process by which the uptake was accomplished. Experimental Materials: Galena: The galena was from the Tri-State district. For studies on ground mineral four preparations were used during the course of the investigation. These were prepared from selected large crystals by wet grinding in order to reduce surface oxidation. Alcohol was chosen as a convenient medium for this purpose. The ground mineral was then fractionated by sedimentation in alcohol, dried by evacuation, and stored in a nitrogen-filled desiccator. Data on the preparations are tabulated in table I. The size analysis indicated that the areas of the preparations were of comparable magnitude, even though the absolute values may be somewhat incorrect. Dithiophosphates: Nonradioactive dithiophbsphate (di-isopropyl or di-secondary butyl) was obtained by purification of a commercial product. An aqueous acid solution of the agent was extracted with petroleum ether, the ether layer dried, and the dithiophosphate precipitated as ammonium salt with anhydrous ammonia. Several repetitions of this process resulted in a nearly colorless, flaky product of good purity. (General formula (RO,)PSSNH,). Radioactive dithiophosphate was synthesized by heating radioactive elementary red phosphorus* • For early experiments (1943 to 1944), the elementary red phosphorus was obtained from the cyclotron group at the Crocker Radiation Laboratory of the University of California. Berkeley, through the courtesy of Dr. Joseph W. Hamilton. For more recent work (1946 to 1949). the elementary radioactive Phosphorus has been supplied by the Oak Ridge National Labarotories on allocation from the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. with sulphur at 270" to 300°C to produce radioactive P,S,. The latter was then treated with the desired purified alcohol (isopropyl or secondary butyl) at 60" to 80°C to form the dithiophosphoric acid derivative. Purification was effected in the same manner as for the nonradioactive material. The effectiveness of the purification method was established by the isotopic dilution method." The same technique was used to show that only negligible decomposition of neutral or of carbonate solutions of the dithiophosphate took place over a period of a day; this was true whether or not galena was suspended in the solutions. Procedures: Radioactivity: The activity of a solution was obtained by counting with a small glass-jacketed, silvered Geiger counter, using a conventional scaling circuit.' Crystals and other solids were counted under a bell-shaped, mica-window counter tube. Sufficient counts were made so that the probable error of counting was of the order of +I-3 pct. The specific activity in terms of counts per minute

Jan 1, 1951

By J. Chupak, D. J. Salley, G. L. Simard

DITHIOPHOSPHATES and xanthates are the principal collectors for sulphide minerals, and consequently any knowledge of mineral-collector systems of this type is of value. In the present investigation an attempt was made to obtain information on the interaction of a typical dithiophosphate with galena. In carrying out this study, radioiso-topes, so much discussed in the past few years,', ' were extensively employed. By using radioactive dithiophosphate synthesized from radioactive phosphorus, a rapid and sensitive analytical procedure G. L. SIMARD is in the Research Division, Stamford Research Labs., American Cyanamid Co., Stamford, Conn.; J. CHUPAK, formerly in the Research Division, Stamford Research Labs., is now at Camp Detrick, Frederick, Md.; and D. J. SALLEY is in the Research Division, Stamford Research Labs. AlME New York Meeting, Feb. 1950. TP 2815 B. Discussion (2 copies) may be sent to Transactions AlME before April 30, 1950. Manuscript received Oct. 17, 1949. was at hand. This permitted determination of such important quantities as the rate of uptake of dithiophosphate by the mineral, the amount existing at equilibrium on the mineral surface and in the solution, and the desorption of the agent from the surface. Such measurements were possible even on single crystals of galena. In addition the exchange of dithiophosphate between the solution and the sorbed phase was examined, a matter which could be accomplished only by the use of isotopes. It is desired to point out at this time that throughout this paper the term "sorption" has been employed to designate the uptake of agent by mineral, without implication as to the nature of the process by which the uptake was accomplished. Experimental Materials: Galena: The galena was from the Tri-State district. For studies on ground mineral four preparations were used during the course of the investigation. These were prepared from selected large crystals by wet grinding in order to reduce surface oxidation. Alcohol was chosen as a convenient medium for this purpose. The ground mineral was then fractionated by sedimentation in alcohol, dried by evacuation, and stored in a nitrogen-filled desiccator. Data on the preparations are tabulated in table I. The size analysis indicated that the areas of the preparations were of comparable magnitude, even though the absolute values may be somewhat incorrect. Dithiophosphates: Nonradioactive dithiophbsphate (di-isopropyl or di-secondary butyl) was obtained by purification of a commercial product. An aqueous acid solution of the agent was extracted with petroleum ether, the ether layer dried, and the dithiophosphate precipitated as ammonium salt with anhydrous ammonia. Several repetitions of this process resulted in a nearly colorless, flaky product of good purity. (General formula (RO,)PSSNH,). Radioactive dithiophosphate was synthesized by heating radioactive elementary red phosphorus* • For early experiments (1943 to 1944), the elementary red phosphorus was obtained from the cyclotron group at the Crocker Radiation Laboratory of the University of California. Berkeley, through the courtesy of Dr. Joseph W. Hamilton. For more recent work (1946 to 1949). the elementary radioactive Phosphorus has been supplied by the Oak Ridge National Labarotories on allocation from the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. with sulphur at 270" to 300°C to produce radioactive P,S,. The latter was then treated with the desired purified alcohol (isopropyl or secondary butyl) at 60" to 80°C to form the dithiophosphoric acid derivative. Purification was effected in the same manner as for the nonradioactive material. The effectiveness of the purification method was established by the isotopic dilution method." The same technique was used to show that only negligible decomposition of neutral or of carbonate solutions of the dithiophosphate took place over a period of a day; this was true whether or not galena was suspended in the solutions. Procedures: Radioactivity: The activity of a solution was obtained by counting with a small glass-jacketed, silvered Geiger counter, using a conventional scaling circuit.' Crystals and other solids were counted under a bell-shaped, mica-window counter tube. Sufficient counts were made so that the probable error of counting was of the order of +I-3 pct. The specific activity in terms of counts per minute

Jan 1, 1951

By H. B. FERNALD

THE first year to which the Revenue Act of 1936 has applied is now passed. It is appropriate to try to give some calm thought to the plan of Federal income taxation as now imposed and what it will mean to the business and industry of the country if this plan of taxation is continued unchanged. Whether or not we like to pay these taxes is beside the point. Taxes are high and may be expected to be high for many years. The important question is whether the taxes to be imposed will destroy or injure business enterprise and development, and, in so doing, lower the standards of employment, living, comfort, and welfare of our people. The power to tax is the power to destroy. That destruction may come suddenly as a cyclone, or slowly as dry rot. What, if any, features are there in the present plan of Federal income taxation that have these destructive tendencies? A few of the points follow that seem to call for consideration.

Jan 1, 1937

By Karl J. Benecke

Though the first patent on a bucket wheel excavator (BWE) was granted in 1881 in the US, this technology was developed in Germany to the high standards of today. However, this development was only possible in parallel with development of shiftable belt conveyors and boom stackers. The combination of these three types of equipment in the open pits of the Federal Republic of Germany has made lignite the cheapest energy source for power generation, despite the low heating value of German lignite on the order of 8500 kJ/kg (3600 Btu/lb) only. Comparing the costs for fuels used in power generating on the basis of their heating value, the relation between lignite, high quality black coal, and imported crude oil is on the order of 1 to 1.5 to 2.5, hence highly in favour of lignite.

Jan 8, 1979

By J. Murray Riddell, George A. Morrison

This paper is a companion to the one by George A. Morrison on Mining a Deep Limestone Mine in Ohio.‡ Barberton is 8 miles west of Akron, Ohio, and 23 miles south of Cleveland. The underground mining of limestone at Bar-berton constitutes the world's deepest limestone mine. The stratigraphy is as follows: 0-20 ft. Loam, clay, sand and gravel. Water bearing. 2-40 ft. Fractured sandstone. Water bearing. 40-110 ft. Sandstone with interbedded shale, slightly fractured. Water bearing. 110-314 ft. Sandstone with interbedded shale, slightly fractured. Water carrying. 314-2197 ft. Shale with occasional seams of sandstone, which varies in thickness from a few inches to 4 feet. Dry. 2197-2247 ft. Limestone. Dry. 2247-2742 ft. Dolomitic limestone. Dry. 2742-2767 ft. Salt. Dry. 2767- Dolomitic limestone. Dry. All of the strata dip to the southeast, about 0.5 per cent from the horizontal. The top 110 ft. of the crust is water-bearing. The rock strata are naturally fractured to a depth of 314 ft., sufficient to allow the passage of water. In the shaft-sinking operations, a stra- turn of oil-bearing sandstone one foot thick was encountered at a depth of 520 ft., and flows of methane gas were pierced at depths of 1350 and 1952 feet. Specifications for the mine plant called for, in part, the sinking of two vertical shafts and a hoisting plant capable of producing at the rate of 300 tons per hour. No. I shaft is 550 ft. west of No. 2 shaft. Each shaft measures 8 by 17 ft. outside of steel. General features of the design (Fig. I) are: Principal set members, 6-in. H-section; connecting angles (studdles), ? by 4 by 4-in. angle irons; spacing of sets. 8 ft. centers; spacing of bearer sets, generally, 160 ft.; bearers, of 12-in. I-beams. Each bearing set featured a concrete ring about the periphery of the shaft, steel to rock, and 8 ft. in height; permanent guides, 6 by 10-in. long-leaf yellow pine, 85 per cent heart. The Shaft-sinking Operation The preliminary shaft-sinking work consisted of driving interlocked steel piling about the exterior of the shafts to depths of 35 and 32 ft., respectively, and of such horizontal dimensions as to ultimately permit the pouring of a concrete collar 2 ft. in horizontal thickness. Following the pouring of a shaft collar, a temporary wooden headframe for shaft-sinking purposes was erected. The head-frame, while ordinary, featured: (1) a storage pocket of 300 cu. ft, capacity with truck servicing facilities, and (2) pneu matically operated dump doors, which mere actuated by the hoistman, thus caring

Jan 1, 1946

By John F. Abel

In Silver Plume, Colo., there is a bachelor miner who offers individualized tours of his mine, The Silver Cloud. It is an interesting tour because he drove the mine himself and the view from the shack up there is spectacular. Beside that, he will probably invite you into his kitchen to sit around the old cook stove and drink coffee. When Andy first started his tour business he put a sign on the main street to advertise the fact. The sign read in part: "Women not welcome, but they will be tolerated at $3.00 a head”- the usual fee is $2.50. The sign lasted about 48 hours. Andy had to take it down because "all the ladies in town got mad at me. Now I take them all for $2.50 right across the board," he says. The mining industry is not only reticent about hiring women but traditionally does not even permit women to enter some mines. It would appear, what with the recent action on an equal-rights-for- women amendment in Congress, that we may be wise to examine the prospect.

Jan 1, 1970

By Leon W. Dupuy

Many articles have been written describing peculiar and particular types of drilling. Little correlation has been made between the character of ground to be drilled and sampled and the type of drilling most desirable for procuring satisfactory samples. In development work, the engineer and metallurgist often desire the recovery of a sample in as physically natural a condition as possible, particularly when the sample must provide material for process tests as well as chemical and physical analyses. This paper describes the results of experimentation in drilling unconsolidated materials carrying titanium minerals in the Magnet Cove area, Ark. The drilling was most difficult in that the ground varied much in consistency, and it was vitally necessary to recover a physically natural sample. Ordinary churn drilling recovered a sample that could be analyzed chemically, but the sample was not in its natural state. The problem was successfully solved by utilizing and further developing methods used in the oil and clay industries.

Jan 1, 1949

By A. S. Malicsi, I. Iwasaki

The removal of hydrophobic coatings of flotation collectors from iron ores becomes of interest when a duplex flotation process is considered for upgrading, when a pelletizing process is considered for a concentrate floated with a fatty acid or a soap collector, or when a disposal of froth products from cationic silica flotation is of environmental concern. Ozone can oxidize organic compounds rapidly, thereby removing the hydrophobic coatings of flotation collectors. Ozone is widely used for treating and purifying drinking water, waste water treatment, and for chemicals processing (Murphy and Orr, 1975; Rice et al., 1980). Its uses in metallurgical operations, however, are very sparse (Allegrini et al., 1970; Chernobrov and Rozinoyer, 1975; Ishii et al., 1970; Iwasaki and Malicsi, 1985; Matsubara et al., 1978). Yet, its high reactivity and the absence of potentially hazardous byproducts become of interest in destroying flotation reagents adsorbed on mineral surfaces or remaining in mill water for recycle or for discharge. Duplex Flotation A duplex flotation process, as applied to oxidized iron ores, would involve a fatty acid flotation of iron minerals followed by an amine flotation of the siliceous gangue from the rougher iron concentrate. Such a process has been used in the Florida phosphate fields. Fatty acid coatings cannot be removed as readily with a simple acid or alkali treatment from iron oxide surfaces as from Florida phosphates. A combination of reagents, such as lime and quebracho, lime and alkali phosphate, or sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, has therefore been proposed. In a previous article (Iwasaki et al., 1967) , the use of activated carbon was found to be effective in removing fatty acid coatings both in the duplex flotation and the pelletizing processes. The use of ozone offers another approach to the removal of fatty acid coatings from iron oxide surfaces. To investigate the possible application of the duplex flotation process, a specularite ore from Michigan analyzing 36.5% iron was used. A 600-g (1.3-1b) sample was ground in a laboratory rod mill together with 250 g/t (0.5 lb per st) of sodium silicate to -150 µm (-100 mesh). This was transferred to a Fagergren laboratory flotation cell, and deslimed four times at 20 µm (quartz equivalent). The deslimed pulp was transferred to a laboratory conditioner, diluted to 40% solids, and conditioned with 250 g/t (0.5 lb per st) of soda ash and 250 g/t (0.5 lb per st) of oleic acid. The conditioned pulp was then transferred back to the Fagergren cell, floated until barren of froth, and the rougher froth product was returned to the cell and cleaned. The results are presented in Table 1. The cleaner concentrate at this point analyzed 45.3% Fe. The cleaner concentrate coated with fatty acid was transferred to a 2-L (0.53-gal) beaker. While the pulp was agitated with a glass T-stirrer, ozone was bubbled into the agitated pulp for 15 minutes at a rate of 10 mg/min (0.00035 oz per min) ozone (250 g/t or 0.5 lb per st 03 feed). It was observed that the pulp ceased to froth after about 10 minutes. The amine flotation of siliceous gangue from the ozonated pulp was carried out first by conditioning with a dextrin, a commonly used starch depressant for iron oxides. This was followed by flotation with a stage addition of an ether amine at increments of 100 g/t (0.2 lb per st). Three stages were required to float the siliceous gangue to near completion. The three froth products were combined and cleaned twice. When the cationic flotation Rougher, Cleaner 1 and Cleaner 2 cell products were combined, an iron concentrate analyzing 64.5% iron was obtained at an overall iron recovery of 72.8%. Pelletizing Fatty acid flotation concentrates have been pelletized successfully in northern Michigan mills. But at other locations, fatty acid coatings on iron flotation concentrates proved so undesirable in agglomeration that other methods of concentration had to be sought. For example, a sinter mix containing iron ore concentrates upgraded by fatty acid flotation resulted in decreased productivity. This occurred because the micropellets of particles with the hydrophobic coating are less tolerant of moisture. Thus, the bed permeability is lost (Beebe, 1965). The agglomeration of concentrates obtained by the fatty acid flotation alone, and the hydrophobic coatings destroyed by ozonation or by the duplex flotation process, is not expected to cause any difficulty since the surfaces of the concentrates would be hydrophilic. Removal of the fatty acid coating with activated carbon, indicated by the loss of floatability, was shown to restore the decrepitation temperature of wet balls during drying cycle (Iwasaki et al., 1967). Disposal of Cationic Silica Flotation Froths Recent demands of iron blast furnaces place the silica content of the magnetic taconite pellets at about 5%. Conventional process for magnetic taconite involving fine grinding and magnetic separation often produces magnetic concentrates analyzing in excess of 5% silica. This is due to the presence of the middling grains of siliceous gangue and magnetite. Cationic silica flotation of magnetic taconite concentrates (DeVaney, 1949) may be used to reduce the silica content. But the amine coating on siliceous gangue becomes of environmental concern when the flotation tailings are discarded in tailing ponds.

Jan 1, 1986

The papers discussed in the following pages were presented during two sessions of the Geophysics Education Committee of the Mineral Industry Education Division on Feb. 17 and 18, 1941. At the first meeting, to consider the "Influence of Geophysics upon Geology Curricula," this Committee was joined by the Geophysics and Mining Geology Committees of the A.I.M.E., the Society of Economic Geologists, representatives of the American Geophysical Union, and delegates from the Committees on College Curricula and on Applications of Geology of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Quentin D. Singewald and Sherwin F. Kelly presided. At the ensuing session, especially emphasizing the integration of geology, physics and chemistry for the solution of earth problems, the joint participants with the Geophysics Education Committee were the Geophysics Committee, and representatives of the American Geophysical Union and of the Committee on College Curricula of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Richard M. Field and W. R. Chedsey presided. In the following summary of the discussion at the two meetings, written discussion submitted subsequently is not differentiated from that offered orally at the session. A provisional report of the Geophysics Education Committee was presented at the second session, and some of the following discussion refers to it. This report has not been printed (it is anticipated that a more comprehensive, final one will be rendered at the 1942 annual meeting). A few mimeographed copies of this provisional report were made. Dr. W. P. Haynes presented some notes prepared by Dr. F. H. Lahee, Chairman of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists' Committee on College Curricula. This Com- mittee's inquiries reveal the general opinion that a four-year academic preparation is inadequate, five or six being advisable. The fundamentals, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and English composition, should be stressed in the first three years, with specialization in the last two or three years. Some companies provide an apprenticeship period, and themselves give additional training. During academic years more attention needs to be given to engineering training, to field mapping, and in geology to stratigraphy and sedimentation. The amount of mere memory work should be cut, and men trained to observe and reason. Dr. Lahee emphasized the need of more adequate preparation in English composition, because of the inability of many graduates to compose acceptable reports. Sherwin F. Kelly pointed out that much time in university training, which ought to be devoted to technical subjects, was taken .up with English courses. He emphasized that it is the part of the universities to demand of the high schools that the students they send to the university be properly trained to speak and write English. Prof. W. T. Thom protested against the crowding of high-school material into already overcrowded college curricula. C. E. Dobbin, chairman of the Committee on Applications of Geology of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, described briefly the work of his committee in publicizing geology, and said that it found a widespread popular interest in the subject but a lack of appreciation of its importance. He recommended that attempts to coordinate the works of geologists and geophysicists be expanded somewhat toward the further developing and encouraging of a "species of geopolitician" capable of assisting the progress of geology and geophysics by more vigorous advertising of

Jan 1, 1946

The papers discussed in the following pages were presented during two sessions of the Geophysics Education Committee of the Mineral Industry Education Division on Feb. 17 and 18, 1941. At the first meeting, to consider the "Influence of Geophysics upon Geology Curricula," this Committee was joined by the Geophysics and Mining Geology Committees of the A.I.M.E., the Society of Economic Geologists, representatives of the American Geophysical Union, and delegates from the Committees on College Curricula and on Applications of Geology of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Quentin D. Singewald and Sherwin F. Kelly presided. At the ensuing session, especially emphasizing the integration of geology, physics and chemistry for the solution of earth problems, the joint participants with the Geophysics Education Committee were the Geophysics Committee, and representatives of the American Geophysical Union and of the Committee on College Curricula of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Richard M. Field and W. R. Chedsey presided. In the following summary of the discussion at the two meetings, written discussion submitted subsequently is not differentiated from that offered orally at the session. A provisional report of the Geophysics Education Committee was presented at the second session, and some of the following discussion refers to it. This report has not been printed (it is anticipated that a more comprehensive, final one will be rendered at the 1942 annual meeting). A few mimeographed copies of this provisional report were made. Dr. W. P. Haynes presented some notes prepared by Dr. F. H. Lahee, Chairman of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists' Committee on College Curricula. This Com- mittee's inquiries reveal the general opinion that a four-year academic preparation is inadequate, five or six being advisable. The fundamentals, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and English composition, should be stressed in the first three years, with specialization in the last two or three years. Some companies provide an apprenticeship period, and themselves give additional training. During academic years more attention needs to be given to engineering training, to field mapping, and in geology to stratigraphy and sedimentation. The amount of mere memory work should be cut, and men trained to observe and reason. Dr. Lahee emphasized the need of more adequate preparation in English composition, because of the inability of many graduates to compose acceptable reports. Sherwin F. Kelly pointed out that much time in university training, which ought to be devoted to technical subjects, was taken .up with English courses. He emphasized that it is the part of the universities to demand of the high schools that the students they send to the university be properly trained to speak and write English. Prof. W. T. Thom protested against the crowding of high-school material into already overcrowded college curricula. C. E. Dobbin, chairman of the Committee on Applications of Geology of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, described briefly the work of his committee in publicizing geology, and said that it found a widespread popular interest in the subject but a lack of appreciation of its importance. He recommended that attempts to coordinate the works of geologists and geophysicists be expanded somewhat toward the further developing and encouraging of a "species of geopolitician" capable of assisting the progress of geology and geophysics by more vigorous advertising of

Jan 1, 1946

By Sidney A. Swensrud

The 24-in. crude-oil line. and- the 20-in. petroleum-products line, built as a war emergency by the United States Government and running from points in Texas to the New York-New Jersey-Philadelphia area, were constructed only because of the inability during the war to continue nor-inal ocean tanker movements from the Gulf Coast to the East Coast. The postwar disposition of these lines may be considered as one of the important problems of the postwar readjustments in the oil industry, if not the most important one. In the first place there appear to be many complications in keeping the lines in crude-oil or petroleum-products service. This conclusion was reached also in a study by T. E. Swigart, President of Shell Pipeline Corporation.' Since the lines are too largc for any one company to utilize, and since it appears likely that a surplus rather than a deficiency of tankers will exist after the war, most companies probably will feel that they can achieve lower costs and more satisfactoiy results from the resumption of tanker movements to the East Coast rather than by endeavoring to take over or utilize the capacity in the large pipe lines under some tariff-rate structure. As for using the lines for making deliveries to the middle west or central eastern areas, it would appear that when the war is over and normal transportation arrangements can be resumed, there will be no need of any extra capacity for such deliveries. Therefore, the War Emergency lines could be utilized for this purpose only if privately owned pipe lines and other transportation facilities were to be displaced. Against this rather unprepossessing prospect for use in petroleum or product service is the fact that at or near the source of the lines lie the greatest developed gas reserves in the world, for much of which there is at present no satisfactory market outlet; and at the other end of the lines lies one of the greatest concentrations of population in the world, which is not now served by natural gas. These who have been fortunate enough to use natural gas can have little doubt of its desirability as a domestic fuel. An analysis of the market potentialities and comparison with other areas where natural gas is being distributed, and where it has displaced manufactured gas, makes it seem clear beyond question that the full capacity of both of the large-diameter lines could be fully utilized in this service, and this without creating any undue drain upon the gas reserves of the nation. On the basis of an estimated capacity of roo to 120 billion cubic feet per year, the gas that might be marketed through these lines would amount to only 3 to 4 per cent of the total con-

Jan 1, 1944