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By R. D. Parker

Location The Frood ore-body is expressed on surface as a prominent gossan ridge, with a total length of approximately two miles. The original Frood (the old No. 3 mine of the Canadian Copper Company) is at the southwest end of this gossan; adjoining it on the northeast is the Frood Extension (until 1929 the property of i:he Mond Nickel Company), while at the extreme northeast end is the Stobie mine. The first two of these divisions of the ridge form the Frood mine as it is known today.? This lies in lots 6 and 7 of the sixth concession, township of McKim, and is two and a half miles north of the city of Sudbury. The general elevation is 1,000 feet above sea level. The Ore-Body The Frood-Stobie parallel offset(l), as its name implies, has no connection in the field with the main mass of the Sudbury nickel eruptive-a norite. It lies one mile to the southeast of that body, and, in general, parallels it in strike. The ore occurs as a more or less tabular structure in what is known locally as the Sudbury series. They are the oldest rocks of the district, and have been placed by Collins(2) as earlier than the lower Huronian, of pre-Cambrian time. The series is comprised of sediments, volcanics (both acid and basic flows), tuffs, agglomerates, breccias, and basic intrusives, all highly metamorphosed, yet all forming a more or less regular picture. The controlling feature of the area has been the attitude of the sedimentary strata, from which has arisen the present sill-like character of the flow rocks, the basic intrusives, and the ore-body itself.

Jan 1, 1932

By R. J. Craig

Introduction All mining operations produce rock dust. Inhalation of rock dust, particularly if it has a high silica content, causes silicosis. Silicosis is, therefore, recognized as a hazard of the mining industry and has been made compensable throughout most of Canada. Most of the dust in any mining operation is caused by rock drilling and blasting operations and the movement and transportation of broken rock. Dust from blasting cannot be eliminated, but it can be controlled by means of increased ventilation, the use of water sprays, and the control of blasting hours. Dust from ore movement can be reduced by keeping the broken rock in a moist condition at all times. The dust from the rock drilling operation has been found to be the most difficult to control. Concentrations of dust caused by rock drills in stopes can usually be reduced to the safe minimum of 300 particles per cubic centimeter (p.p.c.c.) by diluting the air with increased ventilation. In development headings, where the machines are more confined, this is not always practicable. Therefore, the dust must be eliminated at its source. This paper deals with the reduction of dust from Leyner machines by adopting improved designs.

Jan 1, 1947

By Peter A. Hacquebard

Recent drilling programs have shown that the in-situ coal resources of Nova Scotia are very substantial. The grand totals of the measured, indicated and inferred categories amount to 232 m, 646m and 993 m tons, respectively. This vast quantity of coal occurs essentially in five main fields: Sydney, Mabou, Port Hood, Pictou and Springhill. The largest resources (84% of the total) occur in the submarine area of the Sydney coalfield. With a 65% recovery rate, there are at present 150m tons of proven, recoverable coal in Nova Scotia. At a predicted maximum annual production of 5 m tons, this amount equals a lifespan of 30 years. However, additional drilling, particularly in the Sydney offshore area, holds promise of increasing the recoverable reserve tonnage to at least 350 m tons. This figure may be compared with the 484 m tons production obtained during 191 years of mining (from 1785-1976). The geological appraisal of the remaining coal resources in the five fields mentioned is presented in three-dimensional diagrams, per individual seam and corresponding reserve area. In addition, the submarine extensions of the Sydney and Mabou coalfields are discussed in light of results obtained from off shore oil exploration wells. The terminology and standards of coal resource calculations are pointed out, and the phenomenon of seam splitting and its prediction from geological data is illustrated. The availability in Nova Scotia of either thermal or metallurgical coal is considered in relation to rank and sulphur content. This paper was presented in June 1977 at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Mining Society of Nova Scotia. The coal resource estimates, however, have been updated to include the results obtained with the offshore drilling in the Sydney Coalfield to November 1977.

Jan 1, 1979

By H. Huang, H. M. Chen, W. B. Xie

Cu-0.8Cr-0.1Zr alloy were prepared by atmospheric melting. the microstructure and properties of the CuCrZr alloy after first cold rolled, solid solution, second cold rolled and aging treatment were analyzed by using optical microscope, electrical conductivity analysis and Vickers hardness tester. The results show that with the increase of the first cold rolled deformation, the grain breakage becomes more serious, and the cold hardening becomes more obvious and the hardness increases. The conductivity and peak hardness of the first cold rolled (reduction of 30% and 60%) alloys after solution, secondary cold rolled and aging treatment reaches 81 %IACS and 187 HV, respectively. However, the conductivity in the CuCrZr alloy with a higher rolling degree (reduction of 90%) after solution, secondary cold rolling and aging treatment is significantly higher, and the conductivity and peak hardness is 85.8 %IACS and 178 HV, respectively. INTRODUCTION CuCrZr alloy has been widely used in domestic industry for its excellent comprehensive properties such as high strength and high conductivity, especially in the contact wire and lead frame of high-speed railway (Sun, Tao, & Lu, 2015; Mishnev, Shakhova, Belyakov, & Kaibyshev, 2015; Zhang et al., 2016; Fu et al., 2017). In recent years, a lot of research has been done on how to improve the strength and conductivity of CuCrZr alloy. However, the high strength and high conductivity of copper alloys are contradictory characteristics. On the one hand, the addition of alloying elements is conducive to solution strengthening and aging strengthening; on the other hand, too much alloying elements in copper alloys cause defects in the lattice of copper matrix, resulting in a serious decline in the conductivity of copper alloys (Martienssen & Walirmont, 2005). How to obtain high strength and high conductivity at the same time is the main problem. At present, the main research methods are adding microalloying elements, thermomechanical treatment and severe plastic deformation to study the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of CuCrZr alloys. For example, Xie et al. (2011) added trace Ag to the Cu-0.26 wt%Cr-0.08 wt%Zr alloy, and the size of precipitated phase Cr and Cu4Zr became smaller and the mechanical properties of the alloy were improved. Su, Dong, Liu, Li, & Kang (2004) found that the addition of trace Mg in CuCrZr alloy inhibits the growth of precipitated phase and reduces the internal stress around the precipitated phase. At the same time, the size of precipitated phase becomes smaller and the peak aging strength of the alloy is improved. Pang et al. (2013) found that adding trace Ni and Si to the CuCrZr alloy could improve the peak hardness, softening resistance and precipitation morphology of the alloy. Experiments shows that the grain size was significantly refined by equal channel angular extrusion combined with aging treatment, while the strength of the alloy was increased, and the electrical conductivity of the alloy did not decrease (Vinogradov, Patlan, Suzuki, Kitagawa, & Kopylov, 2002; Saray, 2016); Kermajani, Raygan, Hanayi, & Ghaffari (2013) showed that the strength of CuCrZr alloy can be improved by rolling at 500 °C. After 150 minutes of aging treatment, the strength and conductivity of the material increased to 431 MPa and 81 %IACS, respectively. Takata, Ohtake, Kita, Kitagawa, and Tsuji (2009) noted that the strain hardening, uniform elongation and tensile strength of the nano-precipitates produced by the mechanical heat treatment process can be notable enhanced. The mechanical and electrical properties of CuCrZr alloy can be improved by combining large plastic deformation with aging treatment in the test process (Gao, Huttunen-Saarivirta, Tiainen, & Hemmila, 2003; Huang et al., 2003; Xia et al., 2012; Zel’dovich et al., 2014).

Jan 1, 2019

By Da-Qiang Cang, Qingde Wang, Wei Wang, Wen-Bin Dai, Min Guo, Yu Li

Utilization of both slag and its heat for hot slag is a great challenge for iron and steel industry. Many methods of hot slag modification for directly converting hot slag into value-added materials were researched in recent years, and waste heat of hot slag could thereby be transformed into inner energy or chemical energy of the materials. In this paper, an experiment of converting hot slag directly into glass ceramics by hot slag modification method was conducted. A cooled modifiers mainly composed of fly ash were firstly heated though a cyclone furnace and then fell into a molten bath to mix with hot steel slag. Half of hot slag was used as raw materials and accordingly about half energy consumption, about 5MJ/kg for melting raw materials was saved in the process compared with that of traditional producing method. Frit quenched from the modified hot slag had a higher basicity of 0.6-0.7 than traditional frits in order to reduce the needed amount of cold modifiers and accordingly utilize more hot slag and its waste heat. Glass ceramics were further prepared from the frit and a heat treatment of one-stage method is more suiter to such frit than that of two-stage method. The glass-ceramics with basicity of 0.6 and heat-treated by one stage method had the best performance with bending strength of 146.46 MPa, Vickers hardness of 6.79 GPa, water absorption rate of below 2% and shrinkage rate of around 10%.

Jan 1, 2015

By H. A. Halupka, I. A. Mozer

"At its plant in San Juan, Peru, Marcona Mining Company operates two grate pelletizing furnaces for the agglomeration of 3.5 million long tons of magnetic concentrates annually. Line One, installed in 1963, was built by Lurgi as a downdraft process furnace utilizing a furnace fan for the recuperation of hot gases from the cooling zone. This line was modified in 1966 to include both updraft drying and downdraft drying, and the original roof burners were converted to side-wall burners. Line Two, a Dravo-Lurgi furnace with an annual capacity of 2.4 million long tons, was built in 1966. This line, in contrast to the modified Lurgi furnace, employs direct recuperation of hot gases from the cooling zone and utilization of process gases from the firing zone for updraft drying.At its plant in San Juan, Peru, Marcona Mining Compa-ny operates two grate pelletizing furnaces for the agglo-meration of 3.5 million long tons of magnetic concentrates annually. Line One, installed in 1963, was built by Lurgi as a downdraft process furnace utilizing a furnace fan for the recuperation of hot gases from the cooling zone. This line was modified in 1966 to include both updraft drying and downdraft drying, and the original roof burners were converted to side-wall burners. Line Two, a Dravo-Lurgi furnace with an annual capacity of 2.4 million long tons, was built in 1966. This line, in contrast to the modified Lurgi furnace, employs direct recuperation of hot gases from the cooling zone and utilization of process gases from the firing zone for updraft drying. 5 per cent increased capacity, 30 per cent lower fuel oil consumption, and approximately 400 per cent reduction in grate bar and pallet corrosion. Firing of the pellet bed was improved by conversion from roof to side-wall burners. This modification also permitted utilization of monolithic refractory in place of pre-fired shapes, thereby improving over-all furnace availability and reducing refractory stock requirements from 154 different shapes to 18.Data are presented to compare operating performance of the Dravo-Lurgi furnace and the modified Lurgi furnace. These data show 30 per cent lower fuel oil consumption and 10 per cent higher capacity per unit grate area for the Dravo-Lurgi furnace, which also averages higher availability due to greater operating flexibility."

Jan 1, 1970

By Claudio Acuña, Sergio Romo, Gerardo Fuentes

The leaching kinetics of a zinc concentrate in autoclave reactors were studied. A sample of concentrate from Bolivia, with typical mineralogical characteristics of the Andes region, was used. A concentrate containing 49% zinc and 145 ppm of silver from Minera Viacha was characterized chemically and mineralogically (atomic absorption, X-ray diffraction, and SEM microscopy) and tested in bench scale reactors. Two types of autoclave batch reactors were used at 40 bars of oxygen pressure and three levels of temperature (150°C, 200°C and 250°C). The solid to solution leaching ratio was 1:10 (10% sulphuric acid concentration). The effect of the particle size of the concentrate on the leaching kinetics was studied (P80: 145 and 45 µm). Iron from the leaching solution was removed by precipitation by increasing the pH in order to generate a clean solution for zinc electrowinning. The zinc solution was used to evaluate the feasibility of cathode production at the laboratory scale. Zinc extractions with higher liberation (P80 = 45 µm) reached up to 98%. Ground concentrate with finer sizes resulted in agglomeration and the use of dispersing agents did not improve slurry mixing. The leaching solution contained 55 g/L zinc and 7 g/L iron; it was purified by precipitating iron. The precipitation was evaluated using sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide. In the first case, a colloidal suspension of ferric salts was formed while in the second case, different iron compounds were precipitated. The precipitate obtained with ammonium hydroxide had better filtering properties. Electrowinning was carried out using two types of cathodes (stainless steel and aluminium) and solutions purified with ammonium hydroxide. Zinc cathodes formed on stainless steel presented a better physical quality than those formed on aluminium.

Jan 1, 2015

By C. Díaz, M. Barati

Prof. Torstein Utigard's untimely death, in the spring of 2012, put an abrupt end to a meritorious career in the field of high temperature chemical process metallurgy. As an academic in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of the University of Toronto, Torstein made solid contributions to the advancement of knowledge pertaining to production and refining of both nonferrous and light metals, and to the development of inquisitive and innovative young people in extractive metallurgy. In this profile, the authors highlight aspects of Torstein's rich personality and of his contributions to his field of expertise.

Jan 1, 2015

By R. C. A. Thurston

INTRODUCTION THE deleterious effect of stress raisers or notches on the resistance to fatigue of machine components, and other parts subjected to repeated dynamic loading, has been well known for many years. Most engineers in the mechanical field have, at one time or another, encountered a shaft which fractured due to a poor transition fillet, a holding-down bolt which failed due to insufficient tightening or inferior thread form, or a fitted member which broke through a combination of fretting corrosion and clamping stresses. All of these are examples of the damaging influence exerted by stress raisers in fatigue. Other common forms of stress raiser which have taken their toll of dynamic components are: keyways, oil holes, splines, quenching oil grinding cracks, tool marks, and sharp changes in section; some are the result of the design, others of poor execution of the design. It is our experience in the Mines Branch1 and I feel sure this will be corroborated by other fatigue investigators, that the majority of failures are due to incorrect design or faulty preparation of the part concerned, rather than to the use of inferior material. Quite frequently, it is true that the operating conditions necessitate the presence of a 'notch', but even in such cases methods are generally available by which its adverse effect on the life of the component can be reduced or annulled. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a few typical stress raisers, and to provide information on various processes for mitigating their effects in fatigue.

Jan 1, 1951

By R. W. Coburn

The results of field experiments on wells which required stimulation indicated that engineered well-completions will cause an increase in ultimate recovery at reduced costs. Techniques and tools have been developed which can be used to establish well conditions most conducive to successful stimulation. Cementing, perforating and treating are bound together so completely that the success of one phase is completely dependent on the .effectiveness of the preceding phase. A method of determining the efficiency or effectiveness of any given well-stimulation treatment has been derived. Pressure behaviour during a treatment can be analyzed to yield the total percentage of the formation which has been treated.

Jan 1, 1960

By David Nicholls

?Overview of New Afton ?Reserves and Resources ?Geology and Mineralization ?Exploration ?Capital Project Development to Date ?Mine Development ?Processing ?Construction ?LOM ?Health, Safety, Environment and Social Responsibility Overview of New Afton ?Fully owned by New Gold Inc ?Large gold-copper porphyry deposit, amenable to block cave mining, production commencing in 2012 -1 million ounce gold reserve -1 billion pound copper reserve -Estimated 13 year mine life ?Low operating cost ?Estimated capital expenditure requirements -Spend to date ?US$200million -Remaining to be spent ?US$400milllion ?Robust economics ?Excellent location and infrastructure ?Significant cash flow contributor for the Company

May 1, 2010

By M. Nusheh, C. Bumby, A-H. Puichaud

"Vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite ironsand deposits occur along a 480 km stretch of the west coast of New Zealand. In the present study, the leaching behaviour of NZ ironsand was investigated in hydrochloric acid (2–10 M) solution at 50–80°C for 2 h. The resulting leaching liquors exhibited Fe/V ratios in the range 150–180. The distribution of trace element contaminants between solution and solid residue was investigated, and processing conditions have been determined for rapid and efficient dissolution of Fe, Ti and V into the leaching solution. In addition, mineralogical analysis of raw ironsand and leached residues was performed in order to study the leaching mechanism. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, qualitative and quantitative X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP). Results indicate that the dominant dissolution process follows shrinking particle mechanism. However, ironsand particles containing ex-solution lamellae exhibited a different leaching behaviour compared to homogenous titanomagnetite particles.INTRODUCTION Titanomagnetite ironsand (blacksand) forms Quaternary onshore beach and dune deposits and offshore marine deposits (Figure 1) along 480 km of coastline from Kaipara Harbour south to Wanganui on the west coast of the North Island (Christie, 2016). It attracted the attention of scientists from the earliest times (Galbreath, 1998). The principal minerals in ironsand are titanomagnetite (TTM), ilmenite, quartz and ferromagnesian minerals such as augite, hornblende, diopside, and olivine with smaller amounts of rutile and apatite (Mauk, 2016).Several large ironsand deposits have been discovered and exploited since the late 1960’s. The Waikato North Head and Taharoa mines are currently operating and they have a 2015 measured resource of 400 million tonnes in total and provide over 2 million tonnes of concentrate per year by simple cost effective magnetic separation process (Christie, 2016; Christie & Brathwaite, 1997). The concentrate contains not only 7–8% TiO2 and 56–60% SFe, but also 0.3–0.6% V2O5, is both a valuable titanium mineral and a source of vanadium. All the production is used for steelmaking industries. The other potential for utilizing more of this resource without requirement of integration into an iron and steel producing plant is to develop a hydrometallurgical route with advantages of higher efficiency along with lower emissions. Currently, there is no existing commercial process capable of extracting all three of these elements as industrial-grade commodity products. Acid leaching of TTM concentrate with higher degrees of recovery and selectivity is a key step in any possible hydrometallurgical route."

Jan 1, 2017

By P. Latostenmaa, O. Forsén, M. Lundström, J. Aromaa

The history of electrolytic copper production in Finland is closely connected with the industrialization of Finland and events of the Second World War. Production of cathode copper by electrowinning from the processing of Outokumpu ore started in 1913 based on the Hybinette nickel process, however due to the poor performance of this process, the plant was closed in 1929. Outokumpu commenced copper smelting at Imatra in eastern Finland in 1936 producing blister copper for refining outside the country. Due to the threating military situation, a new electrolytic copper refinery was built in 1941 at Pori in western Finland to refine the anodes. This was the first electrolytic copper refinery in Finland. It was built with 108 cells having a capacity of 12,000 tonnes/y. In addition, the smelter was relocated to nearby Harjavalta in 1944–1945. To fulfill the war reparations included in the peace treaty with the Soviet Union, a doubling of the smelter capacity was realised, with the Pori refinery capacity increasing to 20,000 tonnes/y in 1946 by adding additional cells. The cornerstone of Finnish metallurgical technology — Outokumpu flash smelting — was invented with the new technology commissioned at Harjavalta in 1949 replacing the electric furnace and providing a further increase in copper output with subsequent enlargement of the refinery. By 1963, the plant consisted of 380 cells with a capacity of 48,000 tonnes/y of cathode copper. The Pori electrolytic copper refinery has operated continuously since 1941. Commencing in 2004 the Pori refinery has been part of the Boliden group of Sweden. The most recent plant upgrade was in 2007 with the installation of permanent cathode technology. In 2017, the production of the Pori refinery was 133,000 tonnes of copper cathode, 2,300 tonnes of nickel sulphate, along with 66 tonnes of silver and 4.6 tonnes of gold. This paper describes these outstanding achievements. INTRODUCTION In 1809 the Kingdom of Sweden was defeated by the Russian Empire in the Finnish War, and Finland was annexed by the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. Finland’s commercial and industrial interests were developed to serve the Empire’s needs. Finland had raw materials, but at the start of the 20th century Finnish industry was based on the use of wood as raw material and agricultural products. The mining industry was only a few percent of the country’s industrial production.

Jan 1, 2019

By Ben Habermann

"The object of the work described in this paper was to increase the understanding of the relation that capillary pressure of a rock, hydro-dynamics, and accumulation of oil in stratigraphie traps have to one an-other. The hydrodynamic oil-water tilt equation is derived by considering the two vector gradients involved: (1) buoyancy of oil in water and (2) hydraulic gradient.Recent theories show the necessity for oil to have a continuons phase in the reservoir rock in order to mi-grate; this fact applies to hydro-static as well as to hydrodynamic conditions. Hydrostatically, the displacement pressure of the rock deter-mines the amount of oil that can be trapped behind a permeability barrier. If the buoyancy of oil in water exceeds the displacement pressure, oil will migrate up-dip; an oil trap will be formed where displacement pressure is greater.In stratigraphie traps the pressure drop caused by moving water is positive when its direction is down-dip, helping accumulation; and it is negative when its direction is up-dip, forcing the oil into the tighter section of the reservoir. Theoretically, pro-vided we have data such as: (1) the displacement pressure of an up-dip permeability pinchout, (2) density difference between the oil and water in place, and (3) the direction and magnitude of the hydrodynamic gradient (if any), the possible extent of a stratigraphie oil accumulation down-dip can be predicted.To test the above theory sample cores from three wells in the Denver Basin were analyzed and the oil column that could be held under hydro-static conditions was calculated. After the hydrodynamic influence was considered, the results were compared with actual field data.The significant fact shown by this investigation is that the calculated oil column in one reservoir very closely approximates the actual extent of the oil column in a well. Also in accordance with the theory, the capillary pressure caused by the buoyancy of the oil column exceeded the measured displacement pressure on core samples from another productive field. For very tight shaly sand and questionable oil shows, the interpretation of data is very critical, as shown by experiments on core samples from a third field."

Jan 1, 1960

By W. D. Haley

The report of the Forestry Committee, presented to the recent Imperial Conference at London, is discouraging in its view of the future of timber resources and supplies. From a review of the forestry situation throughout the world, there is every likelihood that, thirty years from this, a shortage of the soft-woods will be severely felt. In the United States, only about one-third of the present forest area contains virgin timber. This will be cleared at the rate of five and a half million acres a year, so that in twenty-five years it will be about all gone. Canada has only about 27 per cent of her original forests left, and her virgin soft-wood will last but another half century. At the present time, the value of her lumber products is over $300,000,000 annually. During the summers of 1909 and 1910, the Government of Nova Scotia caused an examination to be made of the forest conditions in this Province. The reconnaissance, which was under the direction of Professor B. E. Fernow, of Toronto, involved an examination of the various soils, the rate of growth of the wood, and a general survey of the forest area. The importance to the Province of conserving its forest resources was clearly shown, and a number of recommendations were made, which; however, were never acted upon.

Jan 1, 1927

By Hyung Sup Choi

The preparation of high-purity zirconyl compounds was studied in order to develop an economical process for obtaining pure zirconium via the caustic fritting of zircon sand. The direct dissolution of caustic frits with concentrated hydrochloric or nitric acid at 80c. followed by the addition of a small amount of acidified gelatin, gave high-purity zirconyl chloride or nitrate. The addition of a small amount of gelatin caused a mutual flocculation between colloidal silica and gelatin. The precipitation of this silica floc markedly lowered the content of silica in the product. The silica content of the compounds (or solution) so produced, generally less than 100 ppm., was sufficiently low for tributyl phosphate extraction for nitrate solutions. It was found that the degree of purification de-pends not only on the procedures employed but also on the nature of the frit itself. Silica was more effectively eliminated from the fritted product produced at higher temperatures, and less silica was present in the com-pound prepared from the frit produced in a shorter heating time. In order to ascertain the nature of the

Jan 1, 1965

By Gyan S. Rajhans

"The strategy of fibrous dust sampling is discussed, various sampiing methods are critically reviewed .and their application to coal dust is demonstrated. Fibre counting is described in detail. An attempt is made to explain the basis of determining the threshold limit value of asbestos and other dusts. The paper also discusses such dust control methods as enclosure of the process, effective local exhaust ventilation, segregation, substitution, wet processing and continuous monitoring of the return air for recirculation."

Jan 1, 1970

By I. Ruiz Bustinza, L. F. Verdeja, Daniel Sbarbaro, R. Parra, J. Mochón

The oxidation of sulfides is a complex process involving gaseous products and intermediate species given rise to emission and absorption spectra which carry out important information about the reaction process. This information could be used for on line monitoring of pyrometallurgical reactor if the appropriate sensors were available. We present in this paper an analysis of the concept that has been successfully applied in iron and steel making industry, as well on fuel combustion control, where the spectra measurement gives the possibility for online monitoring and automatic control of high temperature processes. This concept has not been widely applied in the nonferrous pyrometallurgical primary production. The design of new sensors is discussed from the analysis of spectra measurements during flash combustion of copper concentrates at laboratory scale.

Jan 1, 2015

By H. Kalsi

"IntroductionRoyal Oak Mines Inc. is currently operating the Parnour No.1 mine located 10.5 miles east of Tinunins, adjacent to Highway No. 101. The operation produces gold ore at a rate of 3300 tpd. A variety of mining methods including bulk open stopes with ITH drilling, narrow vein panel, longhole and open pits contribute to produce 1.2 rnillion ore tons annually. The milling process requires water at an average rate of 1 rnillion gallons per day (700 U.S. gpm). The Pamour No.1 mine has historically had two major problems with regard to water control. The flfSt is the underground pumping system's inability to handle excess inflows of water generated from spring thaws. When the thaw takes place over a short period of time, large inflows of water are created which quickly migrate underground and sometimes result in the loss of the lower loading pocket. During the spring runoff the pumps at Parnour No.1 work continuously for 24 hours at a rate of 1200 U.S. gpm. The system was further taxed in 1991 when the Hoyle mine was connected to the Parnour No. 1 mine and whatever excess capacity the pumping system had for the spring runoff was taken up handling the inflow of mine water generated by the Hoyle.The second problem facing the mine was the lack of water for the mill during the severe cold winter months and dry summer months. At those periods inflows of water into the mine decline and the underground water normally pumped to the mill is severely decreased. In times of dry spells mill personnel increase the water diversion from the Three Nations Lake in order to meet water demands and maintain tonnage throughout. In essence, the mine was going through an annual ""feast or famine"" situation and a solution was needed.A number of options were considered but were narrowed down to the two most practical. The first was to modify the existing pumping system and increase its capacity in order to handle the excessive runoff during spring thaw. This involved a heavy capital expenditure and would have caused additional operating costs (i.e. increased hydro). The option chosen by the management was to divert the spring runoff into an unused section of the mine called The West End. A bulkhead placed at the 2400 level would provide an ultimate underground water storage potential of 150 million gallons. This would also cut down the load on the existing pumping system, save electric consumption in pumping and provide water storage which could be used for milling during the two dry spells. Pumping stored water from the mine could be scheduled for off peak hours to take advantage of lower power rates. To meet these objectives an underground bulkhead capable of withstanding high water pressure up to 2000 ft head (866 psi) was constructed in the spring of 1992. The bulkhead site was at the 2400 level at the Pamour No.1 mine. A major consideration was the requirement to construct a safe bulkhead and to minimize water leakage from the bulkhead.Figure 1 shows the bulkhead location."

Jan 1, 1994

By C. E. Smith, R. J. Inglis, M. I. Brittan, J. H. Schoeman

"AbstractA number of plant-scale cyanidation tests were carried out in an attempt to uncover the causes of fluctuations in gold recovery efficiency. Computer analysis of the results verified that the treatment of reclaimed waste rock material along with normal run-of-mine ore was having an adverse effect on metallurgical efficiency. Mineralogical examinations showed that the free gold particles in the dump material were heavily tarnished or coated (predominantly by hydrated iron oxide), accounting for the lower recoveries. The indications were that the effect could be counteracted somewhat by using higher than normal cyanide and lime reagent concentrations and adequate leaching times. Analysis of the results showed further that leach pulp density was an important operating parameter affecting extraction efficiency. A variable activation energy leaching model provided an extremely good characterization of individual batch leach runs.IntroductionFLUCTUATING METALLURGICAL EFFICIENCY at the gold concentrator of the S.A. Land and Exploration Company Limited (""Sallies"") prompted some plant-scale cyanide leach studies in an endeavour to uncover the causes of the variations in gold recovery."

Jan 1, 1977