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Column flotation has been successfully implemented on a production scale in the Athabasca oil sands. In this application, bitumen is recovered and mineral matter is simultaneously rejected from a middling stream originating from a primary separation vessel. Exploiting the natural hydrophobicity of bitumen, the middlings streams have traditionally been processed utilizing conventional, mechanical flotation cells. Although these cells offer adequate bitumen recovery and mineral rejection rates, operating costs are high due to the required maintenance of the wetted mechanical components. In comparison, column flotation provides superior metallurgical performance while offering a lower maintenance demand. Both metallurgical and mechanical characteristics of column flotation are discussed to demonstrate the benefits of this technology for the recovery of bitumen from oil sands.

Jan 1, 2012

By Dan Witkowsky

For the 36th consecutive summer, the Colorado Mining Association Education Foundation and the Colorado School of Mines have sponsored “A Total Concept of the Mining Industry” for kindergarten through grade 12 teachers. Teachers from 34 states, plus the District of Columbia and two foreign countries, have graduated from the four-week course. They received six hours of recertification credit. This summer 31 teachers from Colorado, Kentucky, Virginia and Alaska completed the program. The course is unique from other shorter courses in that it solicits teachers of all disciplines from all K-12classes. In addition to the expected earth science and mathematics teachers, the Class of 2004 consisted of educators who teach music, chemistry, biology, social studies, history, basic English and world history. Others in the program included those who teach American history, physical and life science, remedial reading, consumer/family studies, “world of work,” language arts, engineering technology, environmental science, world geography, human anatomy and physiology, and business.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. Geyer, B. T. Burton, H. W. Newcomen

For open pits developed in tropical climates the upper portions of the pit walls are often located in residual soils and weathered rock. Due to the presence of relict structures, and the relatively low strength of the residual soils and weathered rock, design slope angles in these materials have to be developed by blending the results of kinematic assessments of geologic structures with rock mass stability analyses and traditional soil mechanics. Background information on the engineering considerations of residual soils are discussed, and the results of geotechnical assessments for proposed pit design of the Brisas del Cuyuni Project, located in southeastern Venezuela, are presented.

Jan 1, 2000

By Hiroshi Yamazaki

The paper describes prediction, control and validation of face pressures, and special TBM features for the bored tunnels of the New Metro Rail City Project, Perth, Australia. The selected EPB-TBM passed below a heritage bridge and the operational Perth Railway station in ground conditions consisting of fully saturated uniform sand combined with shallow overburden and a horizontal alignment radius of only 135m. Therefore, strict control of volume loss, TBM operations and ground movements was vital requiring continuous evaluation and adjustments to TBM operation parameters. The paper discusses the effectiveness of applied TBM face pressures and the used foam/polymer soil conditioning which was measured against achieved volume loss and the predicted range of ground settlements.

By Steve Kral

For the past several years, copper producers have faced a tough business climate. Nagging low prices forced many them to reduce their production and make other drastic cutbacks just to breakeven. And sometimes even that did not work. But, like other downturns in the industry, this latest dismal copper market allowed technology to make further inroads into mining and processing operations. Now that the copper market appears to be making a turn for the better, those years spent investing in technology by equipment manufacturers and forward-thinking mining companies should begin paying off.

Jan 1, 2004

By Neil and Associates

Seismic tomography is one of several additions to the suite of geotechnical engineering tools for use in various underground rock and mineral geologic structures. Seismic tomography is a method for reconstructing a cross section of an object based on attributes of seismic energy that have been transmitted through the object. The in-seam seismic tomogram provides a dataset that can be graphically portrayed in a color-coded format that is then used to infer relative stress concentration (Fig. 1). During the past several years, the US Bureau of Mines (USBM) at its Denver, CO and Twin Cities Research Centers in Minnesota funded several innovative hardware and software developments. These were directed toward use of in-seam seismic tomography for underground geologic strata evaluations. These preliminary investigations have matured into well-defined and field-proven technical advances for improving ground-control decision making in the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1996

By Harry Asche

The last 12 months has seen the construction of the first Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) TBM excavated tunnel in New Zealand on the Project Hobson sewer storage tunnel for Watercare Services Limited, with the concurrent excavation of the second EPB tunnel on the Rosedale Outfall project for North Shore City Council. Together these tunnels involve a total length of 6km and follow an 8 year pause in TBM activity in Auckland. TBM performance on these two projects is thus of significant interest as there are four major tunneling projects totaling over NZ$8B being planned for Auckland, in similar ground conditions. Auckland?s bedrock is a weak sandstone/siltstone (East Coast Bays Formation), subject to infilled paleovalleys. The geology in the region has been significantly influenced by volcanic activity; 49 volcanoes are present within 20km of the city centre. The paper describes the design and construction challenges for the projects, including TBM performance, ?sticky spoil? management, and risks associated with basalt lava flows and two paleovalleys. Watercare?s Project Hobson also saw the successful implementation of a Geotechnical Baseline Report?one of the first uses of this type of document in Australasia. Rosedale Outfall is designed for high internal water pressures with varying hydraulic flows, with the risk of exfiltration explicitly addressed.

By Faruk Oksuz

The owners of large infrastructure projects are challenged on how to implement sound engineering and construction contracting strategies that address their prime expectations: a quality job, on time and within budget. With the increasing number of large engineering and construction projects worldwide, owners continue to search for alternative contracting strategies to address their risk, quality, sustainability (operability and performance), schedule, and budget concerns. Coupled with the shortage of resources, delays, political pressures, and other obstacles in procurement and negotiation processes, engineers and contractors are also looking for creative ways to optimize contract packaging strategies for efficient and successful project delivery. This paper compiles an array of decision making criteria and suggests a balanced evaluation, ranking and selection strategy in procurement of both engineering and construction services for large tunneling and other infrastructure projects. A number of owners? general preferences and viewpoints are discussed on large tunnel programs encompassing water and wastewater conveyance systems, pump stations and treatment facility upgrades. Contract packaging strategies and project phasing and segmenting alternatives for preliminary engineering, final design, construction management, and actual construction of facilities are featured for several large water and wastewater infrastructure projects. While the selection (and the relevant selection process and criteria) and performance of service providers, whether for engineering or construction, have profound effects on the outcome of any given project, this paper only examines strategies for con-tract packaging. More specifically, the authors evaluated case studies and developed a range of recommendations for packaging of large water and wastewater infrastructure projects with multiple components.

Jan 1, 2008

By Y. Boissonnas

INTRODUCTION, The transalpine rail routes in Switzerland are well over one hundred years old. As the established routes no longer meet the demands of the continually increasing volumes of rail traffic between north and south, two new routes through the Alps were planed. The old Gotthard rail line is in fact a mountain railway. The northern and the southern access ramps?with a maximum speed of 80 km/h and a maximum slope of 2.2%?reach the old Gotthard rail tunnel at an elevation of approximately 1,100 m above sea level. This is approximately 900 m higher than the city of Milan. In 1992, the Swiss electorate people voted with an overwhelming majority in favor of the project to build the new base routes through the Alps. The Swiss voted again in 1998 in favor of the financing proposal for the new infrastructure. Swiss Federal Railways together with the BLS Lötschbergbahn were commissioned for the realization and management of the Gotthard and Lötschberg routes. AlpTransit Gotthard Ltd., founded by Swiss Federal Railways, was given the task of managing the design and realization of the Gotthard route until the start of regular service. In the meantime the shorter Lötschberg Base Tunnel was open to traffic in 2007

By S. K. Gilman

Zircon (ZrSiO4) sand production of about 1.1 Mt/a(1.2 million stpy) predominates the global supply of zirconium minerals. Baddeleyite (ZrO2) contributes less than 1 percent of supply. Zircon is almost exclusively produced as a co-product from the mining of titanium minerals, mainly from mineralized beach sands. In 2004, there were a number of new projects under consideration that were more dependent on zircon revenue than for titanium minerals. This reflected sustained higher zircon prices and forecast ongoing supply shortages in the absence of major new discoveries.

Jan 1, 2005

By L. B. Hales

Image analysis for feed belts and flotation has been used for over 20 years. It has been shown to aid in the modelling and optimization of Sag Mill circuits, and any improvements in the image analysis result in improvements in the model for control. Using a laser to measure the height-profile of rocks on the conveyor has been shown to increase the accuracy of the size classification. We have developed a system using two cameras in a stereoscopic configuration to provide height-profile measurement without the added expense and safety concerns of using a laser. Additionally, we have developed a novel technique for calibration of the system, using artificial intelligence techniques to optimize the model fit by adjusting the image analysis tuning parameters to values resulting in the best classification.

Feb 27, 2013

By G. J. van der Linde

Foskor operates a mine in the Northern Province of the Republic of South Africa exploiting the igneous complex at Phalaborwa. It produces about 3 million tons of phosphate concentrate per year by means of froth flotation from 26 million tons of ore of which 16 million is mined and milled on site. The remaining 10 million tons originate at the Palabora Mining Company and is pumped as a slurry to Foskor. Two types of ore are mined and milled namely Foskorite and Pyroxenite. (The main mineral content of this ore is Apatite, Phlogopite and Diopside.) After three stages of crushing the ore is milled using 24 rod mills and 5 verti mills. The apatite is then recovered using four stages of froth flotation. The stocks of Foskorite ore are rapidly being depleted and the PMC tailings will also fall away by the year 2002 so that the whole mining operation will then be centered around the Pyroxenite ore. This will lead to substantial increases in production costs. The recoveries achieved in the flotation plant are largely dependent on the successful operation of the comminution section. Parts of this plant are now 35 years old and the advantages of re-engineering, new technology and automation can only be applied to a limited extent in an effort to reduce costs. It was then decided to investigate alternative milling methods, both wet and dry.

Jan 1, 1999

By K. V. S. Sastry, K. D. Lofftus

Mathematical modeling and computer simulation are two valuable quantitative tools that are being effectively applied to mineral process- systems. This paper presents an up-to-date assessment of process modeling and simulation, identifies a number of associated challenges and opportunities and discusses in detail sane of the aspects of applying the current state-the art modeling and computational tools.

Jan 1, 1989

By F. Freme

For the second time in four years, the coal industry was brought to the forefront of the nation’s consciousness in 2006, as two separate events unfolded which involved coal miners trapped underground. Unfortunately, the tragic results of the 2006 incidents were not the same as in 2002 when the trapped miners were all successfully rescued. In January, two different incidents, both in West Virginia, focused the public’s attention on the dangers that miners face on a daily basis. As a result of these unfortunate events new legislation requiring improvement in safety in underground mines passed both at the federal and state level. In 2006, a total of 47 miners died on the job, matching the total number that occurred in 1995, and more than double the 22 killed in 2005. Notwithstanding those tragic events, coal production in the United States reached another record level in 2006, ending the year at 1.05 Gt (1,161.4 million st) according to preliminary data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (Table 1). Production in 2006 was 27.1 Mt (29.9 million st) higher than the prior record set in 2005 of 1.03 Gt (1,131.5 million st). Although coal production rose in 2006, U.S. total coal consumption actually declined for the year. Coal consumption decreased in the electric power sector by 1.1 percent, while coking coal consumption decreased slightly. Only the other industrial sector had higher coal consumption in 2006, increasing by 0.3 percent. (Note: All percentage change calculations are done at the short tons level.) U.S. coal exports declined slightly in 2006, while coal imports again reached a record level. The excess production over consumption allowed total coal stocks to increase significantly during the year, as electric generators rebuilt their stockpiles that had fallen substantially in 2005 because of missed shipments in the second half of that year.

Jan 1, 2007

By K. W. Grubaugh

Indigenous people are nearly always affected when projects enter their territory. Crop and other asset compensation can help or undermine a project’s progress depending on the approach. When compensation is handled poorly, a technically viable project can get indefinitely entangled by local unrest. Stake holders associated with compensation issues include; the state, the indigenous people, non-governmental organizations, and the developer. Appreciation for the unique perspective of indigenous peoples and the influences affecting them can avert problems and prevent delays. A review of the compensation issues encountered in Ghana during its recent gold boom can assist in avoiding problems associated with handling poor and uneducated people.

Jan 1, 2002

By A. Supomo, A. Partanen, M. Mular

Although many SAG operators may agree that on-line measurement of SAG feed-size is an attractive notion, applying this information in a control strategy that recovers the investment, engineering time, and maintenance is not necessarily straightforward. The P. T. Freeport Split-Online system was justified based on the assumption that SAG feed-size could be used in a feed-forward control strategy either at the regulatory or expert system control level. Something like “as the feed size changes adjust the throughput to avoid under or overloading the mill” was envisioned. However, following installation and calibration, Cluster Analysis showed that such an approach would not be successful. However, the sensor has been successfully integrated into Freeport’s grinding control strategy other ways. It provides an input to the Kalman filter parameter estimator used in a model-based control strategy that optimizes throughput and grind. The Split sensor also provides a characteristic feed size parameter for use in an on-line work index estimator. This paper describes the calibration and installation of the Split SAG feed-size analyzer, and reviews the evolution of its use in the Freeport C3 grinding circuit control strategy.

Jan 1, 2001

By Steve Kral

U.S. mines are among the most efficient, productive and safest in the world. Much of that efficiency is due to the high-technology equipment and processes available to the industry. The U.S. mining industry can produce more material now with fewer people than it could a few decades ago. And that material can be produced more safely. However, the workforce is growing older and fewer young people are filling the holes created by retirements. Even though mining is one of the highest paid occupations in the United States, young people believe they can find jobs that pay almost as well without the risks and the often remote locations associated with mines.

Jan 1, 2002

By F. -J. Wodopia

Sustainability of energy supplies has been an issue of general interest for a long time. Whilst in the past the continuous productive use of natural commodities was in the fore, its compatibility with the environment and climate and ultimately also social aspects have recently gained more and more attention. Today many discussions focus on the climate compatibility of individual options to act. Fossil fuels, in particular coal and lignite, are generally challenged because coal use makes a significant contribution to global man-made CO2 emissions. The drastic increase in the consumption of fossil fuels is not explained by the fact that coal utilisation technologies are not or cannot be sustainable but rather by the growing world population and the endeavours numerous national economies trying to catch up economically. Coal is the world’s No. 1 fuel and, in the view of many experts, will keep this position also in the foreseeable future. The access to its deposits plays a significant role for the economies of the emerging countries. Consequently the aspects of energy security and economic efficiency need to be considered at eye level with climate compatibility. In Germany, however, the public acceptance of fossil fuels and of large industrial projects is in the focus of attention.

Jan 1, 2011

By K. Hopperstead

Ventilation planning in trackless metal mining is often taken for granted. This paper highlights the trials of planning and executing the ventilation design for Bog Zone at the Lisheen Mine. Ventilation planning for Bog Zone started at the feasibility study stage in 2003; subsequent design changes continued until 2006. In August 2006, the development of the Bog Zone ore body was accelerated through the use of contractors; in addition, the Lisheen equipment fleet was revised based on a larger load and haul fleet. As a result, the circuit was reviewed in terms of changes in design conditions and best practices. This review resulted in a 40% increase of total airflow required to mine Bog Zone. Resources utilized to design the circuit include: external review, computer modeling, and in-house Lisheen planning and operational staff review. The final ventilation design configuration was adopted in 2007, after modeling and evaluating 30 different scenarios, resulting in a better distribution of airflow, optimized secondary escape way, reduced contaminants, and a total power reduction. The value of investment in computer modeling of primary ventilation circuit and planning for staged implementation should never be underestimated.

Jan 1, 2009

By James W. Marold

Tunnel and shaft plugs have been designed to assist in construction of new and rehabilitation of existing tunnels and shafts. Tunnel plugs have been used to provide construction access for side by side tunnels, separation of raw and treated water, and to allow operation of one tunnel during construction of a nearby tunnel. Shaft plugs have been used to seal up surface openings to tunnels and to prevent seepage of water to the surface through adjacent tunnels or shafts. The design construction details of tunnel and shaft plugs are provided. Typical examples of tunnel and shaft plugs are provided.

Jan 1, 2008